Art. sec. cl. p.

STATES. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti-
tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people----
----(10th amend.)
STATES. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on
incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among
the several States, and without regard to any census or enumera-
tion_..
(16th amend.)
STATES.

The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent
power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation__(18th amend.)
SUBJECTS. (See Foreign State; Foreign States.)
[SUBPENA.] (See Compulsory Process.)
[SUCCESSION to the Presidency.] (See Death.)

SUPPORT this Constitution. (See Oath.)
SUPREME Court. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be
vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress
may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the
supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behav-
iour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensa-
tion, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office__
SUPREME Court. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public
Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the
supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases
before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction,
both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regula-
tions as the Congress shall make............
SUPREME Court, Judges of.
SUPREME Law of the Land. This Constitution, and the Laws of the
United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treat-
ies made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United
States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every
State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws
of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding-

[TARIFF.] (See Duties.)

(See Appointments.)

TAX. No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Propor-
tion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken
(See next title.).

TAX. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State-
TAXES. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on in-
comes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among
the several States, and without regard to any census or enumera-
tion_...
--(16th amend.)

TAXES. Representation and direct Taxes. (See Representatives.)
TAXES. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes,
Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the
common Defence and general Welfare of the United States;
TENDER. No State shall . . . make any Thing but gold and silver Coin
a Tender in Payment of Debts;

[TERM] of Judges. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour,

[TERM] of Representatives. The House of Representatives shall be com-
posed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several
States,
[TERM] of Senators. The Senate of the United States shall be composed
of two Senators from each State, chosen . . . for six Years;
TERM of the President and Vice President.

.. The . .

shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, [TERMS.] (See Impeachment; Removal.)

President
with

ANALYSIS: STATES-TWENTY

107

TERMS. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon
on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representa-
tives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such
terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the
terms of their successors shall then begin....
- (20th amend.)
[TERRITORIES.] (See Territory.)

TERRITORY. The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all
needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Prop-
erty belonging to the United States;

THIRTY Thousand. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative;

TONNAGE. No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any

Duty of Tonnage,

[TONNAGE.] (See Enter.)

[TRAFFIC.] (See Commerce.)

TREASON. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court____.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the life of the Person attainted___ TREASURY. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, paid out of the Treasury of the United

States... TREASURY.

(See Appropriations.)

TREASURY of the United States. .. and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States;

TREATIES. [The President]

shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; TREATIES. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; . TREATIES. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; . .

TREATY. No State shall enter into any Treaty,

TRIAL. (See Impeachment.)

TRIAL. (See Jury.)

TRIAL. (See Criminal Prosecutions.)

TRIAL. (See Common Law.)

TRIBUNALS.

(See Courts.)

TROOPS. (See Armies.)

TRUST. (See Office.)

TWENTY Dollars. In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved,

TWO Thirds. (See Bill; Impeachment; Order; Rebellion; Treaties.)

UNIFORM. all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform
throughout the United States; .
UNIFORM. The Congress shall have Power To establish an uni-
form Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of
Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

UNIFORM. (See Preference.)

UNION. We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more
perfect Union, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the
United States of America____
- (Preamble)
UNION. [The President] . shall from time to time give to the Con-
gress Information of the State of the Union,
UNION. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;

do

UNITED STATES. We the People of the United States,
ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
America___
_ (Preamble)
To exercise

UNITED STATES. The Congress shall have Power
exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not
exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States,
and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government
of the United States,

UNITED STATES. (See Citizen; Citizens.)

UNUSUAL Punishments. (See Punishments.)

USE. (See Liquors.)

VACANCIES. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies..

VACANCIES.

if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise [in the Senate], during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies (See next title.).

VACANCIES.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State
in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs
of election to fill such vacancies; Provided, That the legislature of any
State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appoint-
ments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature
may direct..
(17th amend.)

VACANCIES. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies
that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Com-
missions which shall expire at the End of their next Session...
[VACANCY in the Presidency.] (See Death.)

VALUE. The Congress shall have Power
the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin,

VESSELS. (See Enter.)

.

To coin Money, regulate

[VESTED Powers.] (See Congress; Judicial Power; President.) [VETO.] (See Bill.)

VICE PRESIDENT. The Vice President of the United States shall be
President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally
divided.

VICE PRESIDENT. The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also
a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when
he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States___
VICE PRESIDENT. In Case of the Removal of the President from Office,
or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and
Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President,
and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal. Death,
Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President,
declaring what Officer shall then act as President,

VICE PRESIDENT. The . . . Vice President

shall be removed

from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors..

ANALYSIS: TWO-YEAS

VICE PRESIDENT, Election of. (See Election of President and Vice
President.)

VICE PRESIDENT, [Qualifications of]. But no person constitutionally
ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-
President of the United States___
(12th amend.)

109

Art. sec. cl. p.

559

3 543

553

VOTE. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of
electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Repre-
sentatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State,
or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male
inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of
the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in
rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be
reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall
bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such
State--
(14th amend.)
VOTE. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
race, color, or previous condition of servitude...
(15th amend.)
VOTE. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
..(19th amend.)

sex.

[VOTES in Congress.] (See Bill; Order; Two-Thirds; Yeas and Nays.)
VOTES of Electors. (See Election of President and Vice President.)
WAR. The Congress shall have Power . . . To declare War,
WAR. No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, engage in
War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not
admit of delay....

...

WAR. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying
War against them,

WAR. No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law....

WARRANTS. (See Searches.)

(3d amend.).

557

552

1 8 5 545

WITNESS.
be compelled in any
criminal case to be a witness against himself,
(5th amend.)
WITNESSES. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Tes-
timony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open
Court...

- (6th amend.)

WITNESSES. In all criminal prosecution, the accused shall enjoy the
right... to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have com-
pulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor,
WRIT of Habeas Corpus. (See Habeas Corpus.)
WRITING. (See Departments.)

WRITINGS. (See Science.)

YEAS and Nays. .. the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal..

YEAS and Nays. (See Bill.)

National Development Under the

Constitution

THE NATION OF 1790

WHEN the Constitution went into operation the United States consisted of thirteen states between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Mountains and additional territory running through to the Mississippi River. This western territory had been claimed by various states as within the bounds of their colonial charters. By 1789 the claims to most of the region north of the Ohio River had been ceded to the central government, and the claims south of the Ohio were soon after given up, as was also the claim to what soon became Vermont, the fourteenth state. Thereafter, the thirteen original states had their present boundaries, except that Maine was a part of Massachusetts until 1820 and West Virginia a part of Virginia until 1863. In 1787 the northern part of the western territory had been placed under a territorial government, a plan which became the model for such temporary organization for regions on their way to statehood and a sharing by their inhabitants in the general government; and during the early years under the Constitution territorial governments were formed for the southwestern region. Settlement west of the Appalachians began in colonial times, Kentucky being admitted as a state in 1792; but in general the western region was still frontier. It was plagued by Indian wars; largely still virgin forests or prairies, or with small settlements along the main waterways that were almost the only means of travel or transportation. It was far distant from the coast cities that were the centers of trade; and with crude economic and social conditions, that made such backwoods life foreign to the civilization that had grown up on the Atlantic slope in colonial times and come to have a definite aristocratic trend. Pioneer life promoted democratic spirit.

EXPANSION TO 1860

By 1848 all of this territorial country east of the Mississippi, except the northeastern part of what is now Minnesota, had become