it stated what might almost be called a self- The motion having been seconded by Mr. Mr. MYERS said that he believed he was THE EDUCATIONAL TIMES. [Feb.,'63. has always roused the human mind to prose-lution of the starry sphere with water-clocks, cute the inquiry. adherents, and its tenets have been upheld in distance from the pole, and in advance round from time to time with a zeal almost religious. the equator, found his path to be in a circle inEnthusiasm supports its and by thus placing the sun upon the globe, both Byron's lines in Childe Harold, "Ye Stars, which are the poetry of heaven, clined at the angle of a regular quindecagon to If in your bright leaves we would read the fate the equator. This they called the Ecliptic; the only member of the College who was pre-express the sentiment which has animated there the bowl-sundial, and armillary spheres, Of men and kingdoms, 'tis to be forgiven!"but Ionian observations of this kind at Miletus sent at the recent Schoolmasters' Conference with which he estimated the earth's diameter at were superseded by those of Eratosthenes, at Oxford, and from what he had seen there 250,000 stadia. These instruments are easily Euclid's successor at Alexandria. He erected he was convinced that unless the College took described, and afforded the most useful help to up the movement for a Scholastic Registraastronomy in the accurate determination of tion Act, no other body would undertake the the length of the year. I will briefly explain matter, which would, in that case, come to how they were used for this purpose, and how nothing. At the same time, he believed that the magnitude of the globe was equally ap other Associations of Teachers would follow proximated to by the same instruments. the lead of the College, and heartily support it in endeavouring to accomplish what was universally admitted to be for the general welfare of the profession. Mr. ATKINSON stated that the Board of Schoolmasters at Manchester, which was established for a variety of purposes, had passed Resolution approving of the Scholastic Registration Act. The Motion having been put, was carried unanimously. The CHAIRMAN said that having been quite unexpectedly called upon to occupy his present position, he had no intention of taking up the time of the Meeting with any observations; but he wished to call attention to the first Evening Meeting of the members, which he hoped would be well attended, as the subject of the Paper was one of great interest. On the motion of Mr. LAW, seconded by Dr. PINCHES, a vote of thanks was unanimously passed to Dr. HODGSON for his conduct in the chair. Dr. HODGSON returned thanks, and said that although he had for some years retired from the active exercise of the profession, he continued to feel a lively interest in everything connected with Education and with the College of Preceptors, the prosperity of which it would always afford him sincere pleasure to promote to the utmost of his ability and opportunities. astronomers to continue their labours without intermission. From humble beginnings to the present time, the science has made great strides. The earliest theory of astronomy placed the stars in a firmament or primum mobile, below which, upon crystalline spheres, revolved the seven planets of the Sun, Moon, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. This Thales introduced from Egypt to Miletus in Ionia, where, 600 years before Christ, he founded the stem, or gnomon, whose point at the centre of the Ionian school. I shall have to mention this horizontal hemispherical bowl cast a circular The scaphia, or bowl-dial, had a vertical in the further account of Alexandria, the of the bowl. At solstice this shadow would be school, wedded to the Egyptian theory, shadow in the course of a day upon the interior nursery of modern astronomy. Aristotle pro- least of all, and at equinox a great circle of the mulgated the same opinion to his scholars two bowl. The bowl was marked with zones for hundred years later. Pythagoras, however, the every day in the year, from the equator to the theories of the celestial movements; he taught over what circle of latitude north or south of second of the Greek sages, held very advanced extreme small circles on either side, showing of the earth and all the planets, while the over the revolving globe of the earth. M. Villa the fixity of the sun, and the motion about it the equator the sun was vertical upon that day moon revolved about the earth. He taught that has shown these zones, developed into a single the stars were habitable worlds, but did not band, with great accuracy upon the chart compare them with the sun. his theory of the earth's mobility, he esta- and the day and the season of the year blished a school at Crotona in Italy, from can thus be ascertained by the sun's position Persecuted for No. 3, for each successive day of the year which the people of the country drove him by over the circles of the globe. The deter the discipline maintained among his chosen sun led Eratosthenes to a more satisfactory fire and sword, on account of the severity of mination, however, of the ecliptic path of the adherents. One of his most zealous scholars means of exhibiting the same result. Erectwas afterwards exiled from Sparta, for main- ing a large meridian circle, he affixed to it a ponese! These Italian Philosophers made few about this within the north and south verti taining that the sun was larger than the Pelo- polar axis, and circle of the equator, turning observations of practical advantage, and became cal meridian circle. To the equator was fasmost famous for the persecution which they tened an ecliptic circle at the proper inclina underwent in maintenance of an enlightened tion. Now, it is clear that when the shadow theory, which two thousand years later was of the convex portion of the meridian circle revived, and brought Copernicus to his death- was thrown upon the concave part, the sun bed. It is related, that having suffered his was exactly south at Alexandria, and it was manuscript of the "Celestial Motions" to be apparent noon. Similarly, when the shadow printed at the repeated solicitations of his of the equatorial circle fell upon itself, the time friends, the first proof sheet, when placed of the year was precisely equinox, and the sun before him, affected him so painfully, that he was in that part of its ecliptic where it crosses broke a blood-vessel, and soon afterwards the equator either south- or north-wards. To to the less aspiring doctrine of the earth's above or below the equator, the equatorial expired. His arguments prevailed, only after ascertain at what point of the ecliptic the sun the time and persecution of Galileo. Adhering was placed, when he came to the meridian nomy with success at their original birth- threw its own shadow upon itself, and the stability, the Ionian school prosecuted astro- circle was turned about until the ecliptic place in Egypt. There Thales, the founder sun's place at noon upon the ecliptic was thus of the school, originated some of the famous ascertained for every day of the year; and con propositions of Euclid's Geometry. Eudoxus, the same place to Athens, and introduced to the contemporary of Aristotle, returned from ASTRONOMY is the science of magnificence school of Ptolemy, wrote the work which still Greece the Ionian and Egyptian system of and grandeur; it embraces all that is intan- goes by his name, and is the recognized foundaastronomy. There Euclid, in the library and gible to us, but visible to our eyes. A number tion of Geometry. From their own country, of individual objects are placed before us, also, Anaximander introduced into Lacedæmon which have remained the same within the whole the use of the sun-dial and of globes; Anaxhistory of man; but of which the character is agoras first constructed geographical maps; as unknown to us as the most hidden secret Eudoxus and Callopus applied geometry to of any earthly science. changing character of the great host of the wrote, one on the motion of a sphere, the other Consider the un-astronomy; and Autolycus and Aristarchus luminous points which bound our vision, and on the sizes and distances of the sun and the few and gradual motions of these, and even of that small minority which exhibit the Archimedes at Syracuse attempted a similar greatest varieties of aspect, and we should estimation of the sun's magnitude; and the About the same time as Aristarchus, think this field of research to be one of hope- experiment which led him to place its angular less labour. Yet the elevating character of diameter between theth and th of the a science, which does actually bound the quadrant, is accurately detailed in his Arenaextreme exercise of man's most active sense, rium. These observers, by measuring the revo COLLEGE OF PRECEPTORS. EVENING MEETING. on THE STUDY OF ASTRONOMY, as illustrated by the Planisphere and Diagrams of the Chevalier Villa. moon. versely, the sun's place in the ecliptic being M. Villa has attempted to show this more found, the day of the year was determined he seeks to shew the latitude from the equator ment of the sun in longitude along the ecliptic of the earth's zone, over which it is also vertical from day to day, while in the same diagram the greatest departure of the sun north from the equator at solstice, was the same at Alexandria as at all other places where such bowls By the bowl-dial Eratosthenes observed that were erected, and was thus led to infer that the change of position upon the earth's surface sun was at such an immense distance that no could make a perceptible difference in the appa concluded, therefore, that the ecliptic of the sun's path was at an immeasurable distant rent course of the sun among the stars. He from the earth. But though its movement in the heavens was unaffected by change of pis upon the earth, its points of rising and setting and southing, or its place with regard to the Then horizon, varied with such a change; and from improvement in the times of Hipparchus and the north pole in the centre of the planthis Eratosthenes inferred the curved or sphe- Ptolemy. Ptolemy represented it by an epi- sphere. About this is a circle of the sun's rical form of the earth. Finding that solstice cycle; Kepler by an ellipse; and as we know light and shade, whose revolution about brought the sun 1 higher up in the sky at that Kepler added his second law of the de- the planisphere represents the mean sun's Syene than at Alexandria, he concluded from scription of equal areas in equal times, we find motion in right ascension, while its place in the length of the earth's are between these an inequality in the sun's motion, from this the ecliptic is found approximately among towns, the earth's magnitude to be 250,000 cause alone, of 2°, by which he is in advance of the stars by a radius drawn inwards to the stadia, a measure no longer interpretable. It his mean place at going north of the equator, circle of the ecliptic traced among them. is stated that Eratosthenes had a well ex- and behind his mean place at going south. Outside of the whole is a pictorial zone, in cavated on purpose for this undertaking, at So that at mean noon of March 21st he would which the towns and countries of the globe are Syene; and that, harassed by the persecutions be found 2°, or four times his apparent dia- laid down in longitude from that of Europe and hardships which even in Egypt he endured meter, to the left of the meridian, and at Sept. onwards towards the east, and so far in latitude for this cause, committed suicide by starvation. 23rd as much to the right. From those places as that their figures may be recognised. The earth is globular; for besides the cur- he would retire to the mean-noon meridian till the sun circle being attached to the solar axis, vature which Eratosthenes found in the north solstice, were it not for a second source of and the planisphere to the stellar axis of the and south direction, it is constantly circumnavi- error in his mean daily motion, namely, the train of wheels, the sun and stars will revolve gated east and west; and we know that we give obliquity of the ecliptic, owing to which his under each meridian of the globe exactly as the same name to the sun as our colonists in motion round the pole is much faster at solstices, the day and the night there follow one anAustralia gave to it before it arose to us; and and much slower at equinoxes than his mean other through the year of stars. that seamen in our ships homeward bound motion round the sky. The total difference is In a less complete planisphere (No. 1), M. thence by Cape Horn had already given to it that of apparent from mean time; and by the Villa has placed the earth in the centre, that name before the sun reached Australia; time the sun reaches the meridian, the clock surrounded by a pictorial zone of the constellaso that were a day not left unnamed upon the points to nearly a quarter after noon in the early tions, within which is the hour circle of the homeward voyage, passengers in these ships part of the year, and to some minutes before sun. This arrangement is less convenient, on reaching the English shores would assign noon in the second quarter of the year, but to from the distortion to which the constellations name to the sun identical with that which it nearly the same quantities before and after are subjected, an inconvenience less felt in would bear four-and-twenty hours afterwards; noon in the last and third quarters of the the geographical tracings of the former plan, thus proving the sun's passage round the globe, year. M. Villa has accurately tabulated these whose uses are more for reference than for recog and the closed figure of the earth. values of the times of the sun's southing nition. We have seen that the Ionian School through the year, on a table (diagram No. 7), of Astronomers determined, with considerable the suspension of which by the side of a sun- accuracy, the returns of the equinoxes. The dial is sufficient for the most accurate setting motion of the moon was equally studied; and of any clock for ordinary purposes, and is at the Olympic Games, Meton and Euctemon, highly instructive to the eye, in showing that two Athenians, received the honours of a curious result of a two-fold inequality in the column, recording in letters of gold their dissun's motion about the pole. covery of a coincidence between 19 tropical years and 235 lunations. This coincidence was correct, but their year was 18 min., and their lunation 2 min. of a day too long. Callippus improved this cycle by shortening four metonic periods by one day, thus introducing into Greece the Julian year of 365 days. This is the year which Julius Caesar, by help of Sosigenes of Alexandria, introduced into Rome in the form of a Julian Olympiad of three short years and one long. a Modern observations are very precise upon the form of the earth; and the polar radius is estimated at 500,500,000 English inches with no greater probable error than 200 or 300 yards. The equatorial radius is th part greater than this. The cone of the earth's shadow does not, therefore, circumscribe the earth in an exact circle, but in a curve which departs One of the first practical advantages derived from the pole considerably where it passes near from the study of astronomy, is the determiit, on account of the greater flatness of that nation of the cause and amount of that error neighbourhood. M. Villa has with great labour through which the solar day is not, like the shown the exact lines upon which the shadow sidereal day, of constant and invariable length. circumscribes the earth at every day of the It is so important a point for all who would year. Upon Chart No 3, Rome is first placed set a time-piece by a sun-dial, that not unfrebeneath the eye; and as this projection fails to quently apparent solar time is preferred to show with accuracy the shadow lines which mean solar time, for comparison in meteorofall above the pole in summer, the antipodes logical observations, on the appointed termare next exhibited, where those lines approach day, as an almanac may be out of reach or The most accurate reckoning of the present within the southern pole. To make the whole misused, and accordingly the watches are set time would require no other year than the long more easy for reference, and general for all by the sun-dial on that day. The sidereal and short years of the Julian style, to secure countries, their projection with the eye above day is the period during which the sidereal perpetual accordance between the nomenclature the pole is further placed upon the circles of equinox revolves from the meridian back again of the day and the sun's progress in longitude latitude and longitude spreading from the pole, to the meridian. While the sun revolves from and right ascension. The planisphere of M. so as to show the motion in longitude neces-equinox to equinox, this point has passed the Villa (No. 2) is therefore divided about its sary on each circle of latitude to carry a meridian in the opposite direction 366-242217 periphery both into 365 and into 366 parts, or place from one branch of the shadow-line times, and the sun 365 242217 times; the days, for placing the sun, as the last step of to the other: that is to say, the length of the two days are, therefore, in the proportion of convenience which can be made in this departday and night for all different stations and these numbers, namely, the solar day to the ment of astronomy. different seasons of the year. These valuable sidereal day as 1.0027379 to 1. This value The lunar motions afford, as is well elements of physical geography M. Villa has is exactly represented by the vulgar fractions known, the clock-hand, by which longitude tested by reports from stations on very different 8 x 82 x 19, so that wheels thus arranged is discovered at sea. I know no means, latitudes, throughout a series of years, with will drive one axis with the sun and another either in diagram or in construction, which so a perfect accuracy which is no small con- with the stars. M. Villa has constructed clearly puts before us the solution of this alltribution in confirmation of the theory of the upon a large planisphere (diagram No. 2), important problem as the flat revolving planisphericity of the earth. a view of the entire stellar heavens; having spheres of M. Villa's star chart (No. 2), or Upon this chart the appearances of the sun in the equator half way to the periphery from his plan of the Earth revolving within the his Arctic and his Equatorial aspects throughstars (No. 1). The remaining diagrams may, out the year are well shown in a series of elaboin the opinion of geographers, possess especial rate sketches of the earth in its orbit, together merit in the points of physical geography with the fainter aspects of the moon. which they elucidate; but the revolving planidiagram is well adapted to illustrate the spheres present, as means of astronomical inquestions of twilight and the action of the struction, that facility of exhibiting the relation earth's atmosphere upon the light of the of the earth to the sky which no globes or sun; of eclipses, tracing their fine pencil maps can afford. lines over the earth; and of lunar eclipses, where the earth plunges the moon entirely into the shade. Meteoric showers, and the direction of the sun's motion in space, are also well illustrated by this diagram. Spring and neap tides, and the diurnal variations of the com. pass, may equally be described by their aid. This The motion of the sun upon the ecliptic, determined by Eratosthenes, required very little' N.AMERICA S.AMERICA 2819 EUROPE XII EQUINOCTIAL POLE ECLIPTIC (XII) AFRICA VI ASIA ASIA The same planispheres, on a reduced scale, are shown in diagrams Nos. 5 and 6, with accessories, in one case, of ten plates illustrative of eclipses, climate, meteorology, physical geography, geology, and terrestrial magnetism; in the other, of a new electro-magnetic theory of the solar system. Although accessories, these are not without interest, but the four planispheres, and the charts of the earth's shadow line, and the sun's equation of Time the Meeting, as well as upon M. Villa, by the from the necessity of passing the preliminary exand Motion in Declination, deserve the atten-able exposition which he had that evening amination in general knowledge held by the Law tion of all engaged in teaching astronomy. given of the principal features of the astro- Institution. nomical plans. It would be the pleasing duty of the speaker, at the next meeting, to do his best to explain and elucidate the geographical portion of the charts; and he trusted to have the gratification on that occasion, of secing all those whom he was then addressing. The CHAIRMAN said that the Meeting would be glad to hear the remarks of any one present, on the subject of the Lecture, which was undoubtedly one which, being difficult in itself, required all the elucidation that could be given to it. Mr. DYER observed that it was hardly possible to overrate the importance of astronomy, which he had done his best, for twenty-five years, to teach to his pupils. He believed that the diagrams and plans of the Chevalier Villa might be made extremely useful in instruction; but as a teacher, he must confess that he concurred in a remark made by Mr. Herschel, that their usefulness was marred by want of simplicity; they aimed at doing too much, and were overloaded with details. As an illustration of the general want of accurate knowledge respecting astronomy and the connected subjects, he mentioned that he had repeatedly found that watchmakers utterly ignorant of the distinction between his thanks to the lecturer for the aid which he solar, mean, and sidereal time. He expressed had rendered towards a full understanding of M. Villa's productions, which he had no doubt would, with a little modification and simplification, become very valuable aids to the teacher. were On the motion of Dr. PEARCE, Seconded by Mr. Law, a vote of thanks was unanimously given to Mr. Herschel for his lecture. CHRISTMAS EXAMINATION. Pupils' Class List. ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. iate and Commercial School, as First in Music. In List B Transfer Jones, J., Chiswick Coll. School, from the The CHAIRMAN in conveying the thanks of Omit, Mayhew, H. W., from the Special List. mercial List, Jones, J. Mr. HERSCHEL having briefly acknowledged COLLEGE OF PRECEPTORS. Country Candidates. ROYAL MILITARY ACADEMY, The following is a list of successful candi- Marks, 5497 61. Arnott, N., Trinity College, Dublin, Mr. 122. Jacob, S. L., University School, Bath 116. MR. MAY said that he was not an educator, but one of those ignorant watchmakers to! whom the previous speaker had referred. He January, present:-J. Payne, Esq., V.P., in the Ar a Meeting of the Council, on the 3rd of did not, however, plead guilty to the charge Chair: Dr. Adams, Mr. Bidlake, Mr. Clennell, of such ignorance as that gentleman had men- Mr. Freeman, Mr. Herbert, Dr. Hodgson, Mr. tioned; on the contrary, he flattered himself Isbister, Rev. Dr. Jacob, Mr. Kimber, Dr. Pearce, that he knew more about "time" and the Dr. Pinches, Mr. Pinches, Mr. Reynolds, Rev. various methods of reckoning it, than many J. S. Watson, and Dr. E. T. Wilson, the Secre- 146. teachers, who seemed not to be aware of the tary reported that he had been in correspondence elementary truth that a difference of 15° of with the Secretary of the London Orphan Asy- 181. longitude was equivalent to a difference of one lum, the Committee of which institution wished hour in time. The speaker said that he agreed to know whether the Council would undertake the with Mr. Dyer in thinking that the charts periodical examination of the children in their were too complex for general instruction; they displayed all the genius and artistic tendencies of the Italian race, but lacked that directness and simplicity which characterise the Saxon intellect. MR. WATSON thought that the planisphere would be greatly improved and simplified if the various parts of which it is composed could be separated, so that the exact purpose of each could be explained; then one part after the other should be combined, and the general use of the whole be gradually made evident to the understanding of the learner. In reference to the remark of the previous speaker, Mr. Watson said he thought that there were very few schools. the Examination Committee. Mr. L. White, B.A., A.C.P., was elected a The following gentlemen were elected Mem- Mr. Thomas Brown, Holbrook, Ipswich. teachers who were not familiar with the con- 118. Goldie Taubman, G. Dashwood, Mr. Barlow, C. C. C., Dr. Godley's, Henley O'Malley, G. H., Rugby, Mr. Kieser, Blackheath, and Rev. L. Edward's, 97. Stopford, A. B., Harrow, and Rev. W. 107. Uppleby, J. G., Rev. G. P. Allfree, and 211. Beresford, C. F. C., St. Columbus Col- 113. Walford, N. L., Harrow, and Mr. Fleming's, Tonbridge-wells 163. Josselyn, J. E., Ipswich School, and Rev. G. R. Roberts, Croydon 44. De Marylski, R., Rev. L. Edwards, Dorney, near Windsor, and Rev. E. A. Claydon, Lee 47. Robinson, F. M., Home, and Mr. Scale, 194. 71. Adams, E. W., Rossall School, Eton, and Great George-street, S.W., January, 1863. 466 こ MR. HUGHES observed that justice to M. An Adjourned Meeting of the Council was Villa required him to point out how difficult held on the 10th of January. Present: - Dr. it was for any person except the author to Hodgson, in the Chair; Mr. Andrews, Mr. Atenter fully into the design of such productions kinson, Dr. Biggs, Mr. Herbert, Mr. Isbister, Dr. as these, which had occupied the thoughts and Skerry, Mr. Templeton. Dr. White, Mr. L. EDUCATION IN ITALY.-On the last night 4 time of the Chevalier for many years. This White, and Dr. E. T. Wilson. 1861 a census of the Kingdom of Italy was tasth difficulty was increased by the circumstances The Report of the Council to the General The results are not yet fully known; but that all the verbal portions of the diagrams Meeting was discussed, amended, and adopted. stated in the "Evangelical Christendom" ths: (* were in Italian, and that M. Villa was proportion of persons able to read is nearly as Bunacquainted with the English language, so We have great pleasure in announcing that the lows: in Lombardy, between 30 and 40 per c that he was unable to give to Mr. Herschel, Judges, to whom the Act of Parliament entrusts in Piedmont, from 20 to 30 per cent. ; in Tass: " or to himself, those explanations that produc-sons intended for the profession of Solicitors, have Rome not one in a hundred can read. Se the power of controlling the examinations of per- from 10 to 20 per cent.; while in the region t tions so novel and original required. Not-unanimously acceded to the prayer of the Memor- brini, Inspector-General of Public Instruction withstanding these disadvantages, he thought ial recently presented to them on behalf of the ports that in the province of Naples oly that Mr. Herschel, whose name was so inse- College of Preceptors, and have thus recognized child in 1000 gets any school-training. The parably connected with the science of Astro- its First Class Certificates as guarantees of good vernment is earnestly engaging in the estat nomy, had conferred a great obligation upon general education, and as exempting their holders ment of schools.-Illinois Teacher. MONTHLY RECORD OF SCIENCE AND ART. 1185lbs. more than the average tenacity of cast steel. Its resistance to compression is 132,416lbs. to the square inch; that of cast iron being 115,542 THE annual Christmas Course of Lectures, lbs. As to malleability, this alloy may be drawn adapted to a juvenile auditory, at the Royal Insti-out under the hammer almost to a needle point at tution, which for many years past it had been the a red heat. Its rigidity is about three times that custom of Professor Faraday to deliver, was this of gun metal, and 44 times that of brass; it is less year given by Professor Frankland. The subject affected by change of temparature than either of selected was "Air and Water." The lectures at the latter; it may be cast with extraordinary the Institution, for the winter session, have been facility into any shape; it does not clog the file, arranged as follows. Before Easter, 1863: Pro- and yields fine elastic shavings on the lathe. It fessor Marshall, twelve lectures " On Physiology"; tarnishes much less readily in the air than any Professor Frankland, ten lectures "On Chemis- other metal or alloy used for astronomical instrutry"; W. Savory, Esq., four lectures "On Life ments, and will receive the finest graduation posand Death"; Professor Max Müller, twelve lec-sible. It is extremely elastic, can be rolled into tures. After Easter: Professor Tyndall, seven sheet metal, or also hammered and drawn, and lectures; T. Ansted, Esq., nine lectures "On seems admirably adapted for the tubular parts of Geology"; Professor W. Thompson, three lec- astronomical instruments. Its specific gravity is tures "On Electric Telegraphy." 7.689, nearly the same as wrought iron. To make this alloy, extremely pure copper should be used; the best is copper deposited by electricity; but since that kind is very expensive, the next best is copper from Lake Superior, which makes an alloy of excellent quality. The ordinary coppers of commerce generally fail, owing, it is said, chiefly to the presence of iron, which appears to be specially prejudicial. hardly to be credited. Any person wanting his statue to be made, is photographed in various directions, and two days later he can call for his statuette in clay. Features and drapery are represented with the greatest exactness, and, as a natural consequence, of the method, the price is extremely moderate. A cast of the figure being taken in plaster, it may be reproduced any number of times, and cast in bronze if required. EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY SUM- Compositions for the following prizes are also to be sent in this term to the Registrar of the University, viz.: the Arnold, Mrs. Denyer's (Theolo gical), the Chancellor's and Sir Roger Newdegate's, and Dr. Ellerton's (Theological). Bampton Lectures will also commence, the lecturer being the Rev. John Hannah, D.C.L., of Lincoln College. The The annual report just issued by the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education, states that in science schools or classes there are now 3147 persons under instruction, of whom 2278 are in schools under certificated teachers, and consequently receiving aid in the form of payments on results; 76,303 pupils in parochial and public schools, and 15,483 in central schools, in connexion with this department, receiv- Some interesting experiments designed to prove ed instruction in art in 1861; and 91,836 persons the practicability of printing by telegraph, or, in were taught drawing in the schools of art. The other words, to show how a telegraphic apparatus South Kensington Museum was visited by more can register simultaneously in type messages of than 600,000 persons in the year; 8884 photo- which it is the medium, have recently been graphs, unmounted, were sold, the amount received made, in the presence of the Lord Mayor and being 7151. other gentlemen, at the offices of the United KingThe Academy of Sciences at Paris have an- dom Telegraph Company, in Old Broad Street, nounced the following prize questions for the where a machine for the purpose, as invented and ensuing year-1. Mathematics. To discuss with patented by Professor Hughes, is now in operation, care the observations of tides made in the prin- communicating with Birmingham and other large cipal ports of France, and compare them to the towns. The instrument was first introduced intake degrees, has, we understand, been finally theory (3000f., papers to be sent in before the 1st America, aud has since been brought into pracof June, 1865); to re-examine the phenomena of tical use in France, and more recently in Italy, capillarity, and compare them to the results of with, it is said, complete success. It is now being calculation (3000f., 1st of April, 1864); to im. tried on the lines of the United Kingdom Teleprove the geometrical theory of polyhedrons graph Company with the view to its adoption by (3000f., 1st of January, 1861); to establish a them. The machine is fixed to a table or plat complete and rigorous theory concerning the equi- form not larger than an ordinary chess board, and orium of floating bodies (3000f, 1st of July, is altogether very neat and compact. The electric 1864). 2. Mechanics.-To introduce some im waves are transmitted by a revolving arm, which portant improvement in the application of steam acts in concert with a type wheel. On the face of to the Imperial navy 6000f. (1st of November, the instrument are 28 keys, arranged like those of 1863). 3. Eordin Prizes.-On some question of a piano, but occupying less than a third of the optics, at the candidate's choice (3000f., 1st of space. These correspond with an equal number July, 1861). To determine the direction and of metal plates working upwards through slots relative intensities of electric currents produced formed all round a circular disc, on the top of by various thermo-electrical subjects (3000f., 1st which, but not in connexion with it, the arm and of July, 1864). To effect some improvement in what is called "contact-maker" revolve. The the mechanical theory of heat (3000f., 1st of July, type wheel and this arm revolve together, and 1861). 4. Natural History. On the compara- when a key is depressed by the operator, a plate tive anatomy of the nervous system of fish (3000f., corresponding with the letter touched is raised 1st of September, 1861). To study the changes and a letter is printed, while at the same instant ffected during germination in the constitution of the by a graduated movement the paper is carried on tissues of the embryo and perisperm (3300f., a space ready to receive the next impression. The 1st of April, 1861). On the production of hybrid instrument is worked chiefly by women, and very nimals by the means of artificial fecundation much after the manner of a piano, but with a heavier 3300f, 31st of September, 1863). 5. Medicine. touch. It prints at both ends of the wire simul-To trace the history of Pellagra (5000f., 1st of taneously and in clear type, so that the operator April, 1864). 6. Medicine and Surgery.-On sees the message which is being transmitted as it he application of electricity to therapeutics proceeds, and no copying or translation being re5000f, 1st of April, 1866). 7. Surgery.-On quired the chance of error is avoided. The speed he preservation of members by preserving the secured in France and in America by highlyeriosteum (the Academy offers 10,000f.; the trained operators is said to have reached from 40 to mperor also 10,000f., 1st of April, 1866). 8. 50 words a minute. At this rate the instrument ordin prizes of 3000f. each, to be sent in before would print matter equal to a column of "The he 31st of December, 1863:-On the distribution Times" in a few minutes less than an hour, f the vessels of the latex in the organs of plants; assuming there was no break in the operation, n the anatomical history of coral and other which probably would be too much to assume. It cophytes of the same family; on the structure of was brought into use in transmitting a report of he stems of plants, with a view to determine their the recent speech of Mr. Bright at Birmingham. espective families. The question of bankrupts being allowed to settled, as the case of a member of St. John's, who has been a bankrupt, came to the vote at the opening of the term. A strong feeling on the subject exists in the University, the senior members of which regard the step taken by the authorities of St. John's as a very dangerous precedent, and one calculated to lower the standard and dignity of their ancient and honourable body; while, on the other hand, the certificate of the Bankruptcy Court is looked upon as a discharge from all liabilities and disabilities. Although there exists no exact precedent for this case, it may be mentioned that the late Dr. Ingram, when he found a member of his college had petitioned the Insolvent Debtors' Court and obtained his discharge, immediately exercised his prerogative as President of Trinity College, and dismissed the unfortunate member until he was in a position to satisfy his creditors. A more recent case bearing on the point is that in which the Venerable Provost of Oriel College denied a member of his college the privilege of a degree until the amende honorable had been made to his numerous creditors. The University of Cambridge has lately received a present of thirty pictures, by modern artists, from the Gallery of Mrs. Ellison, of Sudbrooke Holme, near Lincoln. They have been placed in the Fitzwilliam Museum, to which they form a welcome addition, that gallery being almost entirely deficient in representatives of the modern English Schools of Art. Five of the pictures have recently become familiar to the general public by having formed part of the International Exhibition. The Master and Fellows of St. John's, Cam. bridge, are about to make important additions to their college buildings. These will comprise a new chapel and Master's lodge, and the prolonga. tion of the hall northwards. The new buildings will form portions of a new court, which is eventually to occupy the whole of the ground between St. John-street, Bridge-street, and the river, of which the new chapel will occupy the southern side. A remarkable invention, intimately connected In the supplementary number of Vol. XXIV. with photography, which has received the name of f the Philosophical Magazine, just published, Photo-Sculpture, is now engrossing the attention e find a remarkable article by Lieutenant- of artists. The method followed by the inventor, M. Colonel A. Strange, F.R.A.S., on the proper- Willême, is this:-A number of simultaneous phoes and present value of aluminium bronze, tographs of a person are taken, and the outlines a alloy consisting of ten parts of aluminium thus obtained are enlarged or reduced at will by The following numbers indicate the proportion nd 90 of copper. Its tensile strength is stated the pantograph. With these data M. Willême of students who have passed the various Examir 73,185lbs. per square inch, being more than produces a statue, the exact likeness of the ori-nations at the London University during the yea ouble the breaking-strain of gun-metal, and ginal, in any size, and in so short a time as is 1862. The January Matriculation, 81 the July Mr. James Mackenzie, son of the author of "The Man of Feeling," and brother of the late Judge, has given 3000l. for the foundation of a fellowship and scholarship in the University of Edinburgh. Matriculation, 216; the first B.A., 91; the first (vice Rev. H. H. Swinney, deceased, Dec. 22);—ject. The very copious extracts from the B.Sc., 16; the Preliminary Scientific, 63; the Vepery School, Madras: salary, 240l. with resi- Report which have appeared in your recent first M.A., 25; the first Scriptural, 4; the further dence; patrons the Propagation Society;-Win- numbers, will suffice to show how limited the Scriptural, 1; the second B.A., 55; the second chester Diocesan Training School: applications to inquiry was, and will account for the fact, B.Sc., 13; the second M.B., 17; the LL.B., 12; Rev. T. Bacon, Kingsworthy Rectory, Winchester. that while the Training Colleges, which are the M.A., 8; the M.D., 6; and the LL.D., 1.-Vice-Principalships: -North London Collegiate subsidized by the State, and form a part of During the past year there have been appointed School, St. Pancras (vice Rev. J. Ridgway, pro- Government machinery of education, are two new Fellows, five new Examiners, and a new moted);-Oxford Diocesan Training College: sa- described in the Report, many other instituAssistant Clerk. George Grote, D.C.L., F.R. S., lary, 2007. with board and rooms: Mathematics and has been elected Vice-Chancellor, in the room of Music required; applications to Rev. J. Ridgway, tions of undoubted importance, and probaSir John Geo. Shaw Lefevre. There is now in 29, Oakley-square, London.-Masterships :-Bed- bly of superior usefulness, are not so described. 2. A similar remark applies to the awards the Calendar 13 who have passed the LL.D. Ex- ford Commercial School: salary, 100l.-Calcutta, amination, 194 the M.D., 119 the M.A., 106 the Bishop's College : Classics and Theology; stipend, made by the Jury to authors and publishers of LL.B., 186 the M.B., 21 the B.Sc., and 897 the 400l. with residence; applications to Secretary educational books. Many of the most eminent B.A.; in all upwards of 1530 graduates. of S.P.G., 78, Pall Mall, London-Capetown. of these were not represented in the Exhibition. Diocesan School: a Wrangler or Senior Optime, The Jury had no right to discuss other claims in Holy Orders preferred; applications to the than those of Exhibitors. If your readers Bishop of Capetown, 20, Porchester-terrace, desire to know the truth of the matter, they Bayswater, London; -Alford Grammar School: should turn from your article, and the names Head Master: salary, 2007. with house, &c.; enumerated in it, to the catalogue of Exhib Mr. Sydney Turner, the inspector appointed to Cheltenham College; Head of Juvenile Departvisit the reformatory schools of Great Britain, has ment: salary, 3501. first year, and afterwards itors, and then to the list of awards. If these presented his annual report. He states that the 400/., &c.; applications to the Rev. A. Barry, are read in the light of the following extract number of young offenders in the 62 certificated Cheltenham;-Colwall Grammar School, He- from the Jury Report, the impression conreformatories increased in the course of the year refordshire: Head Master (vice Rev. E. W. veyed by that article will be, I think, consid1861 from 3803 to 4337, including 186 placed out on Culsha,deceased);-Devizes Proprietary Grammar erably modified. license and not yet finally discharged. Of the 1031 School: Head Master; salary, 100l. with house, discharged during the present year, only 18 boys or boarders, &c.; applications to Mr. E. Giddings, girls were sent away as hopelessly incorrigible; 90 Devizes;-London, St. Clement Danes Grammar went to sea, 22 enlisted, 110 emigrated, 660 went School: Assistant; salary, 60l. with about 40l. to service or employment, or to the care of friends; capitation fees; apply to the Head Master;27 died, 15 were discharged on the ground of Malvern Proprietary College: Head Master; aphealth, 89 absconded and were not recovered. plications to L. Stummes, Esq., M.D., Malvern, The expenditure was 98,6387.; the Treasury pay- Hon. Sec.;-St. Albans, King Edward VI.'s ments for maintenance amounted to 66,3747.; the Grammar School: Head Master;-Goudhurst parents' payments were only 24397.; contributions Grammar School: Head Master;-Oxford Diocesan from the rates produced 4750l.; contributions Training College, Cowley: First, Second, and from voluntary associations and payment for vo- Third Masters. luntary inmates, 975t.; subscriptions and legacies, 14,1367. The Governors of Uppingham School have resolved to erect new school buildings. They are "It has been decided for the future," says a to consist of class rooms, library, each measuring new memorandum issued from the Horse Guards, 28ft. by 22ft., and of a covered playground, 32ft. by strictly to confine the half-yearly competitive 28ft., approached on two of its sides by an open examinations for admission to the Royal Military arcade. The large school-room above these Academy, Woolwich, to the object for which measures 88ft. by 28ft.; and, connected with the they are intended; and henceforth none of the school buildings by an open porch, a very costly competitors will be regarded as qualified for com- school-chapel is being erected by subscription. missions in the Line on account of the examination The estimated cost of site and buildings is 11,000l. they may have undergone in endeavouring to ob- The school buildings are to be completed early tain admission to the Royal Military Academy. next summer. The same rule will also apply to the competitive examinations for admission to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst." The Professorship of Exegesis of the New Testament in King's College, London, rendered vacant by the preferment of the Very Rev. Dean Ellicott to the Bishopric of Gloucester and Bristol, has been conferred upon the Rev. Edward Hayes Plumptre, M.A., of Brasenose College, Oxford. The Rev. William Lee, D.D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History, has been elected Archbishop King's Lecturer in Divinity for the University of Dublin, in succession to the late Rev. Dr. M'Neill. The Council of Queen's College, Birmingham, have appointed the Rev. W. H. Poulton, Senior Resident Tutor. The Professorship of Classics is vacant. CORRESPONDENCE. EDUCATION AND THE INTERNA- "The Jury had some difficulty in determining the principles on which they should act in relation to this subject [books]. To have awarded medals to publishers of books only, would have been to overlook the claims of many meritorious authors, and to give honour only to those agents, thorough whose hands their books happened to pass in the way of trade. On the other hand, to select authors only, would be to do great injustice to many enterprising men, who, as publishers, have originated and directed the preparation of important series of educational books, and have done much to raise the character of such literature, and to promote its diffusion. The Jury therefore determined to select (1) one or two of the Societies most remarkable for the production, or the cheapening of good elementary books; (2) several of the authors whose writings have had the largest circulation in schools, and the most beneficial influence upon methods of teaching; and (3) a few of those publishing firms which have devoted special care and energy to the production of good schoolbooks." (p. 13.) It should be observed, that in carrying out this principle, the Jury were obliged to contine themselves to those representatives of any one of the three classes, who had availed themselves of the invitation of the Commissioners, and had exhibited in their own names. Owing probably, to the novelty of an Educational Department in an International Exhibition, the number of persons, especially of authors, who had done this, was not large. It is no part of my duty to vindicate the decisions of the Jury, or to testify, as I might easily do, to the anxious care and labour which its members devoted to the consideration of the numerous 1. It is quite true that the work of the Col- claims, English and Foreign, which came lege of Preceptors is not described, or even under their notice. I wish simply to remind referred to, in the Jury Report. But it is your readers, that in regard alike to authors, equally true that the Universities of Oxford to publishers, and to societies, the Jury could and Cambridge, the great public schools of only deal with that which was officially before Eton, Harrow, and Rugby, and many of the them. noblest educational establishments in the coun- 3. The passage in reference to myself forms try, are not mentioned in that document. The no part of the Report. It was determined on reason for this is obvious. The Jury took cog-in my absence and without my knowledge. nizance only of those facts which came before and inserted in the list of awards,-a document Mr. George Robertson has been appointed them in connexion with the Exhibition. They over which I had not the smallest control, and Rector of the Royal Academy, Inverness. did not profess or attempt to form any judg- which was translated in the office from the Monsieur A. Lovey, and Herr G. A. Feiling, of ment on the whole subject of English educa- minutes of the French Secretary, M. Robert the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, have been tion; but they simply endeavoured to estimate My own duty as reporter was simply to pre appointed Tutors in Ordinary to His Royal High- the work of those institutions which happened pare the General Report, embodying the prin The Rev. J. G. Davie, late Senior Resident to be represented as exhibitors. In writing cipal facts which had been brought under the Tutor at Queen's College, Birmingham, has been the Report, 1 had, it is true, a further object. observation of the Jury, and the general con elected Head Master of Market Bosworth Gram- sought to bring together information respect-clusions to which they had arrived. To tha: ing the action of the State upon education in document my name is appended; but the sepa The Rev. George Ridding, M.A., has been elected by the Warden and Fellows of Winchester College to the Second Mastership of Winchester College, vacant by the death of the late Rev. Frederic Wickham, M.A. Mr. Charles Wood, M.A., of Brasenose College. Oxford, has been appointed Principal of Elizabeth College, Guernsey. ness Prince Arthur. mar School. The following vacancies have been announced:-different countries of Europe, and have given rate awards were in every case the work of the Principalships.—Cuddesdon Theological College some statistical and other details on that sub- Jury collectively; they are authenticated by |