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NEW BRUNSWICK.

The University of New Brunswick, established under an Act which received her Majesty's assent in January 1860, is now in successful operation. The University is under the Government of a Senate, appointed by the Governor in Council, and comprises what was formerly known as King's College, but now absorbed into the New University. The Encænia, or festival in honour of the founders and benefactors of the University, was celebrated in June last, in presence of the Governor and the various Colonial authorities.

Johnson and Sikes, to scholarships of the value of 301. per annum.

The above are tenable during the undergraduate course.

Baker and Whitaker were elected to scholarships
value each 401. per annum, tenable till scholarship ex-
amination in the Easter Term of 1862.

College, Cambridge, eighth wrangler, 1861, has been
Mr. Francis Pattrick, B.A., Fellow of Magdalen
appointed First Mathematical Master in Ipswich
School, vice Rev. J. Mowat, appointed Classical
Lecturer of Sidney College.

Ост. 14.

Ост. 15.

The following have been elected scholars of Jesus NOVA SCOTIA. College:-Classical-Fisher, from Blackheath ProACADIA COLLEGE, NOVA SCOTIA.-We see by prietary School; Fennell, from Rossal School. the "Christian Messenger" of Halifax, that the Mathematical-Dale, from Blackheath Proprietary friends and supporters of Acadia College are anxi- School. ous to place its finances on a more sure footing than they are at present, to elevate its literary standard, and to create four Professorships. With this object it is proposed to raise 15,000l. in all, as an endowment fund. The amount already invested, pledged, and to be collected, is 5000., which leaves 10,000l. still to be provided; half of that sum (5C007.) a gentleman interested in the matter proposes to raise by appealing to the generosity, wealth, and intelligence of the Baptist body of the three Provinces, and calling on fifty persons to subscribe 1007. each. The duty of collecting the other 5000l. to devolve on the Governors and friends of the College. The proposer of the scheme is sanguine of success.

SIDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE.

An examination for scholarships and exhibitions took place at this College yesterday. The successful candidates were as follows:

UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.

OXFORD, OCT. 10.

Mr. T. H. Sweet Escott, from the Somersetshire College, Bath; Mr. W. Sells, from Windermere College; Mr. Herbert H. Morris, from the Naval School, New-cross; and Mr. George O. Balleine, from Victoria College, Jersey, were this day elected Scholars of Queen's College. At the same time Mr. H. Hogarth, from Appleby School, and Mr. H. W. Barber, Commoner of Queen's College, were elected Exhibitioners-the former on the Hastings foundation.

Ост. 11.

There will be an election to two Scholarships at Balliol College, each worth about 751. a-year, and tenable for five years, on the 29th day of November next. Candidates (who must be under 19 years of age on the day of election) are required to call on the Master of Balliol on the evening of Saturday, November 23, with certificates of baptism and of the date of their birth, and testimonials from their college or school. Ост. 18. The annual election of two scholars will take place at Oriel College, on Friday, December 6. The Scholarships will be tenable for five years, and their value, during residence, in addition to rooms rent free, will be £60 per annum. No one will be eligible who shall have attained the age of 20 years, or who, being a member of the University, shall have exceeded two years from his matriculation. Candidates must present testimonials of good conduct, and certificates of time of birth and of baptism, to the Provost of Oriel on Saturday, November 30.

An exhibition on Bishop Robinson's Foundation, open to all members of the College, will also be filled up on the 6th of December.

Taylor Exhibition of 607. a-year.
J. Ashton, of University College, London, to the

T. D. Gray, of Marischal College, Aberdeen; and A.
T. Masheder; J. J. Benstead, of Oundle School;
S. Davis, of Leeds Grammar School-each to Exhi-
bitions of 30%.

C. W. Holdich, of Oakam School, to a Johnson
Exhibition.
N.B. The Classical Foundation Scholarship was
not adjudged.

Ост. 18.

SECOND PREVIOUS EXAMINATION.

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REFORMATORY SCHOOLS.-The annual report of the Inspector of Reformatories, Mr. Sydney Turner, states the number of inmates under detention in these establishments in Great Britain --3222 at the end of 1859-was 3712 at the end

of 1860. The increase may seem surprising in the face of a diminution in the number of juvenile criminals committed to prison-a decrease amounting in England to 10 per cent last year, while in the last five years the commitments have been reduced from 13,981 to 8029. At the same time, besides that the chances of escape have greatly lessened, the sentences under the Criminal Justice Act are short, and regular offenders are soon at of transportation, a steady increase in the number large again. There is, too, owing to the cessation of liberated criminals, many of them the trainers interests of society are concerned in making it as of young thieves: and considering how deeply the difficult and dangerous as possible to follow crime as a trade or calling, Mr. Turner heartily trusts that an effort will be made to adopt the principles of the Irish system, and make the ticket-of-leave

EXAMINED IN THE ORDINARY SUBJECTS AND a more effective security of good conduct, or for

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EXAMINED IN THE ADDITIONAL SUBJECTS AND
APPROVED.

Ainslie
Bonser

the re-apprehension and continued detention of those who return to crime; the difficulties would probably not be so great in practice as in theory. He also pleads for a better regulation of common Trin. H. lodging-houses as well as marine-store shops, both Clare. of them frequently the means of making the deCath. predations of the young thief possible and profitChrist's. able. But the truth is, that the Reformatories Trin. become so full through the system being adopted of sending to them mere children on the first conviction, when they are fitter for industrial schools; and it is hoped that under the new Act of this session these will be established in larger Queen's. numbers; for with good management, and a sufficient number of half-criminal children committed to them, the allowance from the Treasury will probably be enough to support them. With regard to results, we learn that above 1000 boys were discharged from reformatories in England up to the end of 1859, and more than 600 are known to be doing well, and not 120 have been again convicted of crime. The number of girls who are reformed is always less, but 40 out of the 108 are doing well, and only 13 have been again convicted. The relapses into crime are most numerous among those who, on discharge, return to their friends, which generally is a return to the influences which led to their depraved condition; but this may be avoided by placing them out on ticket-of-leave for the last year or more, accustoming them to selfgovernment in partial liberty, and making the restoration to freedom gradual. In this and every respect, the work of reforming is better accomestablishment. The inmates of reformatories are plished in a small than in a large and centralised very different from what they were three or four

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Ост. 22.

Clare.

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The Carus Greek Testament prize has been adjudged
to H. Bothamley, B.A., of Trinity College.
The Examiners are of opinion that R. C. Raban, B.A.,
of Emmanuel College, has acquitte d himself with great
credit.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LOCAL EXAMINATIONS

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A scholarship on the foundation of the Rev. John
Meeke, and an exhibition on the foundation of the lowing places:-Brighton, Bristo 1, Cambridge, Exeter, years ago. It is true that in London, where the
Rev. William Lucy, process has been least applied, there

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educational purposes, the vast and unequalled resources of the Crystal Palace, commenced last year, and has been attended with satisfactory results. The Classes established were those for ladies, and all the plans were carefully laid accordingly; but it is understood that the operation of the movement is not to be restricted to this, but to receive every practicable development. The services of Professors of reputation in each study were retained, and in every feature of the organization the greatest care was exercised by the Committee that a high character should be maintained in the instruction and in the Lectures; and that the privacy and comfort of the studios and rooms provided should be equal to the advantages in other respects. The regulations and announcement for the new Term, which commences on the 1st of November next, and continues till July 31st, 1862, have just been issued. The classes for Water Colour Painting, &c., are taught by Mr. E. A. Goodall; those for Figure Drawing and Modelling, by Mr. W. K. Shenton, and for these the magnificent Art Collections of the Palace are all available. English is taught by the Rev. Philip Smith, B.A.; and Professor Mariette, of King's College, London, takes the French. Dr. Kinkel instructs in German, and no doubt will also give some of his famous lectures on the History of Art, delivered with such success at the South Kensington Museum. Italian is by Signor Volpe, and Latin, as well as History, by the Rev. C. Boutell; Herr A. Sonnenschein is the Professor of Physical Geography; Dr. Dresser, of Botany; Dr. E. Lankester, of Physi ology; and Dr. D. S. Price, the Director of the Technological Museum, of Chemistry and its applications. For the Pianoforte, there are Messrs. Benedict, Lindsay Sloper, and Prout; Singing, the great Garcia, Mrs. Street, and Miss Whyte; for Part-singing, Mr. Henry Leslie and Mr. J. G. Calcott; while M. Louis d'Egville teaches the Dancing. The first courses of Lectures will be by Dr. Dresser and Dr. Lankester, and will commence on the 17th instant. Dr. Dresser's will be on the "Arts of Decorative Design, and their relation to Botany," and will be specially addressed to those who may be preparing to exhibit in competition in the International Exhibition of 1862. Dr. Lankester's will be on the "Physiology of the Nervous System, in relation to Health and Edu

cation."

he would keep the papers with their marks, and
he hoped to meet them another year, and would
be glad to witness their progress. Remember,
said he, though you may not all be Bambridges
and Whitfields in attainments (alluding to the two
head boys in the examination), you may all be as
good; and the value of a school is not to be
measured by the ability of those it sends out, but
by its sending out boys that will do their duty
faithfully. With them now, he said, rested the
reputation of the school; and not only did he hope
they would grow up to be good specimens of what
the school could produce, but that they might be
successful in life, and able themselves to be patrons
and supporters of the school, when I, he added,
who am growing grey, and Mr. Hawtrey, who
loves you so well, and whom you love so well, will
have passed away.

MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS AND

SOLUTIONS.

1165 (Proposed by Exhumatus.) - A coin is dropped over a grating composed of parallel equidistant wires in a horizontal plane. What is the chance that it will go through without striking, supposing the distance apart of the wires to be less than the diameter of the coin.

SOLUTION BY W. J. MILLER, B.A.,
HUDDERSFIELD College.

1. FIRST SOLUTION.- Let a be the radius of

the coin, 28 the distance of the wires, and @ the
of the grating; then the orthogonal projection of
inclination with which the coin reaches the plane
the coin on this plane will be the ellipse whose
semiaxes are (a, a. cos e).

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TQ

В

T

=

sin .de +

a. sin e. de +

=

2

2

2

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cot-cos. log cot
cot.sec B+tan B

point where the coin meets the plane of the wires, 2. Imagine a sphere to be described about the as centre; then the normal to the coin, through this point, will traverse every part of the hemispheric surface above the grating, whilst the coin coin takes every position between the inclinations takes every possible position; and, whilst the whence, putting cos (e,+de) the normal will traverse a zone whose ratio to the entire hemispheric surface, that is, to the total number of positions, is (sin . de). PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Hence, supposing every possible position of the -The first two Jacob Bell Memorial Scholar-inclination between (0, 0+de) is (sin e . de). coin to be equally probable, the probability of an ships, value £30. a-year each, with free Laboratory Instruction, have been awarded by the Council to 3. Now suppose, first, that the distance be- put it into the form Thomas W. H. Tolbort, pupil of Mr. Froud, che-tween the wires is not less than the diameter of the mist, Dorchester; and William A. Tilden, pupil tion of Question 1226 ("Educational Times" for coin (8 > a); then, by the first part of my soluof Mr. Allchim, chemist, Barnsbury Road. Botanical Prize Medals for the best Herbaria, October, 1861, p. 165, col. 3, line 1), the proto James Browne and Joseph H. Richardson. bability that the projected ellipse will cross one Sessional Prize Medals, to Thos. J. Hasselby, for Chemistry and Pharmacy; and Frank H. Lescher, for Botany and Materia Medica.

of the wires is

2

πδι

0

dy.

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x. do, where x, or a (1-sin2 e. sin2 4) then

is the distance of the projected centre from the
nearest wire. Hence, putting P, Q for the re-
spective probabilities that the coin will, or will
not, strike the wires, we shall have

MR. COBDEN'S ADVICE TO Boys.-The Windsor and Eton Express reports a speech addressed to the boys of St. Mark's School, at St. Leonard's, by Mr. Cobden, on the occasion of the usual distribution of prizes. Mr. Cobden warned the boys that to whom much was given, of them much would be required. He had lived most of his life in the North of England-in Lancashire, where, he said, they make the clothes they and half the world wear; and there men often rose from very small beginnings. He instanced one case especially-that of his friend who invented the engines P which drew them along the railways. When he was making his first attempts he could neither read nor write. What a chance it would have been for him to have had the help of such an education as they were now receiving. the prizes that had been given, he told those who had not been successful to-day that they might still hope, and try for another time. Some found it harder to learn than others, but they must go! on. It was so with woods: all were not of the same kind; some burnt readily, others wanted more blowing and stirring, but both made a good fire at last. Let those who dont find it so easy to learn as others still persevere. He told them

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sec B-sin

cos2.d↓

(cos-sec↓)

2) log cot.d↓

sec2 B-sin(1-sin ß) ;

f(1-sin20. sin2 4) sin 9. de. dpf (cos-sec) log cot ✯↓ . d↓

π

f(sec +-cos 4) log cot 14. do

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ап 48

0

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and, putting cote, 2 cos 28 = c, we have

π

2

f

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my solution of Question 1160, ("Educational
Times" for August, 1861). When

The value of this definite integral is found in 2 (2-c) fz.de {e+ (c + 1) e + c (c + 1)e +

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8. SECOND SOLUTION.-As in the former solu-it reaches the grating will equally affect the tion, let @ be the inclination with which the coin chances for and against striking the wires: so reaches the plane of the wires, (= a. cos x, that the probability may be considered the same suppose) the distance of the centre of the pro- as if the coin were constrained to move parallel jected ellipse from the nearest wire, the inelina- to itself during the very small space of time which tion of the minor axis to this wire, or of the major intervenes between its reaching and quitting the axis to the line (x), = a. cos 8, and cos plane of the grating. cos 8. sin. Then, when the ellipse just touches the wire, is the inclination of the mujor axis to he from the centre on the fa centre on the tangent, :.= a. cos xa (1-sin e. sin2 ), or, sin e. sin = sin x. Hence, when 8a, the coin will not strike the wires, if e, x, o, taken in order, lie between the respective limits (,), (P, B), (B, T), where sin 7. sin sin x. Also the probability of an inclination between (@, 0+ de) is proportional to the number of positions of the normal between these limits, that is, to (sine.de), as shown in (2); and (da: 8), (do) are the respective probabilities that will be between (x, x+dx), and between (+10).

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CASE 2. Let ABCDE be a pentangular figure, and through P draw lines from the angular points A, B, E to meet the sides opposite in a, b, e, and in AB take bany point d, not in a right line with D, P; and suppose EA divided at e son that Ad. Be. Ca. Db: dB. eC. aD. bE = CA : Ec; then Ad. Be. Ca. Db. Ec dB. eC. aD. bE. cA; Let A'B'C' be thei.e. the points d, e, a, b, c are so posited in the A polar to the given sides, that Ad. Be. Ca. Db. Ec dB. eC. aDO A ABC, relatively to 6E. CA, and yet the line joining D, d does not pass through P, as do the lines joining Aa, Bb, tre is O, and radius r; Ee. And thus it may be proved of every odd-sided then if OA'm, OB'n, OC'p be drawn, these lines will be respecctively to BC, CA, AB, and r=OA'. Om =OB'. On OC. Op.tel consung he an Now A A'OB': A ABC :: OA. OB: AC. BC ::: AC. BC. Om. On;

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9. The same result has been thus obtained, in (5) and (8), from two different methods, and the value of the definite integral for Q is found in (6), where it is shown that, when <a, it gives

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NOTE. In the enunciation of this Question read "otherwise than ex absurdo," for "by direct methods."

P.S.-It is rather remarkable that the proof of the converse in the case of every odd sided figure except the A is quite easy when compared with

that as regards the A, in which case it cannot be applied, and by no means do I consider my solution of the converse case, as regards the A, preferable to that by Professor Davies, but I believe it to be quite new.

1212 (Proposed by Zero.)-In any Geometrieal Progression, the sum of the first and last terms is greater than the sum of any other two terms equidistant from the extremes.

SOLUTION BY MR. S. WATSON.
Let the geometrical progression be
-1

then Om. On. Op will be constant, and the locus then we have to prove
of O will be a cubic hyperbola,

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a, ax, ax, ........ax' that n-m-1 .........(1), m being any whole number between 1 and nOmitting the common factor a, (1) may be written either

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-2.

......(2), (3).

the same point; but that in the case of any When < 1, equation (2) divided by 1-2 gives other odd-sided figure such is not necessarily the

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1232 (Proposed by Cantab.)—Given of a quadrilateral figure, the diagonals, two opposite sides, and the angle of inclination of these sides when produced; construct it.

1233 (Proposed by Mr. J. W. Mulcaster, Woolwich Common.)-Three rods are connected at their middle points by strings of equal lengths,

This liberal offer was unanimously accepted, and the thanks of the Council were voted to Mr. Dawes for the same.

The Diploma of Associate was conferred upon Miss Sarah Stanger, who had passed the required examination. The Treasurer presented the Report of the tary, which was received and ordered to be taken into consideration at an adjourned meeting of the

1224 (Proposed by a Cornishman.)-Given, and thrown up; what is the probability of their Finance Committee respecting the office of Secre

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forming a triangle?

1234 (Proposed by Mr. S. Watson, Haydon-Council, on the 19th of October.

bridge.)

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The Rev. Dr. Lee, Head Master of the Royal Grammar School, Lancaster, was elected a Member of the Council, in the room of the Rev. H. Christmas, resigned.

The Very Rev. R. Dawes, M.A., Dean of Hereford, was unanimously elected an Honorary Member of the College.

The following Members of the Council, whose 1235 (Proposed by Mr. S. Watson, Haydon-seats had become vacant through non-attendance, were re-elected:bridge.)-What is the average area of all the quadrilaterals that can be inscribed in a given circle?

1236 (Proposed by Mr. S. Watson, Haydonbridge.)-CD, CE are focal chords in an ellipse; P the intersection of tangents at D and E. Find the locus of P.

line is

1237 (Proposed by W. J. Miller, B.A., Ma-
thematical Master, Huddersfield College.)-If a,
B, y be the trilinear coordinates of a point, a, b, c
the sides of the triangle of reference, and p, q, r
the perpendiculars from the angles on any straight
line, prove that the trilinear equation of that straight
apa + bqB+ cry
1238 (Proposed by W. J. Miller, B.A., Ma-
thematical Master, Huddersfield College.) · A
conic passes through the angular points and the
centroid of a given triangle; find the area of the
locus of its centre.

= 0.

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By substitution of the former value of a in equa thematical Master, Huddersfield College.)-Given tion (2),

5y340, . y = 2, and x = 4. By the latter value of x we find

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1239 (Proposed by W. J. Miller, B.A., Maone side of a right angled triangle; construct it, so that the difference between the other side and the adjacent segment of the hypothenuse, cut off by a perpendicular from the right angle, may be a maxiProve that the perpendicular divides the hypothenuse in extreme and mean ratio, and that the greater segment is equal to the remote side of the triangle.

mum.

SOLUTIONS RECEIVED :

R. St. S., Cornwall.-1223, 1224.

Mr. S. Watson.-1210, 1215, 1217, 1222, 1226.
J. R. W.-1209, 1225.

Rev. J. Nelson, M.A.-1224, 1225.

G. H. S.-1224, 1225.

(1) Mr. J. W. Mulcaster.-1222, 1224, 1225, 1226.
(2) Mr. W. Haslam, Hollenwood.-1224, 1225.
(3) E. R., Sydenham,-1222.

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A Meeting of the Council was held on Satur-
day the 12th of October: Present, Mr. A. Hill,
V.P., in the chair, Dr. Adams, Dr. Aldom, Mr.
Bidlake, Mr. Freeman, Mr. Isbister, Rev. Mr.
Izard, Rev. Dr. Jacob, Mr. Kimber, Mr. Knight-
ley, Mr. Long, Mr. R. Palmer, Dr. Pearce, Dr.
Pinches, Mr. J. Reynolds, Dr. Schaible, Dr.
Skerry, Dr. White, and Dr. E. T. Wilson.

The Secretary reported that the Dean of Here-
ford, the Rev. R. Dawes, M.A., had expressed his
willingness to offer four prizes for proficiency in
Economic Science, to be competed for by the
Teachers and Pupils examined by the College at
Midsummer, 1862. The prizes for Teachers are
to be of the value of £3 and £2; and those for
Pupils, of £2 and £1.

Rev. Dr. Collis.
Dr. W. B. Hodgson.
Rev. Mr. Holden.
Mr. C. P. Mason.
Mr. Ogle.

Rev. Mr. Osborne.
Mr. Payne.
Rev. Mr. Selwyn.
Dr. W. Smith,
Rev. Dr. Temple.
Mr. Templeton.

Mr. J. Andrews, of Brighton, was elected a Member of the Council, in the room of the Rev. P. Smith.

The following gentlemen were elected Members of the College :

-

Mr. C. W. Hayes, of Brampton, near
Rotherham.

Mr. Henry Smith, of Brewood.

Mr. John Tyrer, of Wolverhampton.

on Saturday the 19th of October: Present, the
An adjourned Meeting of the Council was held
Rev. Dr. Kennedy, President of the Council, in the
chair; Dr. Adams, Dr. Aldom, Mr. Andrews, Mr.
Bidlake, Mr. Clennell, Mr. Freeman, Mr. Herbert,
Mr. Hill, Mr. Isbister, Rev. Dr. Jacob, Rev. Mr.
Jones, Mr. Kimber, Mr. Knightley, Mr. Long,
Mr. McLeod, Rev. Dr. Major, Mr. Mason, Mr.
Ogle, Dr. Palmer, Mr. R. Palmer, Mr. Payne,
Dr. Pearce, Dr. Pinches, Mr. J. Reynolds, Mr.
W. J. Reynolds, Dr. Schaible, Dr. Skerry, Dr.
W. Smith, Rev. Mr. Watson, Dr. White, Rev.
Dr. Wilson, and Dr. E. T. Wilson.

The Report of the Finance Committee, on the future arrangements to be made in reference to the office of Secretary, was taken into consideration. Various amendments and modifications of the Report were adopted, and its remaining re commendations were approved.

The next evening Meeting of the Members will be held on Wednesday, the 13th of November, cation of the Eye." when Mr. Dibdin will read a paper on "The Edu

Monday, the 18th of November, at 10a.m.; nearly The Pupils' Examination will commence on 500 candidates have been entered, being an increase of about 150 on the number examined last Christmas.

Some hitherto unpublished writings of J. J. Rousseau's are about to be given to the world. It is well known that Rousseau left numerous manuscripts in the hands of his friend the Protestant clergyman, Moulton, whose name occurs more than once in the "Confessions." It is from these manuscripts, now in the possession of the grandson of the gentleman just named, that the selection about to be published has been made. It includes acorrespondence of Rousseau with M.Moulton and the Genevese Council, a Project of a Constitution for Corsica, Letters on Virtue and Happiness, a Treatise on the Sphere, a Fragment on Lan guages, two novels, a portrait of Rousseau by himself, and a collection of aphorisms-a sufficiently varied and inviting list of contents.-Daily News.

Alphabetical List of the Principal College and School Books, and New Editions, published during the Month ending October 31.

Apel (Madame) Essentials of French Grammar, 18mo.

Armstrong's Manual of Etymology for Junior Classes, 12mo.
Bayley (W. H.) Handbook of the Slide Rule, its Appli-
cability to Arithmetic, &c., 12mo.

Beatson (B. W.) Exercises in Composition of Greek Iambic
Verse, 8th edit., 12mo.

Blackie (Rev. W. G.) Outlines of Bible Geography, Phy-1
sical and Political, fcap. Svo.

Bohn's Classical Library. Demosthenes' Orations against
Timocrates, &c., trans., post 8vo.

Bristow (Hen. Wm.) Glossary of Mineralogy, post 8vo.
Bromby (C. H.) Letter to Hon. Robt. Lowe on Revised

Educational Code, 8vo.

Circle of the Sciences (The), Vol. 8.- Mathematical
Sciences, new edit., or. 8vo.
-new edit., Vol. 9.-Me-
chanical Philosophy, cr. 8vo.

sm. cr. 8vo.

Collier (Wm. Francis) History of English Literature,
Cooley (Arnold J.) Dictionary of the English Language,
Part 1, cr, 8vo,
De Porquet (L. P. R. F.) Le Tresor de l'Ecolier Français,
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The

ber, the pupils passed by Dr. Wilson, of Brixton | claims, or any differences that may arise between
Hill Collegiate School, in 1861, should have been the parties interested in the debtor's estate.
entered as four instead of three. In common with Court is not, however, to interfere in any manner,
others on the List, Dr. Wilson has also passed a except its aid is invoked by some person having a
large number of Candidates for the Cambridge Ex- direct interest in the matter. Every deed of com-
aminations.]
position must be registered. It is believed that a
bill will be brought in next session to consolidate
the law in one statute.

THE NEW LAW OF BANKRUPTCY.

The "Times" gives the following succinct statement of the most important changes made in the law of bankruptcy by the bill which received the royal assent at the close of last session.

A PLEA FOR SMALL BIRDS. M. Marshal, ex-deputy of La Meurthe, this Agricultural Society of Toulon, the Acclimatisation Society of Nancy, and M. P. Schoeffer, of Robertsau (Haut-Rhin), have petitioned the French Corps LeNon-traders are to be liable to the bankruptcy gislatif, requesting that steps may be taken for the laws in respect of future debts. The seizure and preservation of those birds that destroy insects desale of the goods of a debtor under an execution trimental to agriculture. The Times gives the fol for a debt above £50 will be an act of bankruptcy, lowing interesting abstract of the Report presented advertised. and all such sales must be by public auction, duly by these gentlemen:-"It has been concluded that Per centages are no longer to be by no agency save that of little birds can the ravages taken from bankrupts' estates, and the official as- of insects be kept down. There are some birds in number, and paid by fixed salaries. At the first and the quantity which they destroy is enormous. signees and messengers are to be greatly reduced which live exclusively upon insects and grubs, meeting under a bankruptcy, the creditors may There are others which live partly on grubs and if they think fit, determine to wind up the estate an abundant compensation. A third class—the remove the proceedings to any county court, or, partly on grain, doing some damage, but providing under a private arrangement, and also decide birds of prey-are excepted from the category of whether the bankrupt shall have any, and what, benefactors, and are pronounced-too precipitately, allowance for support. The official assignee is to we think-to be noxious, inasmuch as they live Court is to order in whose custody the books and ments of Nature were left undisturbed, the result collect the debts not exceeding £10, and the mostly upon the smaller birds. If the arrangepapers belonging to the estate shall be deposited. would be a wholesome equilibrium of destruction. shall be realised by an official assignee or assignees sects could not kill too many plants. One class is a The creditors are to determine whether the estate The birds would kill so many insects, that the inchosen by themselves, and in the latter case may match for the other. A certain insect was found moneys received by the assignees are to be forth-eat 200,000 eggs a year. A swallow devours about allow them the assistance of a paid manager. All to lay 2,000 eggs, but a single tom-tit was found to with paid into the Bank of England to the account 543 insects a day, eggs and all. A sparrow's nest of the Accountant in Bankruptcy, and in country in the city of Paris was found to contain 700 pair Bank of England, then into such other bank as course, in such a place food of other kinds was prodistricts, where there shall be no branch of the of the upper wings of cockchafers, though, of the Court shall direct. The creditors' assignee curable in abundance. A third, and wholly artificial, his accounts, with vouchers, to the official assignee chasseur during the season kills, it is said, from 100 must every three months submit a statement of class of destroyers has been introduced. Every for examination; and after such accounts have been to 200 birds daily. A single child has been known passed, the official assignee is to send a printed to come home at night with 100 birds' eggs, and it copy thereof, or a statement showing the nature has been calculated and reported that the number of and result of the transactions and accounts of the birds' eggs destroyed annually in France is between assignee, to every creditor who has proved under 80,000,000 and 100,000,000. The result is, that the bankruptcy. The proof of debts may be made little birds in that country are actually dying out; by sending to the assignee through the general some species have already disappeared, and others post a statement of such debt and of the account, are rapidly diminishing. But there is another if any, between the creditor and the bankrupt, to- consequence. The French crops have suffered terthat such statement is a full, true, and complete Not only the various kinds of grain, but the vines, gether with a declaration signed by the creditor ribly from the superabundance of insect vermin. statement of account between them. False de- the olives, and even forest trees, tell the same tale claration is to be a misdemeanour. All statements of mischief, till at length the alarm has become and papers of the bankrupt by the assignees. The indeed, their rise in estimation has been signally of account are to be compared with the books serious. Birds are now likely to be protected; classification of certificates is abolished, and the rapid. Some philosopher hsa declared, and the Trollope (Rev. Wm.) Examination Questions on the Pen-is to be entitled to an order of discharge. Very the bird can live without man, but man cannot bankrupt, after the passing of his last examination, report quotes the saying as a 'profound' one, that stringent penal clauses are provided, and for a live without the bird.' The Commissioners, though imprisonment for any period not exceeding one variety of offences the Court may summarily order they distinctly call for prompt and energetic reme year, or may refuse or suspend the order of discharge, or attach conditions thereto as to future property. For offences made misdemeanours under the act, bankrupts may be tried in the court, with or without a Jury, at the option of the bankrupt, and on conviction may be imprisoned for any term not exceeding three years, and be liable to any greater punishment attached to the offence by any existing statute. The Court may direct the creditors' assignee, official assignee, or any creditor to act as prosecutor, and the costs of such prose

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to the Oxford Local Examinations, by applying cution will be borne in the same manner as the ex- which is bound to destroy a certain number of

to any of the Local Secretaries. The nearest centre to you is Cheltenham. A GOVERNESS. Ladies are examined at the College Rooms during the Christmas and Midsummer vacations. There are no Proctorial Examinations for Teachers. J. W.-We cannot admit vindications of works criticised in other Journals.

[ERRATUM.-In the list of Schools which have passed ten or more Candidates at the Oxford Local Examinations, given at page 152 of our last Num

dies,' and point to the great detriment which agriculture is receiving, are evidently doubtful as to the course to be pursued. They suggest that persuasion should be tried before coercion, and that schoolmasters and clergy should endeavour to put the question in its proper light before the people. There can be no doubt about the evil, or about its remedy. Little birds have been recklessly destroyed, and the destruction must be stopped. In some few and exceptional cases we have been driven to a similar conclusion over here. Farmers now and then combine in 'sparrow clubs,' each member of penses of prosecutions for felonies are now borne; sparrows in a given time; but it was found on and other costs incurred by such prosecutor not more than one occasion that when sparrows were so defrayed are to be paid out of the Accountant too severely persecuted, other peculators not less General's Fund. Most important facilities are mischievous increased in proportion. There is a afforded to enable a debtor and his creditors to balance in all these things. Even carnivorous birds effect private arrangements under trust or compo- do their turn of service by devouring field mice and sition deeds. A majority of creditors in number, worse vermin. It was discovered once on a famous including three fourths in value, may, on execution game preserve that the complete destruction of of a deed of arrangement, and registering it in the hawks and buzzards permitted other animals to Court, bind a minority, and are to have the use of prey upon the young partridges with fatal effect, the Court in all cases in which they shall require and so the kites were allowed to return again, its assistance to decide questions as to disputed Something of this kind will be done in France."

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