TITULUS VIGESIMUS-QUARTUS. DE SATISDATIONE TUTORUM, VEL CURATORUM. Qui satisdare cogantur. NE tamen pupillorum, pupillarumve, et eorum, qui quæve in curatione sunt, negia à curatoribus tutoribusve consumantur vel diminuantur, curet prætor, ut et tutores et curatores eo nomine satisdent. Sed hoc non est perpetuum; nam tutores testamento dati, satisdare non coguntur: quia fides eorum et diligentia ab ipso testatore approbata est. Item ex inquisitione tutores vel curatores dati, satisdatione non onerantur, quia idonei electi sunt. It is a branch of the prætor's office to see, that tutors and curators give a sufficient security for the safety and indemnification of their pupils. But this is not always necessary; for a testamentary tutor is not compelled to give security, inasmuch as his fidelity and diligence seem sufficiently approved of by the testator. Also tutors, and curators appointed upon inquiry, are supposed to be qualified, and therefore not obliged to give security. Quatenus satisdatio in iis, qui satisdare non compelluntur, locum habere possit, I. Sed, si ex testamento vel inquisitione duo pluresve dati fuerint, potest unus offerre satisdationde indemnitate pupilli vel adolescentis, et contutori suo vel concuratori præferri, ut solus administret; vel ut contutor aut concurator satis of ferens præponatur ei, ut et ipse solus administret. Itaque per se non potest petere satisdationem â contutore vel concuratore; sed offerre debet, ut electionem det concuratori vel contutori suo, utrum velit satis accipere, an satisdare. Quod si nemo eorum satis offerat, siquidem adscriptum fuerit â testatore, quis gerat, ille gerere debet; quod si non fuerit adscriptum, quem major pars § 1. If two, or more, are appointed by testament, or by a magistrate, after inquiry, to be tutors or curators, any one of them, by offering security, may be preferred to the sole administration, or cause his cotutor, or co-curator, to give security, in order to be admitted himself to the administration. Thus a man cannot demand security from his co-tutor or co-curator; but by offering it himself, he may compel his co-tutor, or co-curator, to give or receive security. When no security is offered, the person appointed by the testator must be preferred; but, if no such person be appointed, then he must administer whom a elegerit, ipse gerere debet, ut edicto prætoris cavetur. Sin autem ipsi tutores dissenserint circa eligendum eum vel eos, qui gerere debent, prætor partes suas inteponere debet. Idem et in pluribus ex inquisitione datis comprobandum est; id est, ut major pars eligere possit, per quem administratio fiat. majority of the tutors shall elect, according to the prætorian edict: if they disagree in their choice, the prætor may interpose. The same rule is to be observed, when many, either tutors or curators, are nominated on inquisition by the magistrate, viz. that a majority determine who shall administer. Qui ex administratione tutelæ vel curationis tenentur. § II. Sciendum autem est, non solùm tutores vel curatores pupillis vel adultis, cæterisque personis, ex administratione rerum teneri: sed etiam in eos, qui satisdationem accipiunt, subsidiariam actionem esse, quæ ultimum eis præsidium possit afferre. Subsidiaria autem actio in eos datur, qui aut omninò â tutoribus vel curatoribus satisdari non curaverunt, aut non idonèe passi sunt caveri: quæ quidem tam ex prudentum responsis, quam ex constitutionibus imperialibus, etiam in hæredes eorum extenditur. 2. It is to be noted that tutors and curators are not alone subject to an action, on account of administering the affairs of pupils, minors, and others under their protection. For a subsidiary action, which is the last remedy to be used, will also lie against a magistrate either for entirely omitting to take, or for taking insufficient sureties: and this action according to the answers of the lawyers, as well as by the imperial constitutions, is extended even against the heir of such magistrate. Si tutor vel curator cavere nolit. III. Quibus constitutionibus et illud exprimitur, ut, nisi caveant tutores et curatores, pignoribus captis coerceantur. 3. By the same constitutions it is expressly enacted, that tutors and curators, who refuse to give caution, may be compelled to it. Qui dicta actione non tenentur. IV. Neque autem præfectus § 4. Neither the præfect of the city, urbi, neque prætor, neque præses nor the prætor, nor the governor of provinciæ, neque quisqaum alius, a province, nor any other, who has cui tutores dandi jus est, hac ac- power to assign tutors, shall be tione tenebitur: sed hi tantummo- subject to a subsidiary action: but do, qui satisdationem exigere so- those magistrates only are liable to lent. it, who exact the security. TITULUS VIGESIMUS-QUINTUS. DE EXCUSATIONIBUS TUTORUM VEL CURATORUM. D. xxvii. T. 1. C. v. T. 62. De numero liberorum. EXCUSANTUR autem tutores et curatores variis ex causis; plerùmque tamen propter liberos, sive in potestate sint, sive emancipati. Si enim tres liberos superstites Romæ quis habeat, vel in Italiâ quatuor, vel in provinciis quinque, à tutelâ vel curâ potest excusari, exemplo cæterorum munerum; nam et tutelam et curam placuit publicum munus esse. Sed adoptivi liberi non prosunt; in adoptionem autem dati naturali parti, prosunt. Item nepotes ex filio prosunt, ut in locum patris sui succedant; ex filiâ non prosunt. Filii autem superstites tantum ad tutelæ vel curæ muneris excusationem prosunt: defuncti autem non prosunt. Sed, si in bello amissi sunt, quæsitum est, an prosint? Et constat, eos solos prodesse, qui in acie amituntur. Hi enim, qui pro republicâ ceciderunt, in perpetuùm per gloriam vivere intelliguntur. Persons, nominated as tutors, or curators, may, upon diverse accounts, excuse themselves; generally as having children, whether subject, or emancipated. For at Rome, if a man has three children living, in Italy four, or in the Provinces five, he may therefore be excused from tutelage and curation, as well as from other employments of a public nature; for both tutelage and curation are esteemed public offices. But adopted children will not avail the adoptor; they will nevertheless excuse their natural father, who gave them in adoption. Also grandchildren by a son, when they succeed in place of their father, will excuse their grand-father; but grandchildren by a daughter will not. Those children only, who are living, can excuse from tutelage and curation; the deceased are of no avail: should it be asked if a parent can count upon sons, destroyed in war? We must answer, he can avail himself of those only, who perished in battle: for those who have fallen for the republic, are esteemed to live in the immortality of their fame. De administratione rei fiscalis. SI. Item divus Marcus in semestribus rescripsit, eum, qui res fisci administrat, à tutelâ et curâ quamdiù administrat, excusari pos se. $1. The emperor Marcus declared by rescript from his Semestrial council, that a person engaged in the Treasury Department is excused from tutelage and curation, while so employed. De absentia reipublicæ causa. § II. Item, qui reipublicæ causâ absunt, à tutelâ vel curà excusantur. Sed et, si fuerint tutores vel curatores dati, deinde reipublicæ causâ abesse cœperint, à tutelâ vel curâ excusantur, quatenus reipublicæ causâ absunt: et interea curator loco eorum datur; qui, si reversi fuerint, recipiunt onus tutelæ nam nec anni habent vacationem, ut Papinianus libro quinto responsorum scripsit: nam hoc spatium habent ad novas tutelas vocati. 2. Persons absent on public business, are exempted from tutelage and curation; and if such, who are already assigned to be either tutors or curators, should afterwards be thus absent, they are excused while they continue in public service; and curators must be appointed in their place; on their return, they must again take upon them the burden of tutelage. But they are not intitled (as Papinian asserts in the fifth book of his answers) to the privilege of a year's vacation: for that term is allowed to those only, who are called to a new tutelage. |