than the freedmen; and while the world is trying to elevate these latter in the social scale, we would be taking steps to degrade our working classes."1 But the appeal was without effect. The schools went down in the general ruin that followed the beginning of reconstruction. It now only remains for me to trace briefly the subsequent fortune of the remainder of the literary fund and to give the leading facts in the private life of Dr. Wiley. On July 4, 1868, the State was again reorganized by turning out all of the old officers and putting in others who had been elected under the constitution of 1868. Under the new régime Rev. S. S. Ashley was made superintendent of public instruction. His first report was made to the general assembly for the session of 1868-69, is dated November 10, 1868, and addressed to Provisional Governor Holden. The system was again reconstructed under the law of April 12, 1869, and Ashley continued in office until 1872. His report of November 10, 1868, contained a summary of the character and value of the literary fund which had escaped the wreck of war. The old literary fund was now known as the educational fund and owned stock as follows: Cape Fear Navigation Company, 650 shares, at $50... Wilmington and Manchester Railroad, 2,000 shares, at $100.. Total..... $32,500 502,700 544, 400 200,000 400,000 1,679,600 The bank stock, amounting to $1,047,100, was supposed to be nearly or quite worthless, and a thorough examination of the affairs of the banks was recommended. The affairs of the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad were undergoing an investigation. The corporation was bankrupt and "the prospect that this stock will be a source of income to the educational fund is not promising." "The stock of the Wilmington and Weldon road will probably become again profitable to the holders." The stock of the Cape Fear Navigation Company, of which the State owned 650 shares, was at that time "of no pecuniary benefit to the school fund. For twenty-nine years, ending with September, 1863, the annual dividends punctually paid to the State amounted to $1,300." The swamp lands were at that time of no pecuniary benefit. The amount derived from the tax on auctioneers and from the entry of vacant lands was about $1,500; the tax from retailers from October, 1867, to October, 1868, was $6,762.50. The fund also owned 6 per cent coupon bonds, dated prior to May 20, 1861, and amounting January 1, 1866, to $20,600. It had been increased by three 6 per cent certificates of indebtedness given by the State as follows: The total income of the school fund from all sources was $32,982.70. This represents all, and more than all, that had been saved from the great fund which had been accumulated and devoted to the common schools.3 1 Dr. Wiley had been one of the first to advocate the education of the negro. 2 Other superintendents have been as follows: Alexander McIver, 1873-1875; Stephen D. Pool, 1875-1877; John C. Scarborough, 1877-1885, 1893-1897; Sidney M. Finger, 1885-1893; Charles H. Mebane, 1897 to date. In January, 1869, the board of education proposed to issue $500,000 in bonds with interest payable semiannually for use of the school. The interest was to be secured by one-half of the tax for educational purposes and a sinking fund was to be created to meet the principal. During the next year (1869) all the railroad stock belonging to the fund was sold to W. T. Walters, of Baltimore. He paid for the 4,000 shares of Wilmington and Weldon Railroad $148,000, and for the 2,000 shares of the Wilmington and Manchester road $10,000. This money was invested in new State bonds, and the superintendent says: "The sale of these stocks will realize to the board a permanent paying capital of not less than $450,000. The original investment was $600,000. The loss, therefore, will not exceed $150,000. It is certainly cause for congratulation and encouragement that so large a sum has been rescued from a condition of utter unavailability and made to contribute yearly to the support of public schools." May 1, 1869, the stock of the Cape Fear Navigation Company was also sold for $3,250, or at the rate of 10 cents on the dollar. There were, besides these funds, stocks amounting to $1,097,100, which were considered as worthless (Bank of North Carolina, $502,700; Bank of Cape Fear, $544,400, and Roanoke Navigation Company, $50,000). When the Bank of North Carolina went into bankruptcy, an effort was made to protect the interests of the educational fund, and "by the advice of able legal counsel proceedings were instituted against the assignee in bankruptcy of the Bank of North Carolina to establish the right of the board of education to prove their stock in said bank as a debt against its assets in bankruptcy. The matter was argued before Chief Justice Chase at the late June term of the circuit court of the United States for this district, and the decision of the Chief Justice was against the board. An appeal was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, but in view of the uncertainty of gaining the case and of the great expense attending its prosecution, the appeal was withdrawn. The bank stock aforesaid owned by the board may therefore be considered worthless." "The Roanoke Navigation stock should be valuable; accordingly the board hopes to turn it to account," but it was then not available. After deducting these amounts it was found that the "net public-school fund" was "not less than $968,242.43" on November 1, 1869. In the report of Superintendent Ashley for 1870-71 the only source of revenue of the public schools mentioned are the State tax on polls, county tax on polls, special tax of one-twelfth of 1 per cent, and a tax on retailers of spirituous liquors. It was reported that the stock in the Bank of Cape Fear was worthless and could not be relied on for any "future pecuniary availability." Efforts had been made to sell the Roanoke Navigation stock, but to no purpose. There was due to the board from the State as accrued and unpaid interest on coupon bonds and certificates of indebtedness $60,291.75, besides $27,000 interest for one year on $450,000 in special-tax bonds purchased by the board from the proceeds of the sale of railroad stock. The total interest then due from the State was $87,291.75. I have been able to find no evidence that this sum was ever paid, unless it is included in the "special appropriation," made during the year 1870-71, of $92,976.04. The fortunes of the old literary fund may be summarized as follows: In 1860 this fund amounted to more than $2,000,000. The failure of the banks in whose stock a part of the principal was invested reduced this fund to less than $1,000,000 in 1869. This consisted in depreciated railroad stock, which was sold at from 10 to 37 cents on the dollar. The money thus realized was invested in North Carolina special-tax bonds, bought at a discount. These were repudiated by the State. From that time (1870) practically all the support of the public schools has been derived from the annual State, county, and municipal taxes.1 'It seems that there was a slight effort made after this to accumulate an educational fund. The report for 1872-73 gives, under the head of "Permanent fund," $23,307.264, which had been derived from entries on vacant lands, fines, and a balance on hand from the previous year. Of this sum, $16,218.75 was invested in United States bonds. The receipts of the "income fund" Perhaps the last offical act of Dr. Wiley in the position which he had honored so much was writing a pamphlet on the swamp lands of the State, which was published in 1867. It now only remains for me to notice his work as a private citizen in other capacities. career. Dr. Wiley had felt himself called to preach at an early period in his educational He studied theology and was licensed by Orange Presbytery in 1855. He was ordained sine titulo in 1866 and never held a settled pastorate. He was one of the executive committee to found the North Carolina Presbyterian and a contributor to its columns. His work for the schools had brought him a knowledge of the undeveloped lands and other resources of the State and, when the development boom came after the war, was solicited to become a partner in many schemes looking to exploiting these resources. In 1867 he was elected corresponding secretary of the North Carolina Land Company, at a salary of $1,000 a year, and began work January 15, 1868. The company proposed to invest in and develop the swamp lands of the State, and Dr. Wiley's business was to collect information for pamphlets which were to be circulated abroad. He also sought to make better known the resources of the State by calling a convention of the leading literary men of the State in Raleigh in July, 1869. On June 1, 1869, he became the general agent for the American Bible Society for middle and eastern Tennessee, and took up his residence in Jonesboro, Tenn. In March, 1874, on the resignation of Rev. P. A. Strobel, he was transferred to a similar position in North Carolina, and removed to Winston, N. C. In 1876 South Carolina was added to his field. He remained in this work until his death. Dr. Wiley would have been made the candidate of the Conservatives for superintendent of public instruction in 1872 had he not been kept out by political disability. Dr. Nereus Mendenhall became the candidate, but the party went down in defeat. In 1876 he was again proposed as a candidate on the Conservative ticket, and would, no doubt, have been nominated and elected but for his own sense of duty. He regretted that the public schools had been brought into political debate, but "in view of the situation and of what is expected of candidates nominated on party platforms, the arena where honorable and good men not of my vocation may lawfully strive is closed to me by my sense of the obligations of my sacred calling." During his later years he devoted himself as far as possible to advancing local educational interests, helped to establish the graded school in Winston, N. C., and was the chairman of its school board from its organization until his death. He served the State as superintendent of common schools for thirteen years. He was a Whig in politics, and was twice elected by the Whigs and five times by the Democrats. He was a trustee of the University of North Carolina from 1875 until his death, and, although he never held a regular charge, preached frequently to Presbyterian and other congregations. He received the degree of D. D. from the University of North Carolina in 1881, to whose interest he had been always devoted. He married Miss Mittie Towles in Raleigh, N. C., February 25, 1862. To this union seven children were born, of whom five still survive. Dr. Wiley included "interest on United States bonds" and "dividends Roanoke Navigation Company." These are the only items in this report which indicate that they might have come from the old literary fund. For the year 1873-74 the navigation dividends and interest on United States bonds amounted to $1,748.25. There was also an investment of $19,404.29 in United States bonds. These interest items amounted in 1874-75 to $2,461.50. There was then a further investment of $13,682.50 in United States bonds. These bonds seem to have been carried from year to year as a part of the assets of the educational fund until 1881, when they were sold under the direction of the legislature. They then amounted to $91,500 and were sold for $106,224.25. The fund also owned $99,200 in State bonds, which were offered for sale in 1882, but not sold. Dated at Winston, June 7, 1876. died in Winston, N. C., January 11, 1887. According to a personal friend, who knew him intimately, he "was very agreeable in social life. He was simple, gentle, unpretending, gracious, genial. He had a genuine fund of quiet humor, not anecdotical, but spontaneous and innocent. He was a guileless man-true, sincere, lovable." X. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALVIN H. WILEY. Dr. Wiley was a prolific writer. He produced works in history, economics, the ology, and fiction, as well as in education. It is not far from the truth to say that his writings represent the whole literature of the North Carolina common schools up to the close of the war. A list of his published writings, complete as it can be made with the sources at command, is added herewith: Alamance; | or, | the great and final experiment. [2 lines quotation.] New York: Harper & Brothers, publishers, | Pearl street, Franklin Square. | 1870. Svo, pp. 151. Library of Select Novels, No. 104. 1. The first edition was published by the Harpers in 1847, but no copy has been seen. reprint was contemplated in 1852 and a Confederate edition discussed in 1863. The edition of 1870 seems to have been made from the plates of the 1847 edition. A The scene is laid in Guilford County, N. C., and deals with the times of the Regulators. The Haunted Chamber (a story). Sartain's Union Magazine, Vol. IV, pp. 45-48 (1849). 2. 3. The Poor Student's Dream (a story). Ibid., Vol. IV, pp. 107-112 (1849). Roanoke; or, Where is Utopia? In Sartain's Union Magazine, Philadelphia, Vol. IV, pp. 189–195, 241-249, 305-312, 376; V, 5-12, 81-88, 145-152, 209-216, 273–282, 339-352 (1849). 4. This novel, begun in March, 1849, was attacked in some of the Southern papers as being too abolitionist in sentiment, and is defended by Wiley in the Greensboro Patriot, November 3, 1849, where he denies the charge. It was republished in London in 1851 under the title "Adventures of Old Dan Tucker and his son Walter" (see that title), and is probably the same as Utopia: A Picture of Early Life at the South, published by Peterson in 1852 (see that title). Roanoke; or, "where is Utopia?" | By C. H. Wiley. | Author of "Alamance," etc., etc. | Embellished with fourteen beautiful illustrations, | from original designs, | drawn expressly for this work, by Darley. | Philadelphia: | T. B. Peterson & Brothers. | 306 Chestnut street. 5. Copyrighted by T. B. Peterson & Brothers, 1866, Svo., pp., t p., 11, 19-156; 14 ills. With the historical appendix found in Sartain; double column edition; illustrations same as those in Old Dan Tucker. Another Edition: Philadelphia, Peterson, 1886. 6. A sober view of the slavery question: by a citizen of the South. n. t. p., n. p., n. d., [Dec., 1849]. 8vo. pp. 8. 7. Speech of Mr. Wiley on the "Bill to provide for the appointment of a superintendent of common schools, and for other purposes." Register, January 4, 1851, 54 columns. 8. Adventures of | Old Dan Tucker, | and | his son Walter: | A tale of North Carolina. | By C. H. Wiley. With numerous illustrations, by Felix O. C. Darley. [8 lines quotation] | London: | Willoughby & Co., 22, Warwick Lane. | [1851]. 9. 8vo. pp. t p. + ii + 222; 14 ills. Without the historical appendix found at the end of "Roanoke." The constitution | of | North Carolina; | with a historical account of its origin and changes: | together with | an account and explanation | of the questions of constitutional reform, | now agitating the people of the State; | a table showing the apportionment | of senators, and other matter connected with these subjects. | By a member of the last legislature. | Printed | at the N.C. Institution for the deaf and dumb and the blind. | 1851. 8vo., pp. iv. + 11.+ 150. 10. The object of this publication "is to diffuse popular and practical information concerning those questions of constitutional reform which are now agitating the people of the State." A number of the speeches presented had been made in the late legislature. The North-Carolina Reader: | containing a history and description of North Carolina, selections in prose and verse, | many of them by eminent citizens of the State, | historical and chronological tables, | and a | variety of miscellaneous information and | statistics. | By C. H. Wiley. | [3 lines quotations] | Illustrated with Engravings, and designed for Families and Schools. | Philadelphia: | Lippincott, Grambo & Co. | No. 14 North Fourth street, | And for sale by Agents, Merchants, and Booksellers, in all the Counties of North Carolina. [1851.] 12mo., pp. 359. Illustrations. 11. This Reader was first published in December, 1851 (copyrighted, 1851, and preface dated July 4, 1851), at Wiley's expense. The first part contains a sketch of the State, its geographical features, and its varied resources; the second gives the first popular school history of the State ever written; the third includes reading lessons, which were mostly the composition of North Carolinians or related to the State. The book was enthusiastically received by the whole press of the State; was approved and adopted by all classes of teachers, and rapidly found its way to the masses. The first edition, in 1851, was 1,000 copies. The issues made in 1852 and 1853 raised the whole number of copies published to 6,000. The whole of Dr. Wiley's interest was disposed of when he became superintendent of common schools, and there were efforts to make this a part of a series. For this purpose Prof. Fordyce M. Hubbard (1809-1888), of the University of North Carolina, was induced to undertake the preparation of the remaining volumes under the supervision of Dr. Wiley. The whole series was to be published by E. J. Hale & Son, of Fayetteville, but this scheme failed. The copyright, etc., was afterwards transferred to A. S. Barnes & Co., of New York. (See below.) The Reader became and remained a standard until the close of the war. It exerted a quiet but immense influence in creating and fostering a new spirit among the masses of the people. The following pages of the Reader may be ascribed to Dr. Wiley: General description of North Carolina, pp. 21-90 (except the poetry); Historical sketch of North Carolina, pp. 91-223; Female education-woman's mission, pp. 262-266 (reprinted in Our Living and Our Dead, I, pp. 273-276, November, 1874); The sand hills of North Carolina, extract from "Alamance," pp. 266-267; The mission of Washington-Union among men, pp. 269-273, omitted in revised edition; Resources of North Carolina, pp. 338-339, omitted in revised edition. New edition, 1856 (not seen). 12. The North-Carolina Reader | number III. | [seal of State] | Prepared, | with special reference to the wants and | interests of North Carolina, | under the auspices of the | superintendent of common schools | containing | selections in prose and verse. | By C. H. Wiley. | New York: | A. S. Barnes & Co., 51 John street. | Fayetteville: E. J. Hale & Son. | Raleigh: W. L. Pomeroy. | 1859. 12mo., pp. 1-6+4-351. Illustrations. 13. This issue is the same as that of 1856; a few of the extracts in the edition of 1851 have been omitted and a few new ones inserted, but there is little difference. Another issue, A. S. Barnes & Burr, 1860. 14. Three editorials in the Southern Weekly Post for January 24, 1852. 15. lina. One-half column. 16. |