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troducta esset. Eo enim ipso, quod hæreditates libertorum libertarumque, si intestati decessissent, jusserat lex ad patronos liberosve eorum pertinere, crediderunt veteres, voluisse legem, etiam tutelas ad eos pertinere; cum et agnatos, quos ad hæreditatem lex vocat, eosdem et tutores esse jusserit; quia plerùmque, ubi successionis est emolumentum, ibi et tutelæ onus esse debet. Ideo autem diximus plerumque, quia, si fœminâ impubes manumittatur, ipsa ad hæreditatem vocatur, cum alius sit tutor.

had been introduced by express words. For, inasmuch as the law commands, that patrons and their children shall succeed to the inheritance of their freed-men or freed-women who die intestate, the ancient lawyers were of opinion that tutelage also by implication should belong to patrons and their children. And the law, which calls agnati to the inheritance, commands them to be tutors, because the advantage of succession ought to be attended in most cases with the burden of tutelage. We have said in most cases, because, if a person, not arrived at puberty, is manumitted by a female, she is called to the inheritance, but not to the turtelage.

TITULUS DECIMUS-OCTAVUS.
DE LEGITIMA PARENTUM TUTELA.

EXEMPLO patronorum recepta est et alia tutela, quæ et ipsa legitima vocatur; nam, si quis filium aut filiam, nepotem aut neptem ex filio, et deinceps, impuberes emancipaverit, legitimus eorum tutor erit.

Another kind of tutelage termed legal, is received in imitation of parental: for, if a parent emancipate a son, a daughter, a grand-son, or a grand-daughter, who is the issue of that son, or any others descended from him by males in a right line and not arrived at puberty, then shall such parent be their legal tutor,

TITULUS DECIMUS-NONUS.

DE FIDUCIARIA TUTELA.

Filii-familias a patre manumissi pater tutor est legitimus: eo vero defuncto, frater tutor fiduciarius existit.

EST et alia tutela, quæ fiduciaria appellatur: nam, si parens filium vel filiam, nepotem vel neptem, vel deinceps, impuberes manumiserit, legitimam nanciscitur corum tutelam quo defuncto, si liberi ejus virilis sexus existant, fiduciarii turores filiorum suorum, vel fratris, vel sororis, vel cæteroruin, efficiuntur. Atqui, patrono legitimo tutore mortuo, liberi quoque ejus legitimi sunt tutores: quoniam filius quidem defuncti, si non esset à vivo patre emancipatus, post obitum ejus sui juris efficeretur, nee in fratrum potestatem recideret, ideòque nec in tutelam. Libertus autem, si servus mansisset, utique eodem jure apud liberos domini post mortem ejus futurus esset. Ita tamen hiad tutelam vocantur, si perfectæ sint ætatis; quod nostra constitutio in omnibus tutelis et curationibus observari generalitèr ræcepit.

There is another kind of tutelage called fiduciary; for, if a parent emancipate a son or a daughter, a grand-son or a grand-daughter, or any other child, not arrived at puberty, he is then their legal tutor; but, at his death, his male children of age become the fiduciary tutors of their own sons, or of a brother, a sister, or of a brother's children emancipated by the deceased. But when a patron, who is a legal tutor, dies, his children also become legal tutors. The reason of which difference is this: a son, although never emancipated, becomes independent at the death of his father; and therefore as he falls not under power of his brothers, he cannot be under their legal tutelage. But the condition of a slave is not altered at the death of his master; for he then becomes a slave to the children of the deceased. None can be called to tutelage, unless of full age; and our constitution hath commanded this rule to be generally observed in all tutelages and curations.

TITULUS VIGESIMUS.

DE ATILIANO TUTORE, ET EO, QUI EX LEGE JULI A ET TITIA DABATUR.

D. xxvi. T. 5. C. v. T. 34 et 36.

Jus antiquum, si nullus sit tutor.

SI cui nullus omninò tutor fuerat, et dabatur, in urbe quidem à prætore urbano et majore parte tribunorum plebis, tutor ex lege Atilia: in provinciis verò â præsidibus provinciarum ex lege Julia et Titia.

Under the law Alilia, the prætor of the city, with a majority of the tribunes, might assign tutors to all who were not otherwise intitled. In the provinces, tutors were appointed by the respective governors under the law Julia and Tilia.

Si
spes sit futuri tutoris testamentarii.

§ I. Sed et, si in testamento tutor sub conditione, aut ex die certo datus fuerat, quamdiu conditio aut dies pendebat, iisdem legibus tutor alius interìm dari poterat. Item si purè datus fuerat, quamdiu ex testamento nemo hæres existebat, tamdiu ex iisdem legibus tutor peten dus erat, qui desinebat esse tutor, si conditio extiterat, aut dies venerat, aut hæres extiterat.

1. If a testamentary tutor had been appointed conditionally, or from a certain day, another tutor might have been assigned by virtue of the above named laws, while the condition depended or until the day came. Also if a tutor had been given unconditionally, yet, as long as the testamentary heir deferred taking upon him the inheritance, another tutor might have been appointed during the interval. But his office ceased, when the condition happened, the day came, or the inheritance was entered upon.

Si tutor ab hostibus sit captus.

SII. Ab hostibus quoque tutore capto, ex his legibus tutor petebatur; qui desinebat esse tutor, si is, qui captus erat, in civitatem reversus fuerat: nam reversus recipiebat tutelam jure postliminii.

2. By the Atilian and Julio-titian laws, if a tutor was taken by the enemy, another tutor was applied for whose office ceased, of course, when the first tutor returned from captivity; for he then resumed the tutelage by his right of return.

Quando et cur desierint ex dictis legibus tutores dari.

§ III. Sed ex his legibus tutores pupillis desierunt dari, posteaquam primò consules pupillis utriusque sexus tutores ex inquisitione dare cœperunt, deinde prætores ex constitutionibus. Nam supradictis legibus neque de cautione à tutoribus exigendâ, rem pupillis salvam fore, neque de compellendis tutoribus ad tutelæ administrationem, quicquam cavebatur.

3. But these laws fell into disuse, first when the consuls began to assign tutors to pupils of either sex, on inquisition; and next, when the prætors were invested with the same authority by imperial constitutions. For, by the above mentioned laws, no security was required from the tutors for the forthcoming of the property, neither were they compelled to act.

Jus novum.

IV. Sed hoc jure utimur, ut Romæ quidem præfectus urbi, vel prætor secundum suam jurisdictionem, in provinciis autem præsides ex inquisitione, tutores crearent; vel magistratus jussu præsidum, si non sint magnæ pupillis facultates.

$ 4. But latterly, at Rome, the præfect of the city, or the prætor according to his jurisdiction, and, in the provinces, the respective governors may assign tutors upon inquiry; so may an inferior magistrate at the command of a governor, if the possessions of the pupil are not large.

Jus novissimum.

SV. Nos autem, per constitutionem nostram hujusmodi difficultates hominum resecantes, nec expectatâ jussione præsidum, disposuimus, si facultates pupilli vel adulti usque ad quingentos solidos valeant, defensores civitatum unà cum ejusdem civitatis religiosissimo antistite, vel alias personas publicas, id est, magistratus, vel juridicum Alexandrinæ civitatis, tutores vel curatores creare; legitimâ cautelâ secundùm ejusdem consti

tutionis normam præstandâ, videlicet eorum periculo, qui eam accipiunt.

§ 5. But for the ease of our subjects we have ordained, that the judge of Alexandria and the magistrates of every city, together with the chief ecclesiastic, may assign tutors or curators to pupils or adults, whose fortunes do not exceed five hundred aurei, without waiting for the command of the governor, to whose province they belong. But all such magistrates must, at their peril, take from every tutor, so appointed, the security required by our constitution.

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In quibus causis auctoritas sit necessaria.

AUCTORITAS autem tutoris in quibusdam causis necessaria pupillis est, in quibusdam non est necessaria: ut, ecce, si quid dari sibi stipulentur, non est necessaria tutoris auctoritas; quod si aliis promittant pupilli, necessaria est tutoris auctoritas namque placuit, meliorem quidem conditionem licere iis facere etiam sinè tutoris auctoritate; deteriorem verò non aliter, quam cum tutoris auctoritate. Unde in his causis, ex quibus obligationes mutuæ nascuntur, ut in emp

The authority or confimation of a tutor is in some cases necessary, and in others not. and in others not. When a man stipulates to make a gift to a pupil, the authority of the tutor is not requisite; but, if a pupil enters into a contract, it is so; for the rule is, that pupils may better their condition, but not impair it, without the authority of their tutors. And therefore in all cases of mutual obligation, as in buying, selling, letting, hiring, mandates, deposites, &c. he, who contracts with a pupil, is bound

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