I. Ususfructus à proprietate separationem recipit, idque pluribus modis accidit: ut eccè, si quis usumfructum alicui legaverit: nam hæres nudam habet proprietatem, legatarius vero usumfructum. Et contra, si fundum legaverit deducto usufructu, legatarius nudam habet proprietatem, hæres verò usumfructum. Item alii usumfructum, alii, deducto eo, fundum legare potest. Sine testamento verò si quis velit usumfructum alii constituere, pactionibus et stipulationibus id efficere debet. Ne tamen in universum inutiles essent proprietates, semper abscedente usufructu, placuit certis modis extingui usumfructum, et ad proprietatem reverti.

$ 1. The usufruct may be in various ways separated from the property, as when it is bequeathed: for naked property only is then vested in the heir, while the legatee possesses the usufruct; it happens on the contrary, when a testator hath bequeathed his lands without the usufruct; for then the legatee hath only the bare property, while the heir enjoys the profits: for the usufruct may be bequeathed to one, and the lands, without the usufruct, to another. Yet, if any man would constitute an usufruct otherwise than by testament, he must do it by pact, and stipulation. But, lest the property of lands should be rendered wholly unbeneficial by deducting the usufruct for ever, it was thought convenient, that the usufruct should by certain means become extinguished, and revert to the property.

II. Constituitur autem ususfructus non tantùm in fundo et ædibùs, verum etiam in servis, et jumentis, et cæteris rebus; exceptis iis, quæ ipso usu consumuntur: nam hæ res neque naturali ratione neque civili, recipiunt usumfructum: quo in numero sunt, vinum, oleum, frumentum, vestimenta : quibus proxima est, pecunia numerata: namque ipso usu, assidua permutatione, quodammodo extinguitur. Sed utilitatis causâ Senatus censuit, posse etiam earum rerum usumfructum constitui, ut tamen eo nomine hæredi utilitèr caveatur: itaque, si pecuniæ ususfructus legatus sit, ita datur legatario, ut ejus fiat; et legatarius satisdet hæredi de tantâ pecuniâ restituendâ si morietur, aut capite minuetur. Cæteræ quoque res ita traduntur legatario, ut ejus fiant: sed æstimatis his satisdatur, ut, si moriatur aut capite minuatur, tanta pecunia restituatur, quanti hæ fuerint æstimatæ. Ergo Senatus non fecit quidem earum rerum usumfructum, (nec enim poterat,) sed per cautionem quasi usumfructum constituit.

2. The usufruct not only of lands and houses is grantable, but also of slaves, cattle, and other things; except those which are consumed by use; for the usufruct of such things is neither grantable by civil policy, or natural reason; among these may be reckoned wine, oil, cloaths, &c., money is nearly of the same nature; for by constant use, and the frequent change of owners, it in a manner becomes extinct. But the senate, through a motive of public utility, hath ordained, that the usufruct of these things may be constituted, if sufficient security be given to the heir: and therefore, if the usufruct of money is bequeathed, the money is so given to the legatee as to make it instantly his own: but then the legatee, lest he should die, or suffer diminution, is obliged to give security to the heir for the repayment of a like sum. Other things also, are so delivered to the legatee as to become his property; but in this case, after valuation, security must be given to the heir for the payment of that amount, either at the death of the legatee, or if he should suffer diminution. It is not therefore to be understood, that the senate hath created strict usufruct of these things, which is impossible: but a quasi-usufruct by means of a security.

capitis diminutionibus, maximâ et mediâ, and non utendo per modum et tempus; quæ omnia nostra statuit constitutio. Item finitur ususfructus, si domino proprietatis ab usufructario cedatur, (nam cedendo extraneo nihil agitur,) vel ex contrario, si usufructarius proprietatem rei acquisiverit: quæ res consolidatio appellatur. Eo ampliùs constat, si ædes incendio comsumptæ fuerint, vel etiam terræ motu, vel vitio suo corruerint, extingui usumfructum; et ne areæquidem usumfructum deberi.

by two of the three namely, the greatest and the middle diminution, (or change of state; and also by not being used, according to the manner and during the time prescribed: all which is set forth in our constitution. The usufruct also determines if the usufructuary surrender it to the lord of the property; for a cession to a stranger is of no avail: or if the usufructuary hath acquired the property, which is called consolidation. And it is certain, if a house hath been consumed by fire, or thrown down by an earthquake, or fallen through decay, that the usufruct of such house is wholly destroyed; and that no usufruct of the area, or ground of it, enures to the usufructuary.

IV. Cum autem finitus fuerit totus ususfructus, revertitur scilicet ad proprietatem; et, ex eo tempore, nudæ proprietatis dominus incipit plenam in re habere potesta

tem.

4. When the whole usufruct of a thing is determined, it then reverts to the property; and from that time, the owner of the nude property begins to have full power over it.