ΚΕΦ. Β.

Περι των ανιοντων διαδοχής.

CAP. II.

De ascendentium successione.

Ει τοινυν ὁ τελευτησας κατιοντας μεν μη και SI igitur defunctus descendentes ταλιποι κληρονόμους, πατηρ δε ή μητηρ ή άλ. quidem non relinquat hæredes, pater λοι γονεις αὐτω ἐπιζησουσι, παντων των ἐκ autem aut mater aut alii parentes ei πλαγιου συγγενών τουτους προτιμασθαι θεσ. supersint, omnibus ex latere cognatis πιζομεν, ἐξηρημένων μονων ἀδελφῶν ἐξ ἑκατε. hos præponi sancimus, exceptis solis fratribus ex utroque parente conjuncρου γονέως συναπτομένων τω τελευτησαντι, ὡς δια των έξης δηλωθήσεται. Εἰ δε πολλοι των tis defuncto, sicut per subsequentia

ἀνιοντων περιεισι, τούτους προτιμασθαι κελευο- declarabitur. Si autem plurimi as. μεν, οἱ τινες ἐγγυτεροι τῷ βαθμῷ εὐρεθειεν, cendentium vivunt, hos præponi juάρρενας τε και θηλειας, είτε προς μητρος bemus, qui proximi gradu reperiunείτε προς πατρος εἶεν. Ει δε των αὐτὸν ἐχου- tur, masculos et foeminas, sive paterσι βαθμον, ἐξ ίσης εἰς αὐτους ἡ κληρονομια ni, sive materni sint Si autem eunδιαιρεθήσεται, ώστε το μεν ήμισυ λαμβανειν dem habeant gradum, ex aequo inter παντας τους προς πατρος ἀνίοντας, όσοι δη- eos hæreditas dividatur, ut medietaποτε ἀν ὦσι· το δε ὑπολοιπον ἡμισυ τους tem quidem accipiant omnes a patre προς μητρος ἀνοντας, όσους δηποτε ἀν αυτους ascendentes, quanticunque fuerint; εὐρεθηναι συμβαιη. Ει δε μετα των ανιόντων medietatem vero reliquam a matre ευρεθώσιν ἀδελφοι ἢ ἀδελφαί ἐξ ἑκατερων γο- ascendentes, quantoscunque eos inνεων συναπτόμενοι τῷ τελευτησαντι, μετα των venire contigerit. Si vero cum asἐγγυτερων τῷ βαθμῳ ἀνιοντων κληθήσονται, εἰ cendentibus inveniantur fratres aut και πατηρ ή μητηρ εἴησαν· διαιρουμενης εἰς ἀν- sorores ex utrisque parentibus conτους δηλαδη της κληρονομίας κατα τον των juncti defuncto, cum proximis gradu προσωπων ἀριθμον, ἵνα και των ανιόντων και ascendentibus vocabantur, si et pa των ἀδελφῶν ἑκαστος ίσην έχοι μοιραν, οὐδε· ter aut mater fuerint; dividenda inμιαν χρησιν ἐκ της των υἱων ή θυγατέρων ter eos quippe hæreditate secundum μοιρας ἐν τούτω τω θεματι δυναμένου του πατρος personarum numerum, uti et ascen ἑαυτῷ παντελως ἐκδικειν, ἐπειδὴ ἀντι ταυτης dentium et fratrum singuli æqualem της χρησεως μερος αὐτῷ της κληρονομιας και habeant portionem; nullum usum ex κατα δεσποτείας δικαιον δια του παρόντος δε filiorum aut filiarum portione in hoc δωκαμεν νομου, οὐδεμιας φυλαττομένης διαφο- casu valente patre sibi penitus vinρας μεταξύ των προσωτων τούτων, είτε θη- dicare, quoniam, pro hac usus porλειαι είτε άρρενες εἴησαν οἱ προς την κληρο- tione, hæreditatis jus et secundum νομίαν καλουμενοι, και είτε δὲ ἄρρενος ή θη- proprietatem per praesentem dedimus λεως προσώπου συναπτονται, και είτε αὐτεξο ουσιος είτε ὑπεξουσιος ἦν, ὃν διαδεχονται.

legem ; differentia nulla servanda inter personas istas, sive fœminæ sive masculi fuerint, qui ad hæreditatem vocantur; et sive per masculi 'sive per fœminæ personam copulantur; et sive suæ potestatis sive sub potestate fuerit is cui succedunt.

CHAPTER II.

Of the succession of ascendants.

But, when the deceased leaves no descendants, if a father or mother, or any other parents, grand-fathers, great-grand-fathers, &c. survive him, we decree, that they shall be preferred to all collateral relations, except brothers of the whole blood to the deceased, as shall hereafter be more particularly declared. But, if many ascendants are living, we prefer those, who are in the nearest degree, whether they are male or female, paternal or maternal; and, when several ascendants concur in the same degree, the inheritance of the deceased must be so divided, that the ascendants on the part of the father may receive one-half, and the ascendants on the part of the mother the other half, without regard to the number of persons on either side. But, if the deceased leaves brothers and sisters of the whole blood together with ascendants, these collaterals of the deceased shall be called with the nearest ascendants, although such ascendants are a father or mother; and the inheritance must be so divided according to the number of persons, that each of the ascendants, and each of the brothers, may have an equal portion; nor shall the father in this case take to himself any usufruct of the portions belonging to his sons and daughters, because by this law we have given him the absolute property of one portion: and we suffer no distinction to be made between those persons, who are called to an inheritance, whether they are males or females, or related by males or females, or whether he, to whom they succeed, was, or was not, under power, at the time of his decease.

Εἰ και πατηρ ή μκτηρ ζησαν. Si et pater aut mater fuerint.] By the law of England, when a person dies intestate, leaving a father, the father is solely entitled to the whole personal estate of the intestate, exclusive of all others; and anciently, [i. e. in the reign of Henry the first, vid. ll. Hen. primi, Wilkins editore, p. 266] a surviving father, or mother, could have taken even the real estate of their deceased child. But this law of succession was altered soon afterwards; for we find by Glanville, that, in the time of Henry the second, a father or mother could not have taken the real estates of their deceased children, the inheritance being then carried over to the collateral line. Vid. Glanville, lib 7, cap. 1, 2, &c. 1 Peere Williams 50. And it has ever since been held as an inviolable maxim, that an inheritance cannot ascend. Co. Litt. 11. a. But this alteration in the law, made since the reign of Henry the first, did not extend to personal estate, so that, before the statute of the first of James the second, if a child had died intestate without a wife, child, or father, the mother would have been entitled to the whole personal estate, exclusive of the brothers and sisters of the intestate; but it is enacted by that statute," that if, after the death of a "father, any of his children shall die intestate, "without wife or children, in the lifetime of "the mother, every brother and sister, and

"their representatives, shall have an equal "share with her." 1 Jac, 2. cap. 17. § 6.

But, should it here be asked, whether the brother of an intestate would exclude the grand-father by the civil law? the novel appears at first sight to answer it very fully in the negative by enacting, that, if the deceased "leaves brothers and sisters together with as"cendants in the right line, these collaterals "shall be called with the nearest ascendants," &c. And indeed the generality of writers, namely, Gudelin, Forster, Ferriere, Domat, and others, all understand this passage, as admitting ascendants and brothers to take jointly; yet a contrary interpretation hath been given by some civilians, of whom Voet is the principal, whose argument in support of it are therefore here copied at large.

"Illud non satis expeditum est, an etiam " cum ovo aut proavo, ubi alius proximior as"cendens non est, fratres germani ejus, qui "defunctus est, concurre debeant, an magis "avo proavove præferendi sunt, eosque exclu"dant? Concursum enim ascendentium natu"raliter gradu remotiorum, quos nullus inter"medius existens excludit, cum fratribus ger"manis defuncti turentur plerique, moti eo, "quod cum proxime ascendentibus fratres ve"niunt, Vid. novel. 118. Proximus autem "sit, quem nemo antecedit."

"Sed juris rationibus convenientus videtur,

ΚΕΦ. Γ.

Περι διαδοχής των ἐκ πλαγιου κατιοντων. Ει τοινυν ὁ τελευτησας μηδε κατιοντας μηδε ἀνοντας καταλείψῃ, πρώτους προς την κληρονομίαν καλουμεν τους ἀδελφους και τας ἀδελφας τους ἐκ του αὐτου πατρος και

CAP. III.

De successione ex latere venientum. SI igitur defunctus neque descendentes neque ascendentes reliquerit, primos ad hæreditatem vocamus fratres et sorores ex eodem patre et ex eadem matre natos, quos etiam cum

της αύτης μητρος τεχθεντας, ούς και μετα patribus ad hæreditatem vocavimus.

των πατέρων προς την κληρονομίαν ἐκαHis autem non existentibus, in seλεσαμεν. Τούτων δε μη ὑποντων, ἐν δεύτερα cundo ordine illos fratres ad hæταξει ἐκείνους τους ἀδελφους προς την κληρο- tredi atem vocamus, qui ex

νομίαν καλουμεν, οἱ τινες ἐξ ἑνος γονέως συ• ναπτονται τῳ τελευτησαντι, εἶτε δια του πατρος μόνου, είτε δια της μητρός. Ει δε τω τελευτησαντι ἀδελφοι ὑπείησαν, και ἑτερου ἀδελφον ἢ ἀδελφης προτελευτησαντων παίδες, κληθήσονται προς την κληρονομίαν οὗτοι μετα των προς πατρος και προς μητρος θειων ἀρ ρενων τε και θηλείων· και, ὅσοι δηποτη ἀν ὦσι, τοσουτον ἐκ της κληρονομιας λήψονται μετ ρος, ὅσον ὁ αὐτων γονευς ήμελλε λαμβάνειν,

uno

Unde

parente conjuncti sunt defuncto, sive per patrem solum, sive per matrem. Si autem defuncto fratres fuerint, et alterius fratris aut sororis præmortuorum filii, vocabantur ad hæreditatem isti cum de patre et matre thiis, masculis et fœminis: et, quanticunque fuerint, tantam ex hæreditate percipient portionem, εἰ ἐπεζησεν. Οθεν ἀκολουθον ἐστιν, ἵνα, εἰ τυquantam eorum parens futurus esset χον ὁ προτελευτησας ἀδελφος, οἱ οἱ παιδες accipere, si superstes esset. περιεισι, δι ἑκατέρου γονέως τῷ νυν τελευτη. consequens est, ut, si forte præmorσαντι προσωπω συνήπτετο, οἱ δε περιόντες tuus frater, cujus filii vivunt, per ἀδελφοι δια του πατρος μόνου τυχον, ή της utrumque parentem nunc defunct μητρος, αὐτῷ συνηπτοντο, προτιμηθωσιν οἱ persona jungebatur, superstites auτούτου παιδες των ίδιων θείων, εἰ και τριτου tem fratres patrem solum forsan aut εἰσι βαθμου, είτε προς πατρος είτε προς μη- matrem ei jungebantur, præponantur προς εἴησαν οἱ θειοι, και είτε άρρενες είτε istius filii propriis thiis, licet in tertio θηλείαι, ὥσπερ ὁ αὐτων γονευς προετιματο, sint gradu, (sive a patre sive a maπερίην. Και ἐκ τῶν ἐναντιων, εἰ ὁ μεν πε- tre sint thii, et sive masculi sive faριων ἀδελφος ἐξ ἑκατέρου γονέως συνάπτεται minæ,) sicut eorum parens præponeτῷ τελευτησαντι, ὁ δε προτελευτησας δι ἑνος retur, si viveret. Et ex diverso, siγονεως συνήπτετο, τους τούτου παιδας ἐκ της quidem superstes frater ex utroque κληρονομίας ἀποκλειομεν, ώσπερ και αὐτος, parente conjungitur defuncto, præεἰ περιην, ἐξεκλειετο. Το δε τοιουτον προνομι- mortuus autem per unum parentem ον ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ταξει της συγγένειας μονοις jungebatur, hujus filios ab hæreditate παρεχομεν τοις των ἀδελφῶν, ἀρρενων ή θη- exclubimus, sicut ipse, si viveret, ab λειων, υἱοις ή θυγατρασιν, ἵνα εἰς τα των hæreditate excludebatur. Hujusmoἰδιων γονεων δικαια ὑπεισελθωσιν· οὐδενι δε di vero privilegum in hoc ordine

ἄλλῳ παντελως προσωπω, ἐκ ταύτης της cognationis solis præbemus fratrum ταξεως ἐρχομενω, τουτο το δικαιον συγχω- masculorum et feminarum filiis aut ρούμεν. Αλλα και αύτοις τοις των αδελ- filiabus, ut in suorum parentum jura φων παισι τοτε ταυτην την εὐεργεσίαν παρε- succedant; nulli enim alii omnino χομεν, ότε μετα των ίδιων κρινονται θειων personæ, ex hoc ordine venienti, hoc ἀρρενων τε και θηλείων, είτε προς πατρος jus largimur. Sed et ipsis fratruum εἶτε προς μητρος εἶεν. Ει δε μετα των αδελ- filiis tunc hoc beneficium conferimus, φων του τελευτησαντος και άνίοντες, ὡς ήδη quando cum propriis judicantur thiis, προειπομεν, προς την κληρονομίαν καλούνται, masculis et feminis, sive paterni siοὐδενι τροπῳ προς την ἐξ ἀδιαθετου διαδοχην ve materni sint. Si autem cum fraτους του ἀδελφου ή της ἀδελφης παιδας και tribus defuncti etiam ascendentes, λεισθαι συγχωρούμεν· οὐδε εἰ ἐξ ἑκατέρου γο- (sicut jam diximus) ad hæreditatem νεως ὁ αὐτων πατηρ ή μητηρ συνήπτετο τῷ τε- vocantur, nullo modo ad successioλευτησαντι. Οποτε τοινυν τοις του αδελφου nem ab intestato fratris aut sororis και της ἀδελφης παισι τοιουτο προνόμιον δεδω• filios vocari permittimus ; neque si ex

καμεν, ἵνα τον των γονεων ὑπεισιόντες τόπον,

μονοι τριτου ὄντες βαθμού, μετα των ἐκ δεν τερου βαθμου προς την κληρονομίαν καλώνται • ἐκεινο προδηλον ἐστιν, ότι των θείων του τε λευτησαντος ἀρρενων τε και θηλείων, είτε προς

πατρος είτε προς μητρος είησαν, προτιμώνται, εἰ και ἐκεινοι τριτον ὁμοιως συγγένειας βαθε μον έχοιεν.

Εἰ δε μητε ἀδελφους, μητε παιδας ἀδελ φων, ὡς εἰρηκαμεν, ὁ τελευτησας καταλείψει, παντας τους έφεξης ἐκ πλαγιου συγγενεις προς την κληρονομίαν καλουμεν, κατα την ένος έκα. στου βαθμού προτιμησιν, ἵνα οἱ ἐγγυτεροι τῷ βαθμῷ αὐτοι των λοιπων προτιμώνται· εἰ δε πολλοι του αὐτου βαθμου εὐρεθωσι, κατα τον

utroque parente eorum pater aut mater defuncto jungebatur. Quandoquidem igitur fratris et sororis filiis tale privilegium dedimus, ut, in propriorum parentum succedentes locum, soli in tertio constituti gradu, cum iis, qui in secundo gradu sunt, ad hæreditatem vocentur; illud palam 'est, quia thiis defuncti masculis et fœminis, sive a patre sive a matre,

præponuntur, sietiam illi tertium cognationis similiter obtineant gradum. Si vero neque fratres, neque filios fratrum, sicut diximus, defunctus re

των προσωπων ἀριθμον μεταξυ αὐτων ἡ κλη. liquerit, omnes de inceps a latere ρονόμια διαιρεθήσεται. όπερ in capita of cognatos ad hereditatem vocamus, ἡμετεροι λεγουσι νομοι.

secundum uniuscujusque gradus præ rogativam, ut viciniores gradu ipse reliquis præponantur. Si autem plurimi ejusdem gradus inveniantur, secundum personarum numerum inter eos hæreditas dividatur; quod in capita nostræ leges appellant.

CHAPTER III.

Of the succession of collaterals.

If a man leaves neither descendants nor ascendants at the time of his death, we first call his brothers and sisters of the whole blood, whom we have also called to inherit with the fathers of deceased persons.

But, when there are no brothers of the whole blood with the deceased, we call those, who are either by the same father only, or by the same mother.