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ratizing. And Sidney-one in whose school | feeling that enough of public opinion is still with them great men, from Dionysius to Louis Philippeassociations I take a special interest-what them to make their portraits popular." downwards, who have been engaged in instruction;

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has he said to disparage schoolmasters? No- We may note, by the way, that the writer's or tell them, in the words of Adam Smith, that thing that I know of but that, in his "Defence animus is betrayed by his use of a scurrilous legions of the worthies of Greece thus employed of Poesy," he reckons, among the stock cha- nickname where the proper term would have themselves. You will not get men of high family racters of comedy, a busie loving courtier, been more natural and obvious. But, admitto fancy that a schoolmaster's office is anything but and a heartless threatening Thraso, a selfe- ting that the profession of education has not tutors, private and public, and you will find, almost a subordinate one. Search the rolls even of college wise seeming schoolmaster, a wrie transformed yet been placed in the position which belongs without exception, that they are men strictly of travailer." Now, this is very nearly a reper- to it, who does not see that this is, mainly, the middle, occasionally of the lower, class. One tory of the principal characters in Shakspeare's because it has hitherto been treated in this main reason for this unquestionably is, that men of "Love's Labour Lost," the only play in which country as a mere appendage of the clerical real or supposed high social rank, though they he has exhibited a pedantic schoolmaster; for profession? And, if this writer's sympathies would submit to vegetate upon two or three hunPinch in the "Comedy of Errors" is called a are really with the "hundreds of influential dred a-year in a government office, responsible to to justify his appearance as a conjuror and the office of educators," why does he not state the instructor must be directly, to every parent schoolmaster, in the dramatis persone, merely writers" who seek to give " an importance to two or three official superiors, would detest the idea of being in any way minutely accountable, as exorcist in the play, in pursuance of the vulgar the plain fact, that they have, for the first time, who chooses to intrust him with his son, whether notion, which linked learning and the black been officially recognized as a profession by the patrician or plebeian; still more unpalatable is the art together. I incline to think it probable Royal Charter incorporating this College; and idea of an income made up by private and often that Shakspeare adopted Sidney's list of cha- that, if union gives force, it is only by rallying plebeian payments; for, to the government official racters in the only play he ever wrote of a round this centre of union that we can hope to the numerous private payments which supply his purely satirical nature; adding to it the weak place the profession, as a distinct one, on a salary are purified by being filtered through the curate, whom Sidney's reverence for holy things solid and strong ground. The concluding public purse. There is a certain sense of favour, would have kept him from introducing. sentence of the last extract is not more true of private patronage, and obligation in the schoolThe essayist is still less happy in his refer- the scholastic than of any other profession; master's position, if we except the very highest, ence to Juvenal. He calls that high-minded and this writer must know very well that such from which even the merchant in his transactions satirist of Gibbon's "happiest era of the is the case. Large numbers dislike and is comparatively free, or, at least, feels himself so; world" to bear witness that the schoolmaster suspect the clerical profession; large numbers or the professional man, who receives his fee for was in discredit. And why? Because, for- dislike and suspect the legal profession; some some distinct single exercise of his craft; the quid sooth, he was underpaid. That the school- there are, though fewer, I believe, in number, pro quo is more measurable and distinct in the master was ill-rewarded is no proof at all that who have similar feelings towards the profes- goods, than where the moral is paid for by the exchange of goods for money, and money for he was unrespected. The money which the sion of medicine. My own very strong con- material, the uncertain by the certain, and where rich are willing to lavish on their pomps and viction is, that if a poll of the British people not one parent in twenty feels quite sure that he pleasures was able, in Juvenal's days, as it is could be fully and fairly taken on this ques- has got his money's worth for his money. Hownow, to make opera-dancers and horse-jockeys tion-Which of the four professions does most ever well the schoolmaster may feel that he has and cooks, and creatures numberless and good to mankind, Divinity, Education, Law, earned and over-earned the payment, his consciousnameless, richer than philosophers and scho- or Medicine?-we should find Education and ness of the parent's uncertainty often acts dis lars and clergymen and schoolmasters. But it Medicine, or Medicine and Education, at the agreeably on his own mind, and, indeed, is one of could not then, nor can it now, make them more head of the poll, and Divinity and Law, or the almost inevitable pains of his position." respectable, or even more respected. Juvenal, Law and Divinity, very far below them. In I do not dispute the truth of any statement as a heathen, complains of that which to a saying this, I advance no opinion of my own contained in this passage. But what inferChristian is no matter of surprise or complaint, on their relative merits. I merely state what ence does the moral and political philosopher -that wealth does not follow worth. But why I believe to be the popular feeling. And, as draw from such statements? Not that the does this writer refrain from citing the noble to novelists and satirists, I am quite sure (and, educator's profession is in its nature a mean one, apostrophe in which that honest satirist pro- again, this writer cannot be so ill-read as but that the social system, which tends so to claims the true dignity of the preceptor? not to know the fact) that they have at all regard and treat it, is imperfect and vicious. "Di majorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere times made, and do still "make, their play "But here, too, the facts advanced are one-sided. terram, upon all the other professions as much as upon schoolmasters-upon lawyers, at least, with far more frequency and effect.

Spirantesque crocos, et in urna perpetuum ver,
Qui præceptorem sancti voluere parentis
Esse loco."

He does, indeed, afterwards adduce some
weighty and wise sentiments of Bacon, Wotton,
and Cowley, but neglects to observe that these
men have viewed the subject on its true and
serious side, while comic poets and satirists,
ex professo, present it in its laughable aspect
alone.

But to proceed with the paper.

The writer proceeds thus:-
"The rich chairs of the higher public schools
are, indeed, sought for by men of mark, as being
among the most likely prefaces to a bishopric, but
even these not by men of family."

and incomplete, and the arguments, therefore,
inconclusive. Granted that "men of high
caste" (I like the term for the truth of its
analogy) are unwilling to get their bread by
teaching. Neither do we find them willing to
earn it by healing. Noble and Honourable
physicians and surgeons there are none.
"O rank, how thy glories would fall disenchanted,
If coronets glistened with pills 'stead of pearls,
And the strawberry-leaves were by rhubarb sup-
planted."

One would like to know whether this remarkable passage is in the real tone of the writer's mind, or a falsetto bass, adopted to harmonize with a supposed public feeling. Neither are they willing to earn it by scriven"How far has the public feeling towards the The man who writes of Arnold as if he were ing; we find no Noble and Honourable attorneys pedagogue been undergoing change? Hundreds acquainted with his history must know that in the Law List, though we meet with some who, of influential writers have given, by their remarks Arnold, for one, had aims and ends in his very wisely, do not disdain to accept the on education, an importance to the office of educa- work other than are here imputed. The man agencies of wealthier kinsfolk or friends. Even tors. There has been an immense accumulation of who attends to what is passing around us must the Bar, with its high prizes, (not to be gained, records of gratitude from individual pupils to individual teachers, and respect for the office itself has know that the scholar who now fills Arnold's however, without hard work and great tarisen-but how slowly! Busby, in spite of those chair has other aims and ends; that one of lents), has hitherto attracted but few sons of magnificent blooms of his rod,' with whom, in Arnold's ablest pupils, the late Head Master Peers; and, of these, only two, cadets of defull expansion, Dr. Johnson nearly fills one of the of Harrow, has given proof that his aims and cayed Scotch families-Murray and Erskine volumes of his 'Lives of the Poets,' is a name ends are different. But these, it must be have attained the highest rank in that profesrather smiled at than honoured; and the school-understood on this writer's authority, are rare sion. The Army, the Navy, and the Church, master-in-chief of our own day, Arnold, is com-aves in the scholastic world; men of mark," are the professions in which alone, with few pelled to confess, in one of his private letters, that as a general rule, regard a bishopric as the the educator, as such, holds no position, and that it summum bonum of the educator. I make him possible, to give a greater prestige, though it may, the nature and feelings of "men of mark." my compliments on his profound knowledge of fairly be questioned whether, in the majority of cases, more is not lost by the Reverend' than "Indeed," (he goes on) "men who are, or gained by the schoolmaster from the junction. fancy themselves, of anything like high caste, withThere is still such a mingled feeling of dislike to, out means in proportion, would, for the most part, and suspicion of, the office, that our novelists and rather beg, borrow, or live in the narrowest way, satirists, like those of old, can make their play than lose that caste by earning money in any office upon those who hold it; taking unfavourable spe- of education. This is the simple fact, however cimens as fair representatives of the class, and painful it may be to state it. You may cite to

is desirable to attach "the Reverend " as soon as

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exceptions, we find "men of high caste" enrolling themselves. For this selection there are indeed other reasons so obvious, that it is not necessary even to state them. But there is no denying that the" Cornhill Essayist" has named one which exercises a very powerful influence. The private payments, "private and often plebeian," are offensive to patrician dignity. As if in the trade of letting lands and houses, and in the trade of lending monies on interest, the payments (except in the case of monies lent to

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the nation) were not private,-"private and writing; a privilege attended with more ad- that is "fashionable," in all the rules and often plebeian.' So far, therefore, the reason vantage to the writer than to the reader. To actions of "our social and political leaders;' is unreasoning, and mere conventional preju- a passage like this nobody would venture to he it is who tells us such things of the people dice. The payments which I legally receive attach his name, for every man of common with whom we live; who speaks of" our statesfrom the John Bull who chooses my instruction taste and feeling must see that its character men, from the Premier downwards," as having for his son, stand on precisely the same foot- can only be described by two or three strong an appetite for talking in praise of that, the ing as the payments which the Duke of Bedford epithets, which I will not use, because I am practice of which they despise and abhor. And legally receives from the John Bull who chooses writing in my own name, and I know from ex- then "the inan of letters!" he likes to view one of the Duke's houses for his residence. perience that an adroit opponent never fails to his scholarship as a grace, not as a stock-inBut I must admit that, in the next sentence, ascribe the use of strong language to a senti- trade, and so on. Very high and mighty, inthis writer has touched the real sore place of ment less noble than the love of truth and deed. Our essayist here is all for the "empty the educator's profession. The schoolmaster justice. What I refrain from saying, your praise" against the "solid pudding.' But in generally, but more especially the master of right feeling, Ladies and Gentlemen, will the next page, when" truth with gold he an unendowed or ill-endowed school, is exposed certainly supply. Yet I think that a minute weighs," truth kicks the beam. But, O shades (not exclusively indeed, but more painfully analysis of this passage may not be without of Shakspeare, and Ben Jonson, and Pope, and than other professional men) to the evils attend- its usefulness:Samuel Johnson, and Goldsmith, and Southey, ing private patronage-evils which involve and Scott, and Moore, and Hood, ye departed danger to his own character, as they tempt on the one hand to meanness and servility, or on the other to arrogance and uncourteousness. Here, as in a subsequent passage, this Essayist has taken care to make the most of these temptations. To get rid of them altogether

is beyond hope in this present world, even under a much improved social system. But they may be best mitigated, they may most surely be minimized, by elevating the moral and intellectual tone of our profession; an end only to be attained by that combination and central action for which there exists in this nation at present no other organ but the College of Preceptors.

To proceed :

"Pudet haec opprobria nobis
Et dici potuisse, et non potuisse refelli."
"Whatever Bacon, Wotton, and the rest may
have said."

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men of letters," that I may not invoke the living, not even Lamartine, is it indeed true that you liked to view your scholarship as a grace only, that you deemed it a disgrace to treat it as Bacons, and Wottons, and all the grey-beard valuable hints" and "golden sentences" of Quite in the style of his age! What are a stock-in-trade? We must infer that the "insages of past times, to the men of a generation which talks by lightning and travels by steam, our essayist himself have not been valued by and settles every question of morals and politics Messrs. Smith and Elder, but, that like the any measure of material gold in the ledger of and religion by slashing articles in journals golden words" of Pythagoras, they are a and reviews and magazines? Bacon, and Wotton, and the rest. Hear the free gift for the benefit of all students of all Epicurean sage of the "Cornhill Magazine." time, save only "drudging but often unreading "for whose guidance schoolmasters,' they are indeed "intended," but who never pick them up.

Hear him!

Never mind

66 Suffer

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"Men, and especially proud men, desire”let me remind this gentleman that the desire of We might almost guess the writer to be "Then again, whatever Bacon, Wotton, and the proud men will hardly be the rule of those who Mr. Buckle himself, if we could do that rest may have said, men, and especially proud men, Wotton, that "it is better to be of a humble be two men possessed of statistical knowbelieve, with a wiser sage than even Bacon and gentleman so much injustice. Can there desire to mix with and to struggle with their coevals, and dislike the idea of perpetual engagement with spirit with the lowly than to divide the spoil with ledge so large and so minute as to affirm the immature—a feeling at which no one can won- the proud"-"desire to mix with, and to struggle with unhesitating confidence that English der: and thus it is that, though education is a topic with their coevals, and dislike the idea of per- schoolmasters never read the moralists of their popular and fashionable, in which some of our petual engagement with the immature-a feel- own country, let alone those of France and social and political leaders really feel, and all affect, ing at which no one can wonder." They Germany; that "the majority even of our interest-on which our statesmen, from the Premier who love children, they who deeply enter upper teachers seem never to have been made downwards, give amateur lectures all over the into the feeling of Him who said, country during parliamentary recesses-yet, how-little children to come unto me, and forbid there a man (sic!) who, after the toils of the one whit the wiser; for it is only here and ever great the appetite for talking about education, them not, for of such is the kingdom of day over print and paper, has energy to labour its duties, its responsibilities, its practice is about the very last employment to which most of the heaven," will not, indeed, wonder that such on, on his own account, or courage to withlecturers would resort. It is much the same with a sentiment is entertained by a writer like draw from his fireside enjoyments for any purthe man of letters: he likes to view his scholarship this; but they will pity the man who feels so; pose of private study." The truth and moral as a grace, not as a stock-in-trade; and if he is for they know that he is dead to one of the feeling and courtesy of this passage are on a ever a schoolmaster, it is generally his necessities highest and purest pleasures of human nature. level with the accuracy of its grammar and the that make him so; school labours interfere with As to what he calls "struggling with coevals," gracefulness of its expression. The "railing his insatiable yearning for endless self-instruction. if I understand him aright, the more free a man accusation" in the first clause we need not He often scatters throughout his works invaluable can be from such struggles, which are usually condescend to answer; but I have no doubt hints on the disposition of youth, on its capacities, waged for wealth or power, and always involve the fact is directly the reverse of what this its tempers, its training. Scarcely an English danger, generally detriment, to his moral writer assumes in the last place: the schoolhints, many of them never picked up by the nature, the better and the happier he is likely master's chief" fireside enjoyment" is "private drudging but often unreading schoolmasters for to be. Then, as to " perpetual engagement study," and his hardest self-discipline is to whose guidance they were intended; and abroad, with the immature," this is sheer nonsense. take the bodily exercise which health requires. look at La Bruyère, Rousseau, De Staël, Jean The educator's professional duties are to in- The same tone is carried on, crescendo, to Paul, Lamartine, Souvestre, and a host of others, struct the immature; but he is not perpetually the end of the paragraph. But I need not by whose golden sentences on youth and its dis- engaged with them, any more than the lawyer, seriously consider imputations which owe their cipline the majority even of our upper teachers for instance, is perpetually engaged with his colour to the soil from which they spring. seem never to have been made one whit the wiser; briefs and parchments; he has as much time The schoolmaster considers the functions of for it is only here and there a man, who, after the as the lawyer has for associating with his his office-his passport-office-to be as honortoils of the day over print and paper, has energy coevals, and his special duties in themselves able and as improving, at the least, as those to labour on, on his own account, or courage to are certainly not less instructive and im- of any other profession; nor does he view with withdraw from his fireside enjoyments for any selfish sadness those pupils who advance “far purpose of private study. And here it may be ob- proving than those of the lawyer. served that, as a high appreciation of the advance "And thus it is that though education is a "other paths of honour," even though of other minds can scarcely be conceived to exist topic popular and fashionable, in which some they lead to some vale of Cashmere in the rich without an intense desire of the improvement of of our social and political leaders feel, and all E. C. or to some Cornhill, abounding in oil one's own, so every schoolmaster of a really high affect interest"... In other words, "though and wine-and vinegar. order makes a sacrifice, for which it is impossible we are living in an age when, and in a country We now arrive at the last count in this to make a compensation approaching to adequacy. where, cant and affectation, saying one thing writer's first bill of indictment against the Even the pleasure of seeing his pupils advance, and meaning another, are popular and "respectability of the schoolmaster.” It runs one by one, far on paths of honour, is not always fashionable, and practised, for example's sake, as follows:without a certain sadness, such as one may be by our social and political leaders," &c. &c. expected to feel who is ever giving passports to a Let Mr. Carlyle prick up his ears. land of promise and beauty, into which he himself is never destined to enter."

moralist can be mentioned who has not done so,

In this passage we have an example of the peculiar privilege which belongs to anonymous

This is

no mournful speculative professorial Teufels
dröckh; no, it is the sprightly Boyet of the
"Cornhill Magazine," one who picks up the
wit of the day, as pigeons pease, perfect in all

on

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"Another reason of prejudice against the schoolmaster and his office, not much in itself, because often shared by him with the members of some other professions, but considerable when added to the sum of objections, is, that he is generally poorwithout capital, except his education; or with a

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an unfair one."

Neither am I going "to diverge into a vain protest against mammon-worship." But one might suppose that a writer who arraigns us as neglecting to study the great moralists, and who likewise intimates his opinion that mammon-worship prevails in England, would at the same time have intimated what all moralists teach, and all history proves, that mammon-worship prevailing in a nation, is like dry-rot in a ship's timbers, the symptom of decay and the forerunner of downfall.

us over to

Another observation in the same page shows

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very small capital. We know upon how many interests, it cannot be denied, require the office of Judge in a free country the most minds in England this is likely to tell, and there is highest cultivation of our educators. Shall desirable there is), but to show what is cer no denying the fact or averting its consequences we madly and wickedly continue to depress tainly true, that each profession has its draw. upon the vulgar estimate of the schoolmaster's pro- the characters of those on whom we depend for backs as well as its advantages; each has to fession. We simply state this, not wishing to elevating the characters of our sons? If so, encounter some amount of dislike; each is diverge into a vain protest against mammon worship, but because as is the estimation of a school-we exhibit a new token of that degenerate distasteful to many minds. master, so will often be the average schoolmaster spirit which I deplored in my last address; himself, the quality of an article in these cases often we justify to the full all that Mr. Carlyle has how little knowledge this writer has of the actually tending to sink to the value at which it is written concerning us; we prove that mammon actual conditions of the schoolmaster's life:rated, whether the estimation is originally a fair or has indeed bound us hand and foot, and given 'Notwithstanding his vague and occasional the father of lies. responsibility to parents, most of his daily life is But our essayist returns to the charge. He spent in having his own way, and so every fault of has a second and minor list of counts. "One his disposition is in danger of running to excess, who sets up as a teacher and guide should whether it be penuriousness, impatience, irrita himself approach to something like perfection bility, favouritism, indolence, unreasonableness of character." And yet society is all but ad- faults all of which would be exposed to smart vised to refuse to schoolmasters the power of checks if his intercourse lay with men." raising their professional and therefore their There is not one of these faults (if we exceptinindividual worth, for this writer has alreadydolence) which is not "exposed to smart checks" told us that "as is the estimation of a school- in the intercourse with boys, especially with master, so will often (!) be the average (!) boys approaching manhood. Penuriousness, schoolmaster himself." Perhaps his spite for instance :-the notion of a penurious schoolagainst schoolmasters may be due to the fact, master being able to hold his ground for any "I hate when vice can bolt her arguments, And virtue has no tongue to check her pride," in grammar, in logic, and in ethics.* that he himself owes so little to their instruction length of time is ridiculous in the extreme to those who know the nature and habits of says the lady in Comus. But in this paper Then," he says, "there is a shrewd and very schoolboys. Impatience and irritability find the arguments of vice are bolted again and general suspicion that the profession is a make- their best corrective in the soon acquired again; and virtue finds no tongue save in a shift, as truly it often is." Truly it often is. experience of their suicidal nature. Favou sentence or two from Bacon and Wotton and And the first aim and purpose of the College ritism in a schoolmaster were as bad as corCowley. But the facts here are quite as open of Preceptors is to prevent it from being this; ruption in a judge, or peculation in a cashier: to impeachment as the sentiment is low and to extinguish the brood of makeshift school- but it would be sooner detected, and its immoral. It is certain that all who actively masters, who after all, like other quacks, only punishment would follow in the certain loss of exercise any profession do so either to gain or to prey on public folly and ignorance. Indeed, respect and confidence. As to unreasonableimprove an income; and though it is perhaps to those who dislike it, and they are the majo-ness, his motto and his principle should ever true that schoolmasters, generally speaking, rity, the occupation seems so eminently repug-be, not pro ratione voluntas, but cum ratione do not commence with much capital, it is by nant (!) that they have the greatest difficulty in voluntas. And this he soon finds to be his no means true that they never do so. I have conceiving that any one can possibly have a safest policy as well as his truest duty. myself known a man to enter upon such duties sincere taste for it." Again, how one-sided and with private means amounting to £20,000. And shallow is this! There is no profession (not examination of this Essay. The writer does Time forbids me to pursue to the close the it must be remembered that the schoolmaster even the clerical) which is not highly dis

66

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has the great advantage of gaining an earlier tasteful to many persons, perhaps to a majo-afterwards say some things which are just and and a more assured competency than the rity. Medicine, in spite of my high respect good, especially in defending the competitive member of any other profession, if we except for it, would be so to me in all its functions. principle. He also favours us with a few of the few clergymen for whom benefices are held Law, as a study, I should like; as a practice, "invaluable hints" and "golden sentill they are admitted to Orders. The count I should in some respects detest it. It is repug reading" as we are, we remember to have seen tences; most of which," drudging and unitself, therefore, is a weak suggestion," nant to my feelings to plead for falsehood elsewhere, conveyed in language somewhat betraying one who writes ad invidiam merely. against truth, for evil against good, for the terser and more correct; and indeed low as our His summing up of the counts I forbear to unjust against the just. I have had some cite. Though stated with some variety of experience of Chancery (as defendant, not as average often" is, we might have had just wit expression and in changed order, they are sub-plaintiff) and of its system of evidence by affi- enough to think them out for ourselves. In any stantially what we have seen, some unreal, davit. I have seen direct perjury committed case, we would rather be taught by a moralist some frivolous, and some not peculiar to the by four persons in one short suit; and sup-record fashionable immorality and perversity of somewhat higher tone; by one who will not schoolmaster, but common to other professions. pression of truth by others. From which cirThe private interference, to which I have ad- cumstance I cannot help drawing a very large will not do his little utmost to depress a prowithout some sign of disapproval; one who mitted that the schoolmaster is most tryingly, and lamentable inference. I know that many fession, the elevation of which he allows to be though by no means exclusively, liable, de-persons, besides myself entertain these feelings. essential to the general welfare. mands, unquestionably, for its due manage-I know one clever man, with a fair private

remarks, not to throw a slur on any other pro-
fession, (for, as regards myself, I consider the

ment, the principles and bearing of a true income, who quitted the law and took a school That a paper of this tone and calibre gentleman. But such interference, after all, is office, expressly from dislike to the exercise should appear in a popular Magazine, edited the exception, not the rule; in my own experi- of the legal profession. I have made these by a man of great ability, who caters for ence of thirty-one years I have not had occathe public taste, is to me a very deplorable sion to deal with it more than three or four times. sign of the times: times in which readers are In private schools, probably, there is greater many, but thinkers few times in which froth likelihood of its occurrence, and more call, A writer in the July Number of the same and flippancy are taken for genius and power: consequently, for the exercise of temperate and Magazine honours the royally Chartered College times in which quack authors, who compound manly firmness. But if this College be once of which lies merely in the "suppressio veri" and only care to find a market, get a wide circuof Preceptors with a sneering remark, the point their writings to suit a vitiated palate, and influentially established, one of its duties will be to lay down general rules for the guidance lege, it says, is no evidence of character, as it can suggestio falsi." The membership of the Col-lation, and a more powerful influence than of the profession, to which rules the masters be purchased for one guinea per annum: omitting men of real depth and earnestness. will always be able to refer both themselves and to add that the candidate must be recommended These things may discourage, but let them those with whom they have to deal. Our author by three members, and elected by the Council not tempt us to despair. As long as it is our winds up his list of counts against our pro- after notice affording ample time for inquiry. clear duty to pull against the stream, let us fession with the assertion that they are diffi- And, if this reckless libeller (reckless because pull. The tide may turn, and if England is culties and disadvantages which will probably anonymous) would have it supposed that such to be saved, it must turn. We cannot always be permanently (!) hinder it from ranking amongst recommendation and election are empty forms, he content with the ignoble employment of backThe claims of candithe professions par excellence." The rashness suggests what is untrue. ing party struggles for selfish purposes. Men of the conclusion is on a par with the frivolity dates are anxiously weighed, and those who are who really thirst for better things, must at recommended are not always elected. The Council of the objections. If society knows its duty could not, without utter dereliction of duty, last draw together, and, compromising their to itself, it will consider the full establishment make any election evidently tending to discredit differences about the next world, join hand in and just elevation of the profession of teach- and degrade a profession which it is incor- hand to make themselves and each other wiser ing as among the most necessary and import-porated for the express purpose of purifying and and better and happier in this. Let us live and ant reforms it has to carry out. Our highest elevating. act in hope that there is a good time coming.

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Finden, Woodforde

Foster, Charles William Ellis

Gill, John

Hiron, William Nathaniel

Preliminary Schools at Brixham, Classical

and Mathematical; H. Reeves, M.A.

Robinson, Alfred William

(Trinity Coll. Dublin), 10, Devon- Shelton, Haswell Delabere
shire Terrace, Plymouth.

Ewell College, Surrey; Hill House,
Hampton, Middlesex.

18 Barbadoes, Mr. Leacock and J. T.
Rogers, Islington (Dr. Chinery),
Bayswater (A. D. Sprange, M.A.)

17 Ludlow Grammar School, and Mostyn House, Park Gate, Cheshire. Edgeware House, Edgeware.

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15 Rev. J. Thompson, W. R. Barrymore, Esq., and Rev. W. Earle (No place mentioned.

17 Proprietary School, Islington.

16 Private Tuition-Soham (Rev. A. Shelly), High School, Bishop Stortford. 23 National School, Stratton.

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Windlesham, Surrey (Rev. J. R. Pears);
Wasing, Reading (Rev. S. G. Rees).
Strabane (The Revs. Allen and Paul);
Deal (Messrs. Lush and Austin);
Sandwich School, Sandwich (Dr.
Hill).

17 Wesley College, Sheffield.
Grammar School, Brandon.

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Grammar School, Tiverton.

Hailsworth (Rev. J. Betts), and Bridge

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17 Antwerp, German School; Nottingham, Mr. Herbert's Academy; Ditto, People's College; Derby, Diocesan School; Hurstpierpoint, St. John's College.

16 Ledbury (Rev. J. Morrish); Sutton Rectory, Hereford (Rev. J. E. Cheese).

17 Halstead, Grammar School; Brighton, Private Tuition; Felstead, Grammar School.

18 Eccleshall, near Sheffield, and Private Instruction.

19 Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Messrs. Abel and Symonds; Boulogne-sur-Mer, Rev. M. Gibson; Heidelberg, Rev. Bewshew.

Sinclair, Samuel Francis

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Stevens, George Jesse Barnabas
Taylor, James

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19

National School, Rathdrum, Co. Wicklow. Stephens, William Knighton
Exeter (Mr. John Guppy's School).

King James's Grammar School, Aldmonbury; Huddersfield (Rev. A. Easther).

18 Grinshill, Shrewsbury (R. Barkley, Esq.); Leamington (J. Matthews, Esq., Manor House); Wem Grammar School (Rev. W. Boulton); Bridgnorth Grammar School (Rev. H. J. Ward). Private Military School, Brighton; University College School. Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe. Preparatory School, Temple Row, Birmingham; Grammar School, Dudley. Chapel House School, Chipping Norton. Harrow.

Thompson, Joseph
Trimmell, Edward Alfred :

Walker, Henry George

Webb, John

Wood, Rowland

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17 Plymouth, South Devon Collegiate School; Heavitree (Messrs. Hal. loran), and Private Tuition.

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Rochester Grammar School.
Chapel-en-le-Frith, Messrs. Wm. Eardley
and Son's Classical and Commercial
School.

Private Tuition.

Castletown, Isle of Man; from Father the Rev. G. C. Trimmell, and King William's College, Isle of Man. Dover (J. Temple); Greenwich (J. Riddle); Kensington Park College. 18 Woodspeen, Newbury; Hartford House, London; Wisbeach, Grammar School. Worthing, Warwick Hall School; Lewes, St. Anne's House School, Worcester, Private School; Loughborough, Grammar School. Norwood (Stephen Cousins, Esq.); Ash, Kent (Rev. H. S. Mackerness); Uppingham Grammar School.

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Sydenham College (Rev. W. T. Jones).

institute University Certificate

Hopgood. Philip Downing
Hussey, John Fraser
Jones, George

UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.

CAMBRIDGE.

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Scotland, similar to the Local Examinations of Oxford fessors, as well as of the friends of the students, the and Cambridge.

Ar the recent Commencement, the honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon Mr. Gell, the BELFAST QUEEN'S COLLEGE. recently-appointed Bishop of Madras; and the honorary degree of LL.D. upon the Earl of Elgin, Lord The Report of Queen's College, Belfast, for the Stratford de Redcliffe, Sir W. R. Hamilton, Sir year ending March 1, 1861, has been published. Last Roderick Murchison, General Sabine, Dr. Robinson year the President, the Rev. P. Shouldham Henry, of Dublin, Mr. Grote, and Mr. Mottley.

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the number on the rolls in 1852-3. The increase is At the Statutory Half-yearly Meeting of the General Council the decision of the University Court were then only 101, and are now 239, whilst the nonmore marked in the matriculated students, which was given on the question of University Repre-matriculated increased only from 52 to 73. The sentation, in which the Court declined to act. The medical students in attendance have increased since Court recommended the establishment of a Chair of last year from 95 to 116. The relative proportions Political Economy in the University, and approved of the different religious denominations are nearly the of the proposal to institute an Entrance Examination same as last year :-Established Church 57; General For matriculated students. At the general graduation Assembly, 189; Non-subscribing Presbyterians, 14; =t the close of the Session. sixty-two degrees in Arts Roman Catholics, 22; Wesleyaus, 7; Covenanters, ⇒ere conferred. 8; Seceders, 4; various, 9.

GLASGOW.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. At the Half-yearly Meeting of the General Council, The annual distribution of prizes took place at the Reports were read from the General Committee College, in Gower-street, in the Faculty of Arts and pproving of the recommendation to establish separate Laws, Lord Taunton presiding; and among those Professorships of Civil History, of the English Lan- present were Lord Brougham (the President), Sir F. uage and Literature, and of Civil Law; and to Goldsmid, Mr. Grote, and other members of the

greater portion of whom, as usual, were ladies. The DEAN of FACULTY (Professor Potter, A.M.) read a Report of the proceedings of the last year. He stated that the number of students had considerably increased, no less than 114 new students having entered the College during the present session. It also bore gratifying testimony to the uniform good conduct of the students, not a single case of complaint having occurred throughout the year.

The following prizes were then awarded to the successful candidates :

Andrews Scholarship, £85. each.-Examiners:The Professors of Latin, Greek, Mathematics, and Natural Philosophy, Professor Becsly, A.M., and Mr. Robert B. Clifton, of St. John's College, Cambridge. Scholarship for Classics, Talfourd Ely. Scholarship for Mathematics, Horatio Nelson Grimby.

Ricardo Scholarship in Political Economy, £20.

a-year for three years. Examiners: - Professor

Waley, A.M., and Mr. Richard Holt Hutton, A.M. Scholar, Willia n Stanley Jevons.

Jews' Commemoration Scholarship, of £15. a-year for two years, awarded to the student of the Faculty of Arts of not more than one year's standing in the College who was found to be most distinguished by general proficiency and good conduct. Scholar (1859-60), George S. Joseph.

COLLEGE OF PRECEPTORS.

HALF-YEARLY GENERAL MEETING,
JUNE 29th, 1861.

THE Secretary having read the Advertise-
ment convening the Meeting, the Rev. W. T.
Jones, M.A., was unanimously voted into the
Chair.

The CHAIRMAN having expressed his regret at the absence of Dr. Kennedy, the President of the Council, and having appointed Mr. Clennell and Mr. Wharton to act as Serutineers, called upon the Dean, the Rev. Dr. Jacob, to read his Report.

THE DEAN'S REPORT.

In making my Half-yearly Report, as Dean of the College of Preceptors, I am happy to congratulate the Members of the College on the continuing extension and efficiency of our examinations. The number of pupils examined this Midsummer at the College Rooms and in the country has amounted to 570; of which number 198 were examined here in London, and 372 on the Proctorial plan in the country. Passed, in London, 107; in the country, 214. Although many failures have necessarily occurred, and consequently some disappointments have been felt, I am justified in saying, that this examination exhibits, on the whole, a satisfactory improvement upon the last, and gives evidence of much care and exertion on the part of Masters, as well as of diligence in the Pupils themselves. Several of the Examiners, in their Reports to me, have remarked "a very manifest improvement upon those of last of the schools, "considerable year;"-in many improvement;' the spelling better;" "the mode of expression generally improved;" "the papers are done very much better than last year.'

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is 16-Ladies 3, Gentlemen 13;-and the fol-
lowing Classes have been awarded:-

Theory and Practice of Education.
Goss, Mr. W.
Herbert, Mr. A.

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Hall, Miss S.

Herbert, Mr. A.

Classics.
French.

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German.

Chemistry.

Second Class.
First Class.
Second Class.
Second Class.

Third Class.
Third Class.
First Class.

Third Class.
Second Class.
First Class.
Third Class.
Third Class.
First Class.
Third Class.

Third Class.
Third Class.

Third Class.
Second Class.
Third Class.
Second Class.
Second Class.
Third Class.
Third Class,
Third Class.

Third Class.
Second Class.
Third Class.

First Class.
Third Class.

Mr. R. WILKINSON, of Totteridge Park, and by Dr. PINCHES, the thanks of the Meeting were voted by acclamation to Dr. Kennedy for his admirable and most instructive address.

The Treasurer then read the Half-yearly balance-sheet, a copy of which had, as required by the by-laws, been sent to every Member of the College.

On the motion of Mr. COLEMAN, seconded by Mr. R. PALMER, the balance-sheet was adopted nem. con., and was thereupon signed by the Chairman on behalf of the Meeting. The Secretary then read the following Re port of the Council:

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

IN again meeting their constituents, the Council have the sincere gratification of being able to report progress in all departments of the College operations :- - progress slow indeed, but steady, and therefore the more to be relied on as data for estimating the prospects of the Corporation in the immediate future.

The influence of the College on the education of the middle classes, and its power to promote the welfare and interests of the teachers of those classes, must mainly depend on the amount of support which it receives from educators. It is, therefore, a most cheering fact that the number of new members is rapidly Second Class. increasing: during the six months that have elapsed since the half-yearly meeting in January, forty-seven members have been elected, and eight more have been nominated for election at the next meeting of the Council. As an indication of the widening area of our operations, it may be mentioned that not only has every part of this country furnished its quota of these new members, but that applications for admission to our body have been received from Calcutta in the East, and from Jamaica in the West.

Third Class.
Third Class.

Third Class.

Third Class.
Third Class.

Second Class.

Third Class.

I am desirous, however, to impress upon our
Members my conviction that increased care,
The increase in the number of Pupils exa-
attention, and general efficiency on the part of I am sorry to say that one gentleman at the mined by the College more than keeps
Teachers, will never very greatly diminish the Teachers' Examination, having been detected pace with that of its Members, being at the
proportion of failures in our examinations. in using unfair means in dealing with some part rate of at least 200 per annum. At the re-
The good effects of such laudable exertions will of his Examination, has been on this account cent examination no less than 570 candi-
be seen in the increased numbers coming up rejected. Instances of such dishonourable
for examination, and in the greater pro- conduct are, I am glad to believe, very rare;
ficiency of many of those who do pass. But but whenever it is discovered, the person guilty
as schools become more efficient in teaching, of it will invariably be punished by the loss of
they will send up larger numbers to beexamined; all his marks.

and in a really impartial, bonú fide, exami- The Examination of Candidates for the Col-
nation, a considerable proportion of these must lege of Surgeons was satisfactorily conducted
always fail. That the total amount of failures by our examiners at the beginning of this
seems large, ought therefore to be no discou- month, when 62 Candidates presented them-
ragement to zealous and conscientious men, selves.
who are devoting themselves earnestly to their
honourable work. It should be rather ac-

The Dean then proceeded to deliver the cepted as a proof that our examination test is prizes, the list of which is as follows:

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they should not be examined at all. And MATHEMATICS...
praise is due not only to the Principal who
succeeds with all, or the greater part, of his
Pupils, but to every one who submits his Pupils MODERN
to our test. In this, as in many other cases,
to try is itself honourable; "decus et pretium
recte petit experiens vir."

There being some reason to fear that the examination work on the two first days of our examination presses severely on young boys, from the number of hours during which they are engaged, I intend to bring the subject of our time-table before the Council, in order that, if practicable, some improvement may be made in it. The question, however, may resolve itself into this that if the hours are shortened the number of days must be increased.

The number of Teachers examined this time]

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dates presented themselves. Considering the requirements for passing, and the strictness with which the regulations are adhered to, as shown by the large per centage of rejections, it must be admitted that this increase is most honourable to the members of the College, and proves their earnest desire to co-operate in the efforts now being made to raise the standard of middle-class education throughout the

country.

That the professional diplomas of the College are beginning to be more highly valued, is shown by the fact, that during the last six months the diploma of Associate has been conferred upon eight persons, whereas only a single diploma was granted during the preceding half-year. There is still, however, great room for improvement in this respect; and the Council regret to state that scarcely anything has been done to carry out the plan suggested at the last general meeting for the

establishment of a Prize Fund for Teachers.

The Agency department is steadily extending its operations, and has already rendered valuable services to both branches of the profession. Relying, as it mainly does, on private recommendation for becoming known and for thus increasing its business, its growth cannot be rapid; but it may reasonably be expected to be sure, since so long as it is conducted on sound principles, it is not likely to lose the support of any who have once experienced the advantages to be derived from it.

The financial position of the Corporation is

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