resources of the district, American settlers are fast hovering on the borders of the streams, where they prepare the great supplies of timber yearly floated into the St. John. At present all the produce raised by the agricultural part of the inhabitants of the Aroostook, as well as of those of the whole Upper St. John, is insufficient to supply the lumbermen, and importations of provisions are made upwards against the currents at a great expense. Being much farther advanced towards improvement than the Tobique, this stream will speedily supply the elements of a town, at the site where it enters the main stream. This result has been hastened by the termination of the Boundary dispute, since which period the Americans have advanced with great ardour to occupy the lands gained by their calculating diplomacy.

The St. John, at the mouth of the Tobique, runs at the rate of eight miles an hour, and is broken a little way below the Falls by two powerful rapids. The lands on each side are hilly; the soil is nevertheless fertile. Extensive surveys have recently been made in this quarter, in order to facilitate the settlement of the wild surface.

Fifteen miles above the Tobique, and five below the Falls, another small stream enters the St. John from the eastward, called the Salmon River. It traverses some fine table land, and a few families are settled at its mouth. Salmon were formerly very abundant in this rivulet; at present they are scarce: but trout and whitefish are still numerous.

A sudden turn in the river at the Grand Falls forms a little peninsula, at which there is a very pretty village, whose scenery is rendered extremely wild and romantic from being on the border of the cataract. Mills were constructed on the side of the Fall by the late Sir John Cauldwell, formerly Receiver-General of Lower Canada; and a wooden railway was laid across the peninsula to transport the lumber from the saws, and to avoid the boisterous rapids of the stream, in which it was in its descent much injured: but the establishment has not been successful. A town has recently been laid out at this place, which, from its peculiar situation, commands the trade of the upper country; and a canal cut across the little peninsula, to complete the navigation of the

A survey of this canal has been made, and it is presumed that the Government will have a work completed which will greatly add to the strength of the fortifications now in progress.

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river, would confer many advantages upon the inhabitants, and greatly facilitate the trade of the district above. The isthmus of the Falls is one of the oldest military posts in the Province; and since the settlement of the Boundary strife, the Government has commenced the erection of fortifications and the clearing of land, in order to protect this part of the frontier.

Having noticed the principal features of the lower parishes of Carlton, we now enter the District of Madawasca, or Upper St. John. About twelve miles above the Falls, Grand River enters the main stream from the north-west. This is a quiet rivulet, navigable for inland transport twenty miles. It passes through narrow belts of alluvium, and some good upland. After ascending the stream about twenty miles, and one of its branches called the Waagan a short distance, there is a portage of three miles to a branch of the Restigouche also called by the Indians Waagan. The portage is over a somewhat elevated ridge which divides the waters flowing into the St. John from those that fall into the Restigouche. The wilderness here has been overrun by fires, and the surface presents a very gloomy aspect. The Shiegash and Squisibish are small streams. Green River, so called from the green colour of its water, makes its débouchement twenty-five miles above the Falls. This stream is settled several miles from its mouth, and will float canoes and timber thirty miles from its sources. Green Mountain, near its border, is an eminence of considerable altitude.

The principal settlement of Madawasca borders upon a river of that name, and on both sides of the St. John, from the Grand Falls to the mouth of the St. Francis, upwards of forty miles. There are a few groups of farms and clearings beyond these limits, and the population is rapidly thickening and expanding. There is, however, far from being a dense population even in the more advanced parts of the district. The tract around the Madawasca River is the chief seat of business and cultivation. The population of the whole district in 1840 was 3,963 it will now probably exceed 4,500. There are three Roman Catholic Chapels in the parish: one of them is opposite the mouth of Green River, one four miles below Madawasca River, and the third at the Chataguan settlement, still higher up. The left bank of the Madawasca River is occupied in twelve miles' distance; and to

Lake Temiscouta, twenty-five miles, there are scattered improvements. Before the American claim was extended to the St. John, it was intended that the post-road should proceed from Woodstock, on the west side of the stream, to Green River, thence from the opposite bank to Trout River, whence it now proceeds to the Lake, and is continued over a portage of thirty-six miles to the River Du Loup, emptying itself into the St. Lawrence. The extremities of the parish have no roads, and the mail and passengers to and from Canada are poled and paddled along the St. John and Madawasca Rivers in canoes, which advance against the currents at a tardy rate. Her Majesty's Government has recently made a survey of this part of the country, in order to open a road from Quebec to the Grand Falls, and onward to Nova Scotia; but the construction of the railway now contemplated between Halifax and the St. Lawrence would at once consolidate all these isolated villages, and pour into the forests thousands of emigrants. The report of Sir James Alexander, R.E., who was engaged in the above service, is favourable to the enterprise.

The extreme branches of the St. John glide through a dense wilderness; but since the Americans have obtained the west side of the river along the Madawasca settlement, they are rapidly advancing to the pine-timber districts, and immigrating to the banks of the principal rivulets. Between the River St. Francis and the Merumplicook, the St. John washes a number of beautiful islands, and intervales are common on all its upper tributaries. Fish River enters from the westward a few miles above the Merumplicook. Here the Americans erected a small fort, and maintained a military establishment, during the disturbances on the border. The State of Maine also commenced the opening of a road from the Mattawamkeag, a branch of the Penobscot, to the mouth of the above stream. The Americans have commenced a settlement about twelve miles above Madawasca River; and the river-shore, now confirmed to them by the late treaty, will soon be occupied by enterprising farmers.

The Madawasca District is separated into three divisions: the upper, called St. Emelie; the middle, St. Basil; and the lower, Bruno. The lands in general are level or gently sloping; abrupt heights are rare. In the soil there is some diversity; but where it has not been worn

out by continued or imperfect tillage, it is fit for the plough. It is well watered, and the tributaries, with their branches, present numerous sites for machinery.

The inhabitants are French Acadians and Canadians, among whom are mixed a few Provincials and Americans. After the former had been driven from Nova Scotia, they commenced a settlement along the St. John in the neighbourhood of Fredericton. From that place also they were destined to be exiled; and on the arrival of the American Loyalists in 1783, and the disbanded soldiers of the Revolutionary War, they were compelled to retreat; and finally, they found a restingplace at Madawasca, where they are now established. The national relations of a part of these people have again been disturbed by the Ashburton Treaty, which, by granting to the Americans the west side of the St. John along the whole of the above district, has placed them under two different Governments, and thrown a considerable population of British subjects into a Republican State. If the forefathers of these people were considered as neutrals, it can scarcely be expected that the present generation would be very loyal to a Government by whom they have been driven from forest to forest, and finally, after fifty years of uninterrupted good feeling towards the Crown, a part of them are unceremoniously disposed of to another nation. The social condition of these people will be noticed in another chapter.

Notwithstanding the parish produces excellent Indian corn or maize, wheat, barley, oats, and other kinds of grain, the system of tillage is imperfect, and there is a lack of agricultural enterprise seldom seen among English settlers. The exports of the district consist of timber, a small quantity of wheat, furs, and maple sugar. Of the latter article several tons are made annually for home consumption. The trade is with Quebec, Woodstock, and Fredericton. To the latter places the habitans travel in batteaux and perogues, which are transported over the isthmus at the Falls, and poled against the rapids with much dexterity. The inhabitants of Madawasca are mainly its own offspring, among

• Canoes made by hollowing out large pine logs, which are shaped according to an approved mode. Some of these log canoes will carry twenty persons.