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lica seu privata adversus eos exoritur, qui vim vel armatam, vel sinè armis, commiserint; sed, siquidem armata vis arguatur, deportatio ei ex lege Julia de vi publicà irrogatur; si verò sinè armis, in tertiam partem bonorum suorum publicatio imponitur. Sin autem per vim raptus virginis, vel viduæ, vel sanctimonialis, vel alterius, fuerit perpetratus, tunc et raptores, et ii, qui opem huic flagitio dederunt, capite puniuntur, secundùm nostræ constitutionis definitionem, ex qua hoc apertius possibile est scire.

public and private force, take place against all, who use force, whether armed or unarmed; but, if proof be made of an armed force, the punishment is deportation by that law; and, if the force be not accompanied with arms, the penalty is confiscation of one third part of the offender's goods: nevertheless, if a rape be committed upon a virgin, a widow, a nun, or upon any other person, both the ravishers and their accomplices are all equally subject to capital punishment, according to the decision of our constitution; from which more may be known of this subject.

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De ambitu, repetundis, annona, residuis.

§ XI. Sunt præterea publica judicia lex Julia de ambitu, lex Julia repetundarum, et lex Julia de annonâ, et lex Julia de residuiis, quæ de certis capitulis loquuntur, et animæ quidem amissionem non irrogant; aliis autem pœnis eos subjiciunt, qui præcepta earum neglexerint.

11. There are also other public judgments; such are the Julian laws de ambitu, repetundarum, de annonâ, de residuis; which do not punish with death, but inflict other punishments upon those, who offend.

Conclusio.

§ XII. Sed de publicis judiciis hæc exposuimus, ut vobis possibile sit summo digito, et quasi per indicem, ea tetigisse; alioqui diligentior eorum scientia vobis, ex latioribus digestorum seu pandectarum libris, Deo propitio adventura est.

$ 12. Thus much we have stated on the subject of public judgments, as an index, to give a general idea of that knowledge, which, through the blessing of God, may be mostfully and particularly obtained by perusing the digests with a diligent attention.

FINIS

LIBRI QUARTI ET ULTIMI INSTITUTIONUM.

NOV. CXVIII.

ΚΕΦ. Α.

Περι διαδοχής των κατιόντων.

Ει

τις τοινυν των κάτιοντων ὑπειη τω άδια

μεν

CAP. I.

De descendentionum successione.

SI quis igitur descendentium fue

θετω τελευτησαντι, οιασδήποτε φύσεως ή βαθ. rit ei, qui intestatus moritur, cujuslibet naturæ aut gradus, sive ex masμου, εἶτε ἐξ ἀρρενογονίας, εἶτε ἐκ θηλυγονίας καταγόμενος, και είτε αὐτεξούσιος εἶτε ὑπεξου- culorum genere sive ex feminarum σιος εἴη, παντων των ἀνιοντων και των ἐκ πλα- descendens, et sive suæ potestatis, γιου συγγενων προτιμασθω. Κἀν γαρ ὁ τελευ- sive sub potestate sit, omnibus asτησας ἑτερου ὑπεξουσιος ἦν, όμως τους αὐτου cendentibus et ex latere cognatis παιδας, διασδήποτε ἀν ὦσι φύσεως ή βαθμον, præeponatur. Licet enim defunctus και αύτων των γονεων προτιμασθαι κελευομεν, sub alterius potestate fuerit, tamen ὧν ὑπεξουσιος ἦν ὁ τελευτησας, ἐπ ̓ ἐκείνοις δη- ejus liberos, cujuslibet sexus sint aut λαδη τοις πραγμασιν, άτινα, κατα τους άλλους gradus, etiam ipsis parentibus præἡμων νόμους, τοις πατρασιν οὐ προσπορίζεται· poni præcipimus, quorum sub potesἐπι γαρ τῇ χρήσει των πραγμάτων τουτων, tate fuerit, qui defunctus est, in illis ὀφείλουση προσπορίζεσθαι ή φυλαττεσθαι, τους videlicet rebus, quæ, secundum nosπερι τουτων ἡμων νομους τους γονευσι φυλαττο- tras alias leges, patribus non acquir ούτω μεντοιγε ώστε, εἰ τινα τούτων των untur; nam in usu harum rerum, qui κατιοντων παιδας καταλιποντα τελευτησαι συμ- debet acquiri aut servari, nostras de βαιη, τους ἐκείνου υἱους ή θυγατέρας ή τους άλ- his omnibus leges parentibus custoλους κατιοντας εἰς τον του ίδιου γονεως τοπον dimus: sic tamen, ut, si quem horum ὑπεισιεναι, εἶτε ὑπεξουσιοι τῷ τελευτησαντι, descendentium filios reliquentem moεἶτε αὑτεξουσιοι εὐρεθειεν· τοσουτον ἐκ της κλη- ri contigerit, illius filios aut filias, aut ρονομιας του τελευτησαντος λαμβανοντας με alios descendentes, in proprii parenρος, ὅσοι δηποτε ἂν ὦσιν, ὅσον ὁ αὕτων γο- tis locum succedere, sive sub potesνευς, ει περιην, ἐκομίζετο· ἡν τινα διαδοχην tate defuncti, sive suæ potestatis inin stirpes ἡ ἀρχαιοτης έκαλεσεν· ἐπι ταυ- veniantur; tantam de hæreditate mori. της γαρ της τάξεως τον βαθμον ζητείσθαι οὐ entis accipentes partem, quanticunβουλόμεθα· ἀλλα μετα των υἱων και των que sint, quantam eorum parens, si θυγατέρων τους ἐκ του προτελευτήσαντος υἱου viveret, habuisset; quam successioή θυγατρος εγγονους καλεῖσθαι θεσπιζομεν· nem in stirpes vocavit antiquitas : in οὐδεμιας εἰσαγόμενης διαφοράς, είτε άρρενες hoc enim ordine gradum quæri noluεἶτε θήλειαι ὦσι, και είτε ἐξ ἀρρενογονίας είτε mus; sed, cum filiis et filiabus, ex ἐκ θηλυγονίας καταγωνται, είτε ὑπεξουσιοι, είτε præmortuo filio aut filia nepotes vo50

και αὐτεξοσιοι εἴησαν. Και ταυτα μεν ωερι της των κατιοντων διαδοχης ἐτυπω

σαμεν.

cari sancimus; nulla introducenda differentia, sive masculi sive fœminæ sint, et seu ex masculorum seu fœminarum prole descendant, sive suæ potestatis, sive sub potestate sint constituti. Et hæc quidem de succssionibus descendentium disposuimus.

CHAPTER I.

Of the succession of descendants.

If a man dies intestate, leaving a descendant of either sex or any degree, such descendant, whether he derives his descent from the male or female line, or whether he is under power or not, is to be preferred to all ascendants and collaterals. And, although the deceased was himself under paternal power, yet we ordain, that his children of either sex or any degree shall be preferred in succession to the parents, under whose power the intestate died, in regard to those things, which children do not acquire for their parents, according to our other laws: for we would maintain the laws in respect to the usufruct, which is allowed to parents: so that, if any of the descendants of the deceased should die leaving sons or daughters or other descendants, they shall succeed in the place of their own father, whether they are under his power or sui juris and shall be entitled to the same share of the intestate's estate, which their father would have had, if he had lived; and this kind of succession has been termed by the ancient lawyers a succession in stirpes: for in the succession of descendants we allow no priority of degree, but admit the grandchildren of any person by a deceased son or daughter to be called to inherit that person together with his sons or daughters, without making any distinction between males and females, or the descendants of males and females, or between those, who are under power, and those, who are not. These are the rules, which we have established, concerning the succession of descendants.

Εἰ τις τοινυν. Si quis igitur.] The three first chapters of this novel constitution deserve the attentive consideration of the reader, not only because they contain the latest policy of the civil law in regard to the disposition of the estates of intestates; but because they are the foundation of our statute law in that respect. Vid. Holt's cases, p. 259. Peero William's rep. p. 27. Prec. in chan. p. 593. Sir Thom. Raymond's rep. p. 496. And they are still almost of continual use, by being the general guide of the courts in England, which hold cognizance of distributions, in all those cases, concerning which our own laws have either been silent, or not sufficiently express.

Εἰς τον το ίδιο γονέως. In proprii parentis locum succedant.] Nothing is more clear in the civil law, than that grandchildren, even when alone, (although they descend from va rious stocks and are unequal in their numbers,) would take the estate of their deceased grandfather per stirpes, and not per capita. Suppose therefore that Titius should die, leaving grand

children by three different sons, already dead; to wit, three by one son, six by another, and twelve by another; each of these classes of grandchildren would take a third of the estate without any regard to the inequality of the numbers in each class. But, as to this point in England, the law reports mention no judicial determination; yet it seems probable that the courts, in which the distributions are cognizable, would order the division of an estate in such a case to be made per capita; and this, partly from a motive of equity, and partly from a consideration of the intent of the statute, relating to the estates of intestates; for the statute directs an equal and just distribution: and, when the act mentions representation, it must be understood to refer to it, in those cases only, where representation is necessary to prevent exclusion, but not to refer to it, in those cases, where all the claimants are in equal degree, and therefore can take suo quisque jure, each in his own right. Vid. 23, 24, Gar. 2. cap. 10. Lib. 3. Inst. p. 4.

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