was provided in this deed that the capital stock of each corporation becoming a party to it should be transferred to this board, and that in lieu of such stock there should be issued 500,000 shares of $100 each, by the board, and distributed as was afterwards provided. The form of the certificates to be issued in this manner was made a part of the deed or agreement. These certificates were made transferable by endorsement in like manner as the shares of stock issued by a corporation. It was further provided that the shares of the capital stock of the several corporations should be transferred to the names of the board of the Refineries Company as trustees, to be held by them and their successors as joint tenants, and that this board should hold the stock so transferred with all the rights and powers incident to stockholders in the several corporations. And certificates to be issued in place of these shares were to be apportioned among the different corporations which became parties to the deed. And it was then provided that the shares assigned to the several refineries. should be distributed by them to and among the parties interested therein, and that holders of stock in the refineries companies should be entitled to so many of the shares allotted to each refinery as should be in the proportion of his stock to the capital of such company. And that shares for stockholders of any refining company who should not surrender their stock might, under the direction of the board, be deposited for their account with the right to receive the same upon the surrender of their stock.

It was further provided that, in the allotment of shares, fifteen per cent of the certificates should be left with the board. The deed then declared that the profits arising from the business of each corporation should be paid over to the board, and the aggregate, or such amount as might be designated for dividends, proportionately distributed by the board to the holders of the certificates issued by it for capital stock. It is quite plain from this, as well as other provisions contained in the deed, that it was intended as a part of the plan that the entire shares of stock in each of the corporations becoming a party to it should be surrendered to this board and afterwards held by the board, and that in place of the shares transferred in that manner the combination, or Sugar Refineries Company, through the board, should issue equivalent certificates of its own, which would pass over to the owners of the shares in the several corporations, and that the profits of the business carried on by the combination should be paid and distributed among the persons holding these certificates. The complaint then proceeds to allege that, shortly after the execution of the deed, the entire capital stock belonging to each of the corporations was as signed and transferred to the board of the Sugar Refineries Company, and that certificates were issued in the manner provided by the agreement and delivered in return therefor to each of the corporations, and that certain of such certificates were distributed among the original stockholders in the corporations, in accordance with the terms of the deed or agreeement. It is further alleged as to this particular corporation that at or about the time of the execution of the agreement, the entire capital stock of the North

River Sugar Refining company was purchased by or on account of Henry O. Havemeyer and other individuals as the trustees of the Sugar Refineries Company, and that the same had been delivered to them, and that new certificates had been issued by the Sugar Refineries Company and delivered by them. But what was the object of that delivery the plaintiff alleges he had not been informed.

These allegations disclose the fact to be that after the deed or agreement was entered into its requirements were so far complied with as they provided for the delivery of the stock or shares of the North River Sugar Refining Company to the Board of Trustees of the Sugar Refineries Company, and that this board had issued for the benefit of the persons entitled to receive them under the agreement the certificates which were to be exchanged for such shares. It does not appear by the complaint that either one of these certificates at any time became the property of the North River Sugar Refining Company; neither does it appear that any share of its own stock was surrendered by it to the board of trustees to be replaced by the certificate or certificates to be issued by the Refineries Company. But the plain inference sustained by the complaint is that the shares of the North River Sugar Refining Company were outstanding in the hands of persons who had previously acquired the title to them, and that these shares had all been purchased by Mr. Havemeyer and the Trustees of the Sugar Refineries Company, and that it was in place of these shares that the Board of the Refineries Company issued their certificates. And they, from the tenor of the deed or agreement, may reasonably be presumed to have been passed over to the holders of the shares in the corporation in place of which the certificates were issued. These holders of the certificates consequently became the persons entitled to the earnings and profits of the Refineries Company. The North River Sugar Refining Company is not shown to be entitled, as against the holders of the certificates, to participate in these profits, or either directly or indirectly to own any part of the assets of the Refineries Company. And the result appears to follow that the title to these assets or profits never in any form vested in this receiver and he consequently has no right to recover the one or the other in this action. And that the persons who are entitled to the earnings and the assets of the Sugar Refineries Company are the holders of the certificates issued by its own board, and that they, and not the corporations becoming parties to the agreement or deed, are the persons entitled to insist upon a dissolution of the combination and the distribution of its assets if that may legally be accomplished.

This receiver has by his own statements received all the property of the North River Sugar Refining Company. There is nothing further for him to obtain. But what has accrued from the combination and the transaction of the business is, by the terms of the deed as well as of the certificates, distributable only among their holders, and he is not one of those persons.

While the North River Sugar Refining Company continued to be a party to this combination it does not appear that anything

was earned by it, or paid over for the use of its property to the Board of the Sugar Refineries Company: neither does it appear that any other advantage has been secured from it by that board beyond the circumstance of its having become a party to the combination. In addition to that, what has taken place has been for the benefit of the holders of the certificates and not of this company, or of the plaintiff as its receiver. His complaint presents no proprietary right whatever which can be asserted or maintained in this action for the reason already stated, that upon its face he has presented no title to the earnings, dividends or assets of the Sugar Refineries Company.

It has also been alleged in the complaint that the combination was entered into for the unlawful purpose of controlling the manufacture and sale of sugar, syrup and molasses throughout the United States, and increasing or advancing the prices thereon, and that this was an unlawful and illegal object. And so it was held by this general term when the case of the People was decided by it. If the plaintiff could maintain the action it could only be by enforcing the agreement or deed which was made against the Board of the Sugar Refineries Company and the other parties to the action. It is not for a rescission of the instrument and the recovery of any money or property of the North River Sugar Refining Company that the action has been brought, and the case therefore is not within the principle of Spring Co. v. Knowlton, 103 U. S., 49. But it is for the recovery of the profits and earnings of the combination in the execution of this unlawful agreement, and to recover those profits or earnings the terms of the agreement must be maintained and enforced. And when that is the case the law has become settled that a party to such a combination cannot maintain an action dependent upon the agreement. Keene v. Kent, 4 N. Y. State Rep., 431; Woodworth v. Bennett, 43 N. Y., 273.

This latter authority seems to be specially applicable to this appeal, for the action there was by one of the parties to an illegal partnership for the recovery of its effects so far as they were designed to be secured to him by the unlawful agreement. And it was held by the court that the action could not be maintained. A very large number of authorities have been collected and cited in the brief of the counsel for the appellant illustrating the cases in which the parties to an unlawful agreement were not deprived of redress by reason of its illegality, but they all differ so essentially from this case as not to require any special examination. Some of them are peculiar in their consideration of the legal principle applicable to illegal contracts, but neither has gone so far as to maintain the right of a party to recover the fruits of the illegal transaction when an appeal to and dependence upon the terms of the agreement is required for that purpose. On the contrary, the courts have uniformly held that an action for redress under those circumstances cannot be maintained. And this has been finally sanctioned by Leonard v. Poole, 114 N. Y., 371; 23 N. Y. State Rep., 753.

N. Y. STATE REP., VOL. XXXVI.

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Upon each of the grounds which have been considered this action does not appear to be capable of being sustained. The plaintiff has presented no title or interest to or in the assets or earnings of the Sugar Refineries Company which will entitle him to recover any part or portion thereof. And if he had disclosed an interest which under the terms of the agreement might entitle him to maintain this demand against the defendants, his dependence upon the enforcement of the illegal contract would deprive him of success. The demurrer, therefore, which was interposed by the Oxnard Brothers Company to the complaint, has been properly sustained, for it does not, as the demurrer has presented the objection to it, state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The judgment should be affirmed, with costs, but with leave to the plaintiff to amend his complaint within twenty days, upon payment of the costs of the appeal and of the demurrer.

VAN BRUNT, P. J.-I cannot concur in the conclusion arrived at by Mr. Justice Daniels, that even if the combination which resulted in the formation of the Sugar Refineries Company had been lawful, that the receiver of one of the combiners would have no right to an accounting for profits earned by the company because all such profits belonged to the holders of the certificates issued by the trustees of the combination. Because, as the receiver represents both the stockholders and creditors of the corporation of which he has been appointed receiver, and as the certificates issued by the combination simply represent the stock held in trust by the combination, and as it is because of the deposits of this stock that certificates were issued to the depositors of the stock by the combination, the receiver of the corporation representing this stock seems to have the right to enforce any obligation inuring to the advantage of the stock. The corporation having died, its shares of stock, as such, have been extinguished, and the receiver has succeeded to all the rights of the stockholders to gather in property which they, as stockholders, have the right to claim. The certificates issued by the combination represent nothing but this stock; stand in lieu of it, and when all the rights arising from the holding of the stock are transferred by operation of law, it would seem that no rights could be enforced by the holder of a certificate issued to represent the stock but which no longer did so.

I concur in the view that the action cannot be maintained because of the illegal character of the contract by which the combination was formed. This action is brought for the enforcement of the provisions of that agreement, and as a court will never lend itself to the enforcement of an illegal contract this action must fail.

BRADY, J., concurs.

CASSA MARITTIMA, Resp't, v. THE PHOENIX INS. Co., App'lt. (Supreme Court, General Term, First Department, Filed January 13, 1891.) INSURANCE (MARINE)-INSURABLE INTERESTS-LOANS.

The master of a vessel hypothecated it and its freight to plaintiff for a

loan. Plaintiff's regulations regarding such loans stipulated that neither owner nor master should take any further advances upon the same freight, or in such case must hold themselves bound to return the loan made, even though the vessel were lost. Subsequently, without the knowledge or consent of plaintiff, the captain obtained a further loan on the freight. Later the defendant insured the vessel for plaintiff on advances against captain's draft upon the freight, etc." A loss occurred. Held, that plaintiff's insurable interest under the policy was not affected by the subsequent loan procured by the captain in violation of the regulation; that plaintiff had two remedies: one against defendant upon the policy, the other against the captain or owner under the stipulation above stated.

APPEAL from a judgment entered upon the decision of the court without a jury.

Edward P. Lyon, for app'lt; Edward K. Jones, for resp't.

DANIELS, J.-The recovery herein is for the amount of a loan made by the plaintiff, a corporation existing and doing business in the city of Naples, in the kingdom of Italy, to the master of the vessel Buoni Amici, for the payment of which her freight was hypothecated, as well as the vessel herself. The loan was made at Pensacola, in Florida, where the vessel was then lying, that being a foreign port, and she being an Italian craft.

When the loan was made the agent of the plaintiff took from her master the following instrument:

£400.

PENSACOLA, Fla., August 31, 1886. Fifteen days after arrival at the port of destination, River Plata, or other intermediate port at which shall end the voyage of my vessel, denominated Buoni Amici, I promise to pay to the order of the Cassa Marittima of Naples the sum of four hundred pounds sterling, value received in cash as a loan on freight for the last expenses necessary to the undertaking of the voyage from Pensacola to River Plata, and I hereby assign therefor, to the said Cassa Marittima, enough of the present freight to cover the sum of the above loan with power to collect when due, and I hereby hypothecate ship and freight for repayment of said loan with priority over every other credit, and in case of total loss the amount received as loan shall not be paid back and I accept all the conditions set down in the regulations of the Cassa Marittima relating to loans on freight of which I received a copy. B. QUARTINO.

Among the stipulations or regulations, accompanying and made a part of it, that numbered fifteen is the only one important to be specially considered in the determination of this appeal. By that regulation it was declared that the owner or captain shall not take any other advances upon the same freight at the port of loading or in such case hold themselves bound to return the present loan, even though the vessel be lost.

The master did in fact violate this regulation by obtaining a further loan before the commencement of the voyage, upon a similar hypothecation, amounting to the sum of $1,100. But that loan was made without the knowledge, privity or consent of the plaintiff.

After these loans had been made the defendant made and delivered to F. Dassoir, for account of whom it might concern, its