Servus autem alienus pure inutiliter testamento datur tutor: sed ita, cum liber erit, utiliter datur. Proprius autem servus inutiliter eo modo tutor datur. slave to be free, by testament appoints him, as such, to be a tutor, the appointment will not avail. Also the absolute appointment of another man's slave to be a tutor is altogether ineffectual; but, if the appointment is upon condition that the person appointed obtains his freedom, then it is well made: but if a man by testament appoints his own slave to be a tutor, when he shall obtain his liberty, the appointment will be void. De furioso et minore viginti-quinque annis. § II. Furiosus, vel minor vigintiquinque annis, tutor testamento datus, tutor tunc erit, cum compos mentis, aut major viginti-quinque annis, fuerit factus. Quibus modis III. Ad certum tempus, vel ex certo tempore, vel sub conditione, vel ante hæredis institutionem posse pari tutorem non dubitatur. Cui IV. Certæ autem rei, vel causæ, tutor dari non potest: quia personæ non causæ, vel rei, tutor datur. §2. If a madman or minor (under twenty-five) is by testament appointed tutor, the one shall begin to act, when he becomes of sound mind, and the other, when he has completed his twenty-fifth year. tutores dantur. $ 3. It is not doubted, but that a testamentary tutor may be appointeither until a certain time, or from a certain time, or conditionally, or before the institution of an heir. dantur. 4. A tutor cannot be assigned to any particular thing, or upon any certain account, but can only be given to persons. De tutore dato filiabus, vel filiis, vel liberis, vel nepotibus. V. Si quis filiabus suis, vel filiis, tutores dederit, etiam posthumæ vel posthumo dedisse videtur: quia, filii vel filiæ appellatione, et posthumus et posthuma continentur. Quod si nepotes sint, an appellatione filiorum et ipsis tutores dati $ 5. If a man nominates a tutor for his sons or daughters, the nomination extends to his posthumous issue; because, under the appellation of son or daughter, a posthumous child is comprehended. But, are grand-children denoted by the word sint? Dicendum est, ut et ipsis quoque dati videantur, si modò liberos dixerit; cæterùm, si filios, non continebuntur. Alitèr enim filii, alitèr nepotes appellantur. Planè, si posteris dederit, tam filii posthumi, quam cæteri liberi, contine buntur. sons? we answer, that under children, grand-children are included, but not under sons: for son and grand-son, differ in signification. But, if a testator assigns a tutor to his descendants, it is evident, that not only his posthumous sons are comprehended, but all his other children. TITULUS DECIMUS-QUINTUS. DE LEGITIMA AGNATORUM TUTELA. D. xxxvi. T. 4. C. v. T. 30. Summa. QUIBUS autem testamento tutor datus non est, his, ex lege duodecim tabularum, agnati sunt tutores, qui vocantur legitimi. The Agnati by a law of the twelve tables, are appointed tutors to those, to whom no testamentary tutor was given; and these tutors are called legitimi, tutors by law. Qui sunt agnati. I. Sunt autem agnati cognati, per virils sexûs cognationem conjuncti, quasi à patre cognati: veluti frater ex eodem patre natus, fratris filius, neposve ex eo: item patruus et pratrui filius, neposve ex eo. At, qui per fœminini sexus personas cognatione junguntur, agnati non sunt, sed alias naturali jure cognati, Itaque amitæ tuæ filius non est tibi agnatus, sed cognatus: et invicem tu illi eodem jure conjungeris: quia. qui ex eâ nascuntur, patris, non matris, familiam sequuntur. $1. Agnati are those, who are collaterally related to us by males, as a brother by the same father, or the son of a brother, or by him a grand-son; also a father's brother, or the son of such brother, or by him a grand-son. But those, who are related to us by a female are not agnate, but cognate, bearing only a natural relation to us. Thus the son of a father's sister is related to you not by agnation, but cognation; and you are also related to him by cognation; for the children of a father's sister, follow the family of their father, and not that of their mother. De maxima capitis diminutione. I. Maxima capitis diminutio est, cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit; quod accidit $1. The greater diminution is, when a man loses both the right of a citizen and his liberty; as they do, 3. The least diminution is, when the condition of a man is charged without forfeiture either of civil rights or liberty; as when he, who is independent, becomes subject by adoption; or when the son of a family hath been emancipated § III. Minima capitis diminutio est, cum civitas retinetur et libertas, sed status hominis commutatur: quod accidit his, qui, cum sui juris fuerint, cæperunt alieno juri subjecti esse; vel contra, veluti si filius-familias à patre eman cipatus fuerit, est capite diminutus. by his father. Interpretatio § ult. sup, tit. prox. SVI. Quod autem dictum est, manere cognationis jus etiam post capitis diminutionem, hoc ita est, si minima capitis diminutio interveniat : manet enim cognatio. Nam, si maxima capitis diminutio interveniat, jus quoque cognationis perit, ut puta servitute alicujus cognati; et ne quidem, si manumissus fuerit, recipit cognationem. Sed et si in insulam quis deportatus sit, cognatio solvitur. 6. We have said, that the right of cognation remains after diminution, but this relates only to the least diminution. For, by the greater diminution, as by servitude, the right of cognation is wholly destroyed, even so as not to be recovered by manumission. The right of cognation is also lost by the less or mesne diminution, as by deportation into an island. Ad quos agnatos tutela pertinet. VII. Cum autem ad agnatos tutela pertineat, non simul ad omnes pertinet, sed ad eos tantum, qui proximiore gradu sunt; vel si plures ejusdem gradus sunt, ad omnes pertinet; veluti si plures fratres sunt, qui unum gradum obtinent, paritèr ad tutelam vocantur. $ 7. Although the right of tutelage belongs to agnati, yet it belongs not to all, but to the nearest in degree only. But, if there be many in the same degree, the tutelage belongs to all of them, however numerous. For example, several brothers are all called equally to tutelage. TITULUS DECIMUS-SEPTIMUS. DE LEGITIMA PATRONORUM TUTELA. D. xxvi. T. 4. C. v. T. 30. Ratio ob quam patronorum tutela dicitur legitima. EX eâdem lege duodecim tabularum, libertorum et libertarum tutela ad patronos liberosque eorum pertinet, quæ et ipsa legitima tutela vocatur; non quia nominatìm in eâ lege de hac tutelâ caveatur; sed quia perinde accepta est per interpretationem, ac si verbis legis in By the same law of the twelve tables, the tutelage of freed-men and freed-women, belongs to their patrons, and to the children of such patrons; and this is tutelage by operation of law, although it exists not nominally in the law; but it isas firmly established by interpretation, as if it |