Manual of Social Science: Being a Condensation of the "Principles of Social ... - Henry Charles Carey - Google Books

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CHAPTER X.-OF CHANGES OF MATTER IN PLACE.

21. Difficulty, in the early period of society, of effecting changes in the place of

matter. The necessity for so doing the chief obstacle to commerce. Decline in the

proportion of the society required for effecting such changes. Accompanied by rapid

growth of commerce, and corresponding growth of power to obtain better means of

transportation....

2. The more perfect the commerce among men the greater the tendency towards

removal of the remaining obstacles to association. Man's progress, in whatsoever

direction, one of constant acceleration.....

23. The first and heaviest tax to be paid by land and labor that of transportation.

The farmer, near to market, always making a machine: the one distant therefrom

always destroying one.....

24. Manure, the commodity most needed by man, and the one that least bears trans-

portation. The less the quantity of labor given to effecting changes of place, the

greater that which may be given to production. Power to maintain commerce grows

with this change of proportions.......

25. Freedom grows with the growth of the power of association. That power grows

with every diminution of the necessity for effecting changes of place.........

CHAPTER XI.-OF CHANGES OF MATTER IN PLACE-CONTINUED.

21. Colonial Policies of Greece, Spain, and France. That of Britain the first in which

we meet with prohibition of association among the colonists. Object of the prohibition,

that of producing a necessity for effecting changes in the place of matter. The policy

barbaric in its tendencies, and hence it is, that it has given rise to the theory of over-

2. British policy looks to the dispersion of man, and to increase in the proportion

of society engaged in trade and transportation. Views of Adam Smith in opposition

to this system.....

23. British colonial system, as exhibited in the West India Islands....

4. Theory of over-population an effort to account for facts artificially produced, by

aid of supposed natural laws.........

CHAPTER XII.-OF CHANGES OF MATTER IN PLACE-CONTINUED.

21. Phenomena of society, as presented in the history of Portugal..

2. Phenomena of society, as presented in the history of the Turkish Empire........ 153

23. Phenomena of society, as presented in the history of Ireland.....

24. Real cause of the decay of Ireland..................................................................

CHAPTER XIII.-OF CHANGES OF MATTER IN PLACE-CONTINUED.

21. Local action, and local combination, conspicuous throughout the history of Hin-

dostan. Their disappearance under the British rule.......

2. Commerce sacrificed at the shrine of trade. Annihilation of Indian manufac-

tures. Its ruinous effects.....

23. Waste of capital, and destruction of the power of accumulation.....

............ 166

4. Diminution in the security of person and property correspondent with the ex-

tension of British rule, and with the growing centralization....

25. Trivial value of private rights in the land of India. India a paying country

under its native princes. Its steady deterioration under the system which looks to

increasing the necessity for the trader and transporter's services...........

26. Review of the phenomena observed in the four great communities, above re-

ferred to. Differing in all other respects, they are alike in the fact, that they have

been deprived of all power to diversify their employments, and have thus been forced

to increase their dependence on the transporter and the trader........

27. Destructive effects of a growing necessity for the services of the trader. British

policy looks solely to the increase of trade. Constant waste of capital in all the

Countries subject to the system.........
...................................................... 172

28. Origin of the idea of over-population............................................................................................................................................................... 173

CHAPTER XIV.-OF CHANGES OF MATTER IN FORM.

I. Of Chemical and Mechanical Changes.

1. For effecting changes in the forms of matter, a knowledge of the properties of

matter is required. The work of conversion more concreto and special than that of

transportation; and, therefore, later in its development. Instruments required for

obtaining power to command the services of the natural forces. That power consti-

tutes wealth. Conversion diminishes the labor required for transportation, while in-

creasing that which may be given to production. Economy of human effort resulting

from increased facility of conversion....

2. Societary motion tends to increase in a geometrical ratio, when permitted to

proceed onward and undisturbed. Efforts to obtain a monopoly of the control of the

natural forces required in the work of conversion...

23. Rude character of English commerce at the opening of the fourteenth century.

Phenomena then presented precisely similar to those exhibited in the agricultural

communities of the present day....

24. Change of policy under Edward III., and its effects. Adoption of the protective

policy under Charles II.........

5. Effects of dependence upon the distant market, as shown in England in the early

portion of the eighteenth century. Changes in the condition of the people consequent

upon diminution of that dependence.....

6. Monopolistic character of the British system. Nothing comparable with it, in

its power for evil, ever before devised....

27. Power for evil when wrongly directed, exists, everywhere, in the ratio of that

for good when guided in the right direction. British system looks to diminishing the

tax of transportation for the British people, but increasing it for the other nations of

CHAPTER XV.-OF CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL CHANGES IN THE FORM OF MATTER

21. Errors of the British system obvious to Adam Smith. His caution to his country-

men in regard to the dangers necessarily incident to an exclusive dependence upon

trade. His advice neglected, and hence the growth of pauperism and the origination

of the theory of over-population...

? 2. Warlike and monopolistic character of the system....

23. By destroying among other people the power to sell their labor it destroys com-

petition for the purchase of British labor. Teaching, that to enable capital to obtain

a fair remuneration labor must be kept down, it tends to the production of slavery

4. Approximation in the prices of raw materials and finished commodities the one

essential characteristic of civilization. British system looks to the prevention of that

approximation. Its tendency towards reduction of other communities to a state of

barbarism.......

25. Stoppage of the circulation a necessary consequence of the predominance of the

British system. Disappearance of the small proprietors of England. Condition of the

agricultural laborer......

.............. 193

26. The higher the organization the more perfect the power of self-government.

That power diminishing among the people, and in the government, of England. Gulf

dividing the higher and lower classes a constantly widening one......

27. Necessity for careful study of the system under which originated the theory of

over-population. Inevitable tendency of the Ricardo-Malthusian doctrine that of

making slavery the ultimate condition of the laborer. The system of the British school

a retrograde one. Had its origin in a retrograde policy. Sees in man a mere instru-

ment to be used by trade.......

CHAPTER XVI.-OF CHANGES OF MATTER IN FORM.

II.-Of Vital Changes.

1. Irregularity in the demand for the powers of the early settler, and consequent

waste of force. Economy of force resulting from increased ability to command the

services of nature. The more perfect the power of association, the greater is the

economy of human force.....

2. The greater that economy the larger is the proportion of the labor employed

that may be given to the development of the powers of the earth, and towards the

creation of a scientific agriculture. Difficulty of combination among a purely agri-

cultural people. Slavery of the laborer its necessary consequence......

3. The farmer near to market always making a machine; the one distant from it,

always destroying one. With the one, labor and its products are daily more and more

economized. With the other, the waste increases from day to day-man's progress, in

whatsoever direction, being one of constant acceleration. Population makes the food

come from the rich soils, while depopulation drives them back to the poor ones....... . 201

24. Gambling character of the labors of the field where the market is distant.

Diminution of risk resulting from the approximation of the consumer and the pro-

ducer. The labor given to the work of conversion so much saved that would otherwise

be wasted. Social phenomena observed in Ireland, India, and other countries, in which

the consumer and producer are becoming more widely separated......

25. British system looks to the separation of the consumers and producers of the

world-to the consequent destruction of agriculture-and to the elevation of trade at

the expense of commerce. Hence it is, that it has given rise to the theory of over-

population. Resistance thereto, by all the advancing communities of the world........ 204

CHAPTER XVII.-OF VITAL CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF MATTER CONTINUED.

2-1. Constant alliance between war and trade, as exhibited in the history of France.

Poverty and dishonesty of its sovereigns......

2. Uniform tendency of its policy, prior to the days of Colbert, towards giving to

trade the mastery over commerce. Tendency of his ineasures, that of increasing the

rapidity of the societary movement...

3. Warlike policy of Louis XIV., and consequent necessity for abandonment of

Colbert's system. Expulsion of the Huguenots, and annihilation of manufactures.

Consequent unproductiveness of agriculture, and wretchedness of the people............ 208

4. Colbert's policy maintained by Turgot. Abandoned by the negotiators of the

Eden Treaty. Consequent annihilation of commerce. Poverty of the people leads to

revolution. Colbert's system re-established. Extraordinary growth in the quantity

and value of the products of French agriculture....

25. Changes in the distribution of labor's products resulting from increase in the

power of association and combination, and in the quantity of commodities produced.

Great increase in the value of land, resulting from diminution of the tax of transpor-

26. France a country of "contrasts"-its social system tending towards decentrali-

zation, while its political one tends, more and more, towards centralization. Colbert's

policy in strict accordance with the doctrines of Adam Smith. Causes of poverty

among the French people

CHAPTER XVIII.-OF VITAL CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF MATTER-CONTINUED.

21. Wide difference between the French and British systems-the former looking to

the approximation of the producer and consumer, and the latter to their separation... 218

2. Consequences of this exhibit themselves in the great increase in the value of

French land, as compared with that of the United Kingdom. Comparative growth of

French and British agriculture....

3. French land being more divided, the small proprietor profits by increase in the

prices of his products and his land. British tenants ruined by decline in the price of

24. French policy looks to making manufactures subsidiary to agriculture-facili-

tating the export of the products of the soil of France. Consequent increase of French

25. British policy makes agriculture subsidiary to manufactures. Trade, therefore,

replaces the former British commerce.......

26. British system taxes the agricultural communities of the world for its mainten-

ance. That of France looks to their emancipation from taxation......

27. Solidarity of interests among the land-owners and laborers of the world at large.

Deterioration of the condition of the farm-laborers of England. Centralization, over-

population, and physical and mental decline travel hand in hand together......

CHAPTER XIX.-OF VITAL CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF MATTER-CONTINUED.

21. Agricultural distress throughout the world, consequent upon the return of peace

in 1815. Cause thereof, to be found in the decline of manufactures, and in the separa-

tion of the consumer from the producer, in all the countries of the world, outside of

Britain. General adoption of measures looking to counteraction of the British policy 230

22. Few natural advantages of Denmark. Following in the lead of France, her

policy looks, however, to the approximation of the consumer and the producer, and the

relief of her farmers from the tax of transportation. Consequent prosperity of her

people. Steady enlargement of the agricultural base of society. Constant increase in

the power of association and combination-in the development of individuality-and

in the power of further progress.....

23. Decline of Spanish manufactures, diminution in the power of association, and

decay of agriculture, consequent upon the expulsion of the Moors, and the acquisition

of distant colonies. Loss of those colonies followed by the adoption of a system tend-

ing to promote the growth of commerce, and diminish the trader's power. Great in-

crease in the value of land, and in the freedom of man..................

CHAPTER XX.-OF VITAL CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF MATTER-CONTINUED.

1. The German manufacturing system due to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

Its gradual development down to the close of the war in 1815. Its decline, under the

free trade system which followed the peace. First Prussian tariff having for its object

the diversification of the employments of the people......

2. Gradual formation of the Zoll-Verein, or Customs Union. Great increase of

foreign and domestic commerce consequent upon the adoption of measures tending to

the emancipation of German land from the oppressive tax of transportation. Protec-

tion having cheapened finished commodities, Germany now exports them. Having

raised the prices of raw materials, they are now imported....

23. Growing division of the land, accompanied by an enlargement of the proportions

borne by the agricultural class to the mass of which society is composed. Increased

respect for the rights of property, consequent upon its more general diffusion among

the people. Steady increase in the freedom of man, and in the strength of the State. 240

24. Rude character of Russian agriculture half a century since. Growth of manu-

factures under the Continental system of Napoleon. Their disappearance under the

free trade system. Re-adoption of the policy of Colbert, and its effects. Great increase

in the quantity and value of agricultural products since the re-adoption of protection 241

5. Increase in the competition for the purchase of the laborer's services and grow-

ing freedom of man .................

26. Obstacles standing in the way of the creation of a scientific agriculture. Com-

munism and its effects..

27. Growing individuality among the people, with corresponding growth of strength

in the State....

28. Sweden, like Russia, follows in the lead of France-maintaining the policy of

Colbert, to the exclusion of that advocated by the economists of Britain. Its effects,

as exhibited in bringing the consumer and producer into close proximity to each other.

Comparative movement of the population, and of the supply of food..

9. Division of land and increase of its value-resulting from its emancipation from

the tax of transportation. Intellectual development, consequent upon the creation

of local centres of activity.......

10. Social decentralization gradually correcting the errors of political centralization 249

11. Differing in race, habits, manners, and religion, France and Germany, Spain and

Denmark, Sweden and Russia, are agreed in nothing, except in the maintenance of a

policy which looks to the promotion of association, the extension of commerce, and the

emancipation of the land from the tax of transportation, in accordance with the ideas

of Adam Smith. In all of them agriculture steadily advances, the land becomes more

divided, and men become more free. Agreeing in nothing else, Portugal and Turkey,

Ireland and India, unite in the maintenance of the policy advocated by the Ricardo-

Malthusian school. In all of them agriculture declines, the land becomes consolidated,

and the freedom of man has almost wholly passed away....

CHAPTER XXI.-OF VITAL CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF MATTER-CONTINUED.

21. The American Union a country of contrasts-its social system tending towards

centralization and slavery, while its political one is based upon the idea of decentral-

ization and freedom. Natural tendency towards association and combination. Counter-

acted by a national policy tending towards dispersion......

22. Early tendencies towards the adoption of the system which looked towards

bringing together the producer and the consumer. Variable character of American

policy since the close of the great European war.......

3. Policy of Colbert and Cromwell adopted in regard to shipping. Freedom of trade

obtained by means of protective measures.....
258

24. American policy, generally, in full accordance with the doctrines of the British

school. Consequent decline in the prices of the rude products of the farm. The man

who must go to any market, must pay the tax of transportation. Heavy taxation of

American farmers.....
258

25. Civilization grows in the direct ratio of the removal of obstacles standing be-

tween the producers and the consumers.....
261

26. The planter steadily giving more of his raw materials, and receiving less in ex-

change for them. Consequent exhaustion of the soil, and weakness of the State....... 262

27. Barbarism grows, everywhere, in the direct ratio of the export of the rude pro-

ducts of the soil, and consequent decline in the powers of the land........................................................

CHAPTER XXII.-OF VITAL CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF MATTER-CONTINUED.

31. Wealth consists in the power to command the services of nature. Great in-

crease of British wealth, resulting from the command of steam. Extraordinary

amount of undeveloped power in the United States. Combination of action required

for its development. National policy adverse to association and combination.......

22. Waste of power resulting from the exhaustion of the soil, and consequent dis-

persion of men. Gradual consolidation of the land.........
267

23. Trader's power steadily increases, while that of the farmer and planter as

steadily declines. Consequent instability and irregularity of the societary movement.

Trader profits by instability. Remarkable steadiness and regularity of the societary

movement in all those periods in which the protective policy has been maintained..... 268

24. Growing commerce enables the farmer to pass from the cultivation of the poorer

to the richer soils. American policy restricts him to the former. Growing commerce

tends to increase the power of labor over capital. American policy gives to capital

greater power over labor. Growing commerce tends towards peace, and an economi-

cal administration of the affairs of government. American policy looks to extension of

the trader's power at the expense of commerce. Increasing tendency towards war

and waste. Growing commerce tends towards development of the latent powers of

earth and man. American policy tends towards exhaustion of the one and enslave-

ment of the other....

25. Speculative and gambling spirit engendered by a growing dependence upon the

trader and transporter. Decline in the feeling of responsibility resulting from irregu-

larity in the societary movement. Political and judicial corruption resulting from the

growth of centralization...

26. The higher the societary organization the more rapid is the movement and the

more instant the exhibition of the effects of a sound, or unsound, course of policy.

Frequency and rapidity of changes in these United States......

27. Phenomena of declining civilization now (1856) exhibited throughout the Union 273

8. Human progress manifests itself in decline in the trader's power, and the at-

tendant creation of a scientific agriculture. Opposite tendency of the American

policy, and consequent decline of civilization....

29. As agriculture becomes a science the land becomes more productive, and its

products tend to rise in price. Consequent double profit to the farmer. As raw ma-

terials rise in price finished products fall, with further profit to the farmer. Man and

land at one end of the scale of prices, and the more highly finished products at the

other. The more rapid the societary circulation the greater is their tendency towards

approximation. Agricultural improvement waits upon, and never precedes, industrial

development.....

10. As raw materials and finished products approximate in price, commerce grows,

with constant increase in the steadiness of the societary movement. As they become

more widely separated, trade acquires power, and the movement becomes, from year

to year, more fitful and irregular. With the one, the real MAN becomes daily more

developed. With the other, man becomes from day to day more thoroughly enslaved 278

CHAPTER XXIII.-OF THE INSTRUMENT OF ASSOCIATION.

I-Of Money and Price.

21.. Difficulty, in the early periods of society, of making exchanges of service.

General adoption of some certain commodity as a standard for the comparison of

values. Recommendations, for this purpose, of the precious metals........

2. Facility of association and combination resulting from the use of money. Of all

the machinery in use among men it is the one which most economizes human effort.

To the social body it is what atmospheric air is to the physical one-both supplying

the machinery of circulation....

3. Definition of price. Prices of raw materials rise as we approach the centres of

civilization, while those of finished commodities as regularly decline. Double loss to

the farmer who is distant from market, resulting from the low prices of the one, and

the high prices of the other. The more highly finished a commodity, the greater is its

tendency to fall of price.........

24. Land and labor, the ultimate raw material of all commodities, rise in price, as

men are more enabled to associate, and combine their efforts. Money the great instru-

ment furnished by Providence for facilitating association and combination. The more

perfect the supply thereof, the greater is the tendency towards freedom.................... 286

CHAPTER XXIV.-OF THE INSTRUMENT OF ASSOCIATION-CONTINUED.

II.-Of the Supply of Money.

1. Commodities tend to leave those places at which they have the least utility and

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