Page images
PDF
EPUB

rit, dicendum est, statim rem emp- have given credit to the buyer, we

toris fieri.

must affirm, that the things become instantly the property of the latter.

3. Ampliatio.

§ XLII. Nihil autem interest, utrum ipse dominus tradat alicui rem suam, an volantate ejus alius, cui ejus rei possessio permissa sit. Quâ ratione, si cui libera universorum negotiorum administratio permissa fuerit à domino, isque ex his negotiis rem vendiderit et tradiderit faciet eam accipientis.

$42. It is the same whether the owner deliver the article himself, or another to whom the possession of it was entrusted, deliver it with the owner's consent. Hence, if the management of all business be commited by a proprietor to any person, who shall by virtue of his commission, sell and deliver goods, they will become the property of the receiver.

De quasi traditione. Si traditio ex alia causa præcesserit.

§ XLIII. Interdùm etiam, sinè traditione nuda voluntas dominisufficit ad rem transferendam; veluti si rem, quam tibi aliquis commodaverit, aut locaverit, aut apud te deposuerit, postea aut vendiderit tibi, aut donaverit, aut dotis nomine dederit: quamvis enim èx eâ causa tibi eam non tradiderit, eo tamen ipso, quod patitur tuam esse, statim tibi acquiritur proprietas, perindè ac si eo nomine tibi tradita fuisset.

$43. In some cases, the consent of the proprietor without delivery is sufficient to transfer property; as when a person hath lent, hired, or deposited in your possession any thing, and hath afterwards sold it to you, made a donation of it, or given it to you as a marriage portion : for although not originally delivered for any of these purposes, yet, as soon as it becomrs notoriously yours you have instantly acquired the property and that as fully, as if it had actually been delivered as a thing sold, a donation, or a marriage portion.

De traditione clavium.

XLIV. Item, si quis merces in horreo depositas vendiderit, simul atque claves horrei tradiderit emptori, transfert proprietatem mercium ad emptorem.

$44. Also if a person hath sold merchandise, deposited in a storehouse, he is understood to have transferred the property, on delivering the keys of the store-house to the buyer.

De missilibus.

$ XLV. Hoc ampliùs; interdum et in certam personam collata voluntas domini transfert rei proprietatem: ut eccè, prætores et consules, missilia jactant in vulgus, ignorant quid eorum quisque sit excepturus et tamen, quia volunt, quod quisque acceperit, ejus esse, statim eum dominorum efficiunt.

$45. It also sometimes happens that the property of a thing is transferred, by the master of it, to an incertain person: as when the prætors and consuls cast their missilia, or liberalities, among the people, they know not what any particular man will receive: yet, because it is their will, that what every man then receives shall be his own, it instantly becomes his property.

De habitis pro derelicto.

SIXLVI. Quâ ratione veriùs esse videtur, si rem pro derelicto à domino habitam occupaverit quis, statim eum dominum effici. Pro derelicto autem habetur, quod dominus eâ mente abjecerit, ut id in humero rerum suarum esse nolit: ideòque statim dominus ejus esse desinit.

46. By parity of reason it appears that whatever hath been made a derelict by the owner, will become the property of the first occupant. Whatever hath been thrown away or abandoned by the owner, with intent, that it might no longer be reckoned among his possessions, is accounted a derelicti: and ceases to be his property.

De jactis in mare levandæ navis causa Item de his, quæ de rheda currente cadunt,

$ XLVII. Alia sanè causâ est carum rerum, quæ in tempestate levandæ navis causà ejiciuntur: hæ enim dominorum permanent: quia palem est, eas non eo animo ejici, quod quis eas habere nolit, sed quo magis cum ipsa navi maris periculum effugiat. Quâ de causâ, si quis eas fluctibus expulsas, vel etiam in ipso mari nactus, lucrandi animo abstulerit, furtum committit. Nec longè videntur discedere ab his, quæ de rhedâ currente, non intelligentibus dominis, cadunt.

$47. But the law is not so in respect of things thrown overboard in a storm, to lighten a vessel; for they remain the property of the owners; seeing it is evident, that they were not thrown away, through dislike, but that persons in the ship might avoid the dangers of the sea. Hence whoever with a selfish intention, hath taken up such goods, although found upon the high sea, he is guilty of theft. And, goods which have dropped from a carriage in motion, without the knowledge of the owner may be considered in the same light.

TITULUS SECUNDUS.

DE REBUS CORPORALIBUS ET INCORPORALIBUS.

Secunda rerum divisio.

QUÆDAM præterea res corporales sunt, quædam incorporales. Corporales hæ sunt, quæ sui naturâ tangi possunt; veluti fundus, homo, vestis, aurum, argentum, et denique aliæ res innumerabiles. Incorporales autem sunt, quæ tangi non possunt: qualia sunt ea, quæ in jure consistunt; sicut hæreditas, ususfructus, usus, et obligationes, quoque modo contractæ. Nec ad rem pertinet, quod in hæreditate res corporales continentur: nam et fructus, qui ex fundo percipiuntur, corporales sunt: et id, quod ex aliquâ obligatione nobis debetur, plerùmque corporale est; veluti fundus, homo, pecunia: nam ipsum jus hæreditatis, et ipsum jus utendi, fruendi, et ipsum jus obligationis, incorporale est. Eodem numero sunt et jura prædiorum urbanorum et rusticorum, quæ etiam servitutes vocantur.

Morever some things are corporeal others incorporeal. Things corporeal are tangible; as, lands, slaves, vestments, gold, silver, and others, innumerable. Things incorporeal are those, which are not tangible, but consist in rights and privileges; as inheritances, usufructs, uses, and all obligations however contracted: nor is it an objection that things corporeal are contained in an inheritance; for fruits, gathered from the earth, are corporeal; and that also is generally corporeal, which is due to us upon an obligation; as a field, a slave, or money: for, the right to an inheritance, the right of using and enjoying any particular thing, and the right of an obligation, are undoubtedly incorporeal. To these may be added the rights, (or qualities,) of rural and city estates, termed services.

TITULUS TERTIUS.

DE SERVITUTIBUS RUSTICORUM ET URBANORUM PRÆDIORUM.

D. viii. T. 1. et 2. C. iii. T. 34.

De servitutibus rusticis.

RUSTICORUM prædiorum jura sunt hæc: iter, actus, via, aquæductus. Iter est jus eundi, ambulandi, hominis; non etiam jumentum agendi vel vehiculum. Actus est, jus agendi jumentum vel vehiculum. Itaque, qui habet iter, actum non habet: sed, qui actum habet, et iter habet, eoque uti potest etiam sinè jumento. Via est jus eundi, et agendi, et ambulandi: nam iter et actum, via in se contiAquæductus est jus aquæ ducendæ per fundum alienum.

net.

The rights or services of rural estates are these; a path, Iter; a road, actus; an highway, via; and an aqueduct or free passage for water. A path is the right of passing and repassing on foot over another man's ground, but not of driving cattle or a carriage over it. A road implies the liberty of driving either cattle or carriages: hence he who hath a path, hath not a road: but he, who hath a road, hath inclusively a path; for he may use such road, when he both not drive cattle. A highway imports the right of passing, driving cattle, &c. and includes in it doth a path and a road and an aqueduct imports the right of leading water, through the grounds of another.

De servitutibus urbanis.

SI. Prædiorum urbanorum servitutes sunt hæ, quæ ædificiis inhærent; ideò urbanorum prædiorum dictæ, quoniam ædificia omnia urbana prædia appellamus, etsi in villa ædificata sunt. Itèm urbanorum prædiorum servitutes sunt hæ; ut vicinus onera vicini sustineat: ut in parietem ejus liceat vicino tignum immittere: ut stillicidium, vel flumen, recipiat quis in ædes suas, vel

1. The services of city-estates are such as appertain to buildings: they are so called because we call all edifices, city-estates, although built upon farms or in villages. It is required by city-services, that neighbours should bear the burdens of neighbours; and by such services, one neighbour may be permitted to place a beam upon, the wall of another; may be compelled to

in aream, vel in cloacam, vel non recipiat: et ne altiùs quis tollat ædes suas, ne luminibus vicini officiat.

receive the droppings and currents from the gutter-pipes of another man's house, upon his own house, area, or sewer; or may be exempted from receiving them; or may be restrained from raising his house, so as to darken the habitation of his neighbour.

De reliquis servitutibus rusticis. II. Inter rustiorum prædiorum servitutes quidam computari rectè putant aquæ haustum, pecoris ad aquam appulsum, jus pascendi, calcis coquendæ, arenæ fodiendæ.

2. Some rightly judge, that, among rural services, we ought to reckon the right of drawing water, watering and feeding cattle, burning lime, digging sand, &c. in the ground of another.

Qui servitutem debere vel acquirere possunt. § III. Ideò autem hæ servitutes prædiorum appellantur, quoniam sinè prædiis consistere non possunt. Nemo enim potest servitutem acquirere urbani vel rustici prædii, nisi qui habet prædium; nec quisquam debere, nisi qui prædium habet.

§ 3. All these are called the services of estates; because they cannot be constituted without an estate to support them; for no man can either owe, or acquire, a rural or city service, if he possess neither house or lands.

Quibus modis servitus constituitur.

§ IV. Si quis velit vicino aliquod jus constituere, pactionibus atque stipulationibus id efficere debet. Potest etiam quis testamento hæredem suum damnare, ne altiùs tollat ædes suas, ne luminibus vicini officiat; vel ut patiatur eum tignum in parietem suum immittere, stillicidiumve adversus eum habere; vel ut patiatur eum per fundum ire, agere, aquamve ex eo ducere.

$ 4. When it is wished to demise the right of a service to another, it should be done by contract and stipulation. A man may also by testament prohibit his heir from heightening his house, lest he should obstruct the view of his neighbour; or may oblige him to permit the rafter of another man's house, to be laid upon his wall: or to receive upon his own house the droppings of another's; or suffer any person to walk, drive cattle, or draw water in his grounds.

« PreviousContinue »