rendition warrant, issued by the governor, insufficient, and discharging defendant "from the custody of the sheriff of Oneida county and from further imprisonment and restraint under and by virtue of the said warrant issued by the governor of the state of New York, by which he was held by the sheriff"; which order was filed August 23d, 1890, in the Oneida county clerk's office. On the 12th day of September, 1890, the People, by their attorney general, Hon. Charles F. Tabor, appealed to this court from the said order. The appeal was brought to argument, and at the same time motion was submitted in behalf of the defendant to dismiss the appeal. July 30th, 1890, the defendant made his petition to the said special county judge for a writ of habeas corpus, and on the 30th of July, 1890, a writ was issued directed to the sheriff of Oneida county requiring him to produce the defendant before the said judge on the 30th day of July, 1890. On that day the sheriff produced the defendant in obedience to the writ and made his return to the writ in which he said "his authority for the taking of the said Legrange E. Scrofford into custody, and the true cause of the imprisonment or restraint of the said Legrange E. Scrofford, was and is by virtue of a mandate or warrant issued by the Hon. David B. Hill, governor of the state of New York, for the crime charged to have been committed therein in the state of Pennsylvania of removing his property from the state of Pennsylvania, to prevent the same from being levied upon by execution, which is a crime under the laws of the state of Pennsylvania, committed in the county of Potter, in said state of Pennsylvania. That he has fled from justice in said state of Pennsylvania and taken refuge in the state of New York." The return further set out "A copy of said mandate or warrant under which the said Scrofford is restrained and imprisoned." To that return the defendant made an answer in which he denied "That the governor's warrant returned by the said sheriff is a valid instrument or warrant, and denies that the said sheriff was justified in arresting and retaining this relator thereon, and avers that the said governor's warrant was improvidently granted without the requirements provided by law or proof sufficient to sustain the same or to warrant its issuance, and is irregular, null and void." The answer also stated several other facts, and was verified July 30th, 1890. Counsel for the respective parties appeared before the special county judge on the return of the writ of habeas corpus and a hearing was had, and thereafter the proceedings were adjourned until July 31st. The parties again appeared and the defendant's counsel insisted that it was the duty of the sheriff to produce the papers on which the warrant was issued. The coun

sel in behalf of the People insisted "that it was the duty of the prisoner to produce the papers if they wanted to go back of the warrant."

Thereupon the judge held, viz.: "That the sheriff had the affirmative, and that they rested if they did not make application to introduce further testimony." Thereupon the defendant's counsel moved that the prisoner be discharged. "After argument, motion for discharge of prisoner denied, to which defendant's

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counsel excepted.". "Proceedings adjourned to August 18, 1890, 9 A. M., for the purpose of allowing prisoner to produce papers on which the warrant was issued, if they could be produced." The parties again appeared on August 18th, and the defendant's counsel stated, viz. "The papers could not be produced." The counsel for the People asked leave "to file an amended return setting out the supplemental warrant, dated July 31, 1890." This was objected to by the defendant, and the objection sustained, and the motion was denied; the sheriff took an exception. "Sheriff's counsel said they had not (any further evidence to introduce), and rested their case on the governor's warrant." The judge held that "If there was any further evidence to be introduced he would receive it, and consider all the points raised together at the end of the proceedings." To this ruling the defendant's counsel took an exception. Thereupon the defendant called two witnesses, who gave evidence, and thereafter the defendant again moved for his discharge, and apparently the judge took time to consider, and prepared an opinion, the termination of which is as follows, viz. : We, therefore, hold that the warrant is invalid, and the relator must be discharged."

Chas. F. Tabor, attorney-general, and I. H. Maynard, for app'lts; H. F. & J. Coupe, for resp't.

HARDIN, P. J.-Article 3, in the Code of Civil Procedure, prescribes the practice in regard to writs of habeas corpus. Section 2015 provides that a person imprisoned or restrained in his liberty is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus. Section 2017 provides that the application for the writ must be made by a written petition, and mentions the courts and officers who may allow the same. Section 2031 provides that the court or judge before whom the prisoner is brought "must, immediately after the return of the writ, examine into the facts alleged in the return, and into the cause of the imprisonment or restraint of the prisoner, and must make a final order to discharge him therefrom, if no lawful cause for the imprisonment or restraint, or for the continuance thereof, is shown. * * Section 2058 provides, viz.: "An appeal may be taken from an order refusing to grant a writ of habeas corpus, or from a final order, made upon the return of such a writ, to discharge or remand a prisoner or to dismiss the proceedings." Section 2059 provides, viz.: "An appeal from a final order discharging a prisoner committed upon a criminal accusation, or from the affirmance of such an order, may be taken in the name of the People by the attorney general or the district. attorney." By § 1991 of the Code of Civil Procedure it is provided that a writ of habeas corpus and writs of certiorari "shall hereafter be styled, collectively, state writs;" and by § 1995 of the Code of Civil Procedure it is provided that parties to a special proceeding instituted by a state writ may appear by attorney; and that section further provides that "where the attorney general or the district attorney does not appear for the People, the attorney for the relator is deemed also the attorney for the People."

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We are of the opinion that the order is appealable and that the

appeal was properly taken by the service of the notice of appeal upon the clerk and upon the attorneys of the defendant, and that the motion to dismiss the appeal should be denied. Section 1995 of the Code of Civil Procedure; § 1800 id.; § 799 id.; § 1 of tit. 5, chap. 8, part 1 of the Revised Statutes, 8th ed., p. 522; § 7 of the Revised Statutes, p. 523; § 2059 of the Code of Civil Procedure.

(2) If, upon the warrant before the judge upon the return of the habeas corpus, the copy of an indictment against the defendant. or the affidavits which were presented to the governor, being the papers upon which he issued the rendition warrant, had been produced, the same might have been examined by the judge and an application made by the defendant that they "were defective in not showing the nature, facts and circumstances of the transaction therein alleged and not disclosing the grounds on which are based the application of illegality" might have been considered. In the case of The People v. Brady, 56 N. Y., 184, it appears "the relator traversed this warrant, setting forth in his answer the affidavits which accompanied the requisition, and alleging, among other things, that the affidavits were defective, etc." The court, therefore, in that case looked into the affidavits which were used before the governor and held they were insufficient. In the case before us, the affidavits or papers presented to the governor were not produced before the judge on the return of the writ of habeas corpus, and he derived no knowledge or information of their contents, and hence could not pass an adjudication thereon; nor are the affidavits, papers or copy of indictment used before the governor returned to us, and we are not in a situation to consider their contents and to determine from an inspection of the same whether they presented a proper case for the issuing of a rendition warrant or not. It is a familiar principle that a presumption obtains that a public officer has discharged his duty until the contrary appears. In People v. Pinkerton, 17 Hun, 199, it was held, viz.: "Where a warrant is issued by the governor for the rendition of a fugitive from justice, the court cannot go behind the warrant and inquire into the truth of the facts recited in it. The governor, in determining that the act of congress has been complied with, has no jurisdiction to inquire into the truth of the charges made or to look outside of the papers presented to determine whether or not the person demanded is a fugitive from justice. The fact that the person has committed a crime in another state established conclusively that he is a fugitive from justice." It was also said in that case that where "the rendition warrant is accompanied by the papers on which it issued, the question as to the sufficiency of those papers, as a compliance with the act of congress, is before the court." That case was approved by the court of appeals in Draper v. Pinkerton, 77 N. Y., 245, and it was held that the "recitals in a warrant of the governor of this state for the arrest of a fugitive from the justice of another state are to be taken, at least prima facie, as true." And it was further held in that case that where a return to a writ of habeas corpus sets forth such a warrant "which contains recitals of facts necessary to confer authority,

under the Constitution and laws of the United States, to issue it, it is a sufficient justification for holding the prisoner, without producing the papers or evidence on which the governor acted." It was made an inquiry in that case whether the warrant is conclusive and whether the defendant may not by evidence show that the papers presented to the governor were in fact defective. If it be assumed in this case that the defendant should have produced the papers upon which the governor acted before the judge, and upon their production it would have been shown defective and insufficient, the assumption cannot avail to the defendant, as the papers were not produced either by him or by the People, and the judge could not, therefore, determine as to their validity or insufficiency.

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In People v. Donohue, 84 N. Y., 438, it was held, viz.: “Where the papers upon which a warrant of extradition is issued are withheld by the executive, the warrant itself can only be looked to for the evidence that the essential conditions of its issue have been complied with, and it is sufficient if it recites what the law requires." In the opinion delivered in that case it was said: "Where, however, the papers upon which the warrant is founded are not produced, but are withheld by the executive, in the exercise of official discretion and authority, we can look only to the warrant itself and its recitals for the evidence that the essential conditions of its issue have been fulfilled. People ex rel. Draper v. Pinkerton, 77 N. Y., 245." In that opinion it was further said "In this case, as in many others, the warrant only is produced and the papers on which it is founded are withheld. We are to assume that they are withheld in what seems to the executive the proper performance of official duty. * It is enough that the warrant recites what the law requires. We cannot add to it new conditions. * *We see no reason why the warrant of the executive should be required to go beyond a substantial statement of the existence of the conditions necessary to its issue. It was so held in an early case, In re Clark, 9 Wend., 212, and which we think may be wisely followed." In Re Clark, it was distinctly held that a court or judge "will not inquire as to the probable guilt of the accused" upon the return of a writ of habeas corpus. And it was further held that "the only inquiry is whether the warrant on which he is arrested states that the fugitive has been demanded by the executive of the state from which he is alleged to have fled, and that a copy of the indictment, or an affidavit, charging him with having committed treason, felony or other crime, certified by the executive demanding him as authentic, have been presented." In the warrant issued by the executive in the case in hand, it was said that the governor of Pennsylvania represented that the defendant "stands charged with the crime of removing his property to prevent the same from being levied upon by execution, which he certifies to be crime under the laws of said state, committed in the county of Potter in said state, and that he has fled from justice in said state and has taken refuge in the state of New York. and that said governor of the state of Pennsylvania having, in pursuance of the constitution and laws of the

United States, demanded of me (the governor of the state of New York) that I shall cause the said Legrange Scrofford to be arrested and be delivered to William Dannells, who is duly authorized to receive him into his custody and convey him back to the said state of Pensylvania." The rendition warrant further stated "that whereas, the said representation and demand is accompanied by the papers required by the statute of the United States to justify a surrender of, and whereby the said Legrange Scrofford is shown to have been duly charged with the said crime and with having fled from said state and taken refuge in the state of New York, which are duly certified by the said governor of the state of Pennsylvania, to be authentic and duly authenticated." We think this last statement is more than a conclusion of law. It is a plain and clear statement of facts, first, that the representation made by the governor of Pennsylvania "is accompanied by the papers required by the statute of the United States to justify the surrender of" and that the papers show that the defendant has "been duly charged with said crime, and with having fled from said state and taken refuge in the state of New York."

It also contains the plain and clear statement that the papers "are duly certified by the said governor of the state of Pennsyl vania to be authentic and duly authenticated." By § 2 of art. 4 of the constitution of the United States, it was made the duty of the governor, on demand of the executive of Pennsylvania, to deliver up the defendant as "a person charged" with crime, to the end that he might be dealt with for the crime, and for the purpose "be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime." The performance of the duty imposed by the provisions of the constitution of the United States to which we have referred was further enforced by the provisions of the act of congress, passed in 1793. The essential parts of which act are found in § 5278 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, p. 1027. In speaking of the case in which the governor acts under the provisions of the constitution, and the statute to which reference has been made, in Taylor v. Taintor, 16 Wallace, 370, the court said, viz.: “In such cases the governor acts in his official character, and represents the sovereignty of the state in giving efficacy to the constitution of the United States and the law of congress." We see nothing in the papers before us to indicate that the duty imposed upon the governor was not properly performed, and we are of the opinion that the rendition warrant was valid. The performance of the duty of rendition is further imposed upon the governor by S 827 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. That section contains a provision to the effect that a person arrested under a warrant of rendition may have a writ of habeas corpus, if he claims not to be the particular person mentioned in said requisition, indictment, affidavit or warrant annexed thereto, or to the warrant issued by the governor thereon. And it is further provided that a summary hearing be had, and that if "the prisoner or prisoners shall be found to be the person or persons indicted or informed against, and mentioned in the requisition, the accompanying N. Y. STATE REP., VOL. XXXVI. 95