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tra quem plus petitum fuerit, commissa tripili condemnatione, sicut supra diximus, puniatur.

slave, should be given him, and should afterwards sue for the wine of Campania, the purple of Tyre, or the slave Stichus in particular, he' would then be adjudged to have demanded more than his due; for the power of election would thus be taken from the adverse party, who was not bound by the stipulation to pay the thing specifically demanded; and although, in any of these cases, the thing sued for should be of little or no value, yet the demandant would be thought to claim more than his due; because it is often easier for the debtor to pay the thing stipulated, although it may be of greater value than the thing demanded. Such was the law according to the ancient practice, in regard to an over-demand, viz. that the demandant should lose even that which was really due to him. But this law has been greatly restrained by the constitution of Zeno the emperor, and by our own; for, if more than is due be demanded in respect of time, the judge must be directed in his proceeding by the constitution of that emperor of glorious memory; but, if in respect of quantity, or on any other account, then the loss suffered by him, upon whom the demand is made, must be recompensed, as we have before declared, by a decree of triple damages against the plaintiff.

De minoris summæ petitione. XXXIV. Si minus intentione suâ complexus fuerit actor, quam ad eum pertineat; veluti si, cum ei decem aurei deberentur, quinque sibi dari opportere intenderit; aut

$ 34. If a plaintiff sue for less, than he has a claim to, demanding, for instance, only five aurei, when ten are due; or the moiety of an estate, when the whole belongs to

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si, cum totus fundus ejus esset, partem dimidiam suam esse petierit; sinè periculo agit: in reliquum enim nihilominus judex adversarium eodem judicio ei condemnat, ex constitutione divæ memoriæ Zeno

nis.

Si aliud pro

$ XXXV. Si quis aliud pro alio intenderit, nihil eum periclitari placet, sed in eodem judicio, cognitâ veritate, errorem suum corrigere ei permittitur veluti si is, qui hominem Stichum petere deberet, Erotem petierit; aut si quis ex testamento dari sibi oportere intenderit, quod ex stipulatu debetur.

Divisio sexta.

XXXVI. Sunt præterea quædam actiones, quibus non semper solidum, quod nobis debetur, presequimur, sed modo solidum persequimur, modo minus; ut ecce, si in peculium filii servive agamus: nam, si non minus in peculio sit, quam persequimur, in solidum dominus paterve condemnatur; si verò micus inveniatur, eatenùs condemnat judex, quatenùs in peculio sitQuemadmodum autem peculium intelligi debeat, suo ordine propone

mus.

him; he acts safely; for the judge, in consequence of Zeno's constitution, may nevertheless condemn the adverse party, under the same process, to the payment or delivery of all, which appears of right to belong to the plaintiff.

alio petatur.

$35. When a plaintiff demands one thing instead of another, he risks nothing by the mistake, which he is allowed to correct under one and the same process: as if a litigant should demand the slave Erotes, instead of the slave Stichus, or should claim, as due by testament, what is found to be due upon stipulation.

De peculio.

$36. There are also some actions, by which we do not always sue for the whole, which is due to us, but for the whole, or less, as it proves to be most expedient; thus, when a suit is brought against the peculium of a son or slave, if the peculium be sufficient to answer the demand, the father or master must be con. demned to pay the whole debt; but, if the peculium be not sufficient, the judge can condemn the defendants only to the extent of its value. We will hereafter explain, in its proper place, what we mean by the term peculium.

De repetitione dotis.

$ XXXVII. Item, si de dote in judicio mulier agat, placet, eatenùs maritum condemnari debere, qua

$37. Also, if a woman bring suit for the restitution of her marriage portion, the man must be condemned

tenùs facere possit; id est, quatenùs facultates ejus patiuntur. Itaque, si dotis quantitati concurrant facultates ejus, in solidum damnatur; sin minus, in tantum, quantum facere potest. Propter retentionem quoque dotis repetitio minuitur; nam ob impensas, in res dotales factas, marito quasi retentio concessa est, quia ipso jure necessariis sumptibus dos minuitur; sicut ex latioribus digestorum libris cognoscere licet.

to pay as far as he is able; i. e. as far as his ability or solvency will permit therefore, if the portion demanded and the ability of the man be equal, he must be adjudged to satisfy the whole demand; but, if his ability be less than the claim, he must nevertheless be condemned to pay as much as he is able. But the claim of a woman may in this case be lessened by a retention; for the husband is permitted to retain an equivalent for whatever he hath necessarily expended upon the estate given with his wife, as a marriage portion; but this will fully appear by a perusal of the digests, to which the reader is referred.

De actione advursus parentem, patronum, socium, et dona

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De eo, qui bonis cessit.

XL. Cum eo quoque, qui creditoribus suis bonis cessit, si postea aliquid acquisierit, quod idoneum emolumentum habeat, ex integro in id, quod facere potest, creditores experiunter. Inhumanum enim erat, spoliatum fortunis suis in solidum damnari.

$40. Creditors also, to whom a debtor hath made a cession of his goods, may afterwards, if he hath gained any considerable acquisition, bring a fresh suit against him, for as much as he is able to pay, but not more; for it would be inhuman to condemn a man in solidum, who hath already been deprived of his whole fortune.

TITULUS SEPTIMUS.

QUOD CUM EO, QUI IN ALIENA POTESTATE EST, NEGOTIUM GESTUM ESSE DICITUR.

D. xiv. T. 5. C. iv. T. 16.

Scopus et nexus.

QUIA tamen superius mentionem habuimus de actione, quâ in peculium filiorum servorumque agitur, opus est, ut de hac actione et de cæteris, quæ eorundem nomine in parentes dominosve dari solent, diligentius admoneamus. Et quia, sivè cum servis negotium gestum sit, sivè cum iis, qui in potestate parentum sunt, eadem fere jura servantur, ne verbosa fiat disputatio, dirigamus sermonem in personam servi dominique, idem intellecturi de liberis quoque et parentibus, quorum in potestate sunt; nam, si quid in his propriè servetur, separatim ostendemus.

We have already mentioned the action which may be brought against the peculium, or separate estate of a son or slave; it is now necessary to speak of it more fully, and also of some other actions, which are allowed to children and slaves against their parents and masters. But, as the law is almost the same, whether an affair be transacted with a slave, or with one who is under the power of his parent, to avoid prolixity we will treat only of slaves and their masters, leaving what we say of them to be understood also of parents and children under power; for whatever is peculiar to children and parents, we shall point out separately.

De actione quod jussu.

I. Si igitur jussu domini cum servo negotium gestum erit, in solidum prætor adversus dominum actionem pollicetur; scilicet quia is, qui ita contrahit, fidem domini sequi videtur.

§ 1. For any business negotiated by a slave acting under the command of his master, the prætor will give an action against the master for the whole value of the transaction; for whoever contracts with a slave, is presumed to have done it on a confidence in the master.

De exercitaria et institoria actione.

§ II. Eâdem ratione prætor duas alias in solidum actiones pollicetur; quarum altera exercitoria, altera institoria, appellatur. Exercioria tunc habet locum, cum quis servum suum magistrum navi præposuerit, et quid cum eo, ejus rei gratiâ, cui præpositus erit, contractum fuerit. Ideò autem exercitoria vocatur, quia exercitor is appellatur, ad quem quotidiamus navis quæstus pertinet. Institoria tunc locum habet, cum quis tabernæ fortè, aut cuilibet negotiationi, servum suum præposuerit, et quid cum eo, ejus rei causa, cui præpositus erit, contractum fuerit. Ideò autem institoria appellatur, quia, qui negotiationibus præponuntur, institores vocantur. Istas tamen duas actiones prætor reddit, et si liberum quis hominem, aut alie. num servum, navi aut tabernæ aut tabernæ aut cuilibet negotiationi præposuerit; scilicet, quia eadem æquitatis ratio etiam eo casu interveniat.

2. The prætor also gives two other actions in solidum upon the same motive; the one exercitoria, the other institoria. The action exerciloria takes place, when a master hath made his slave commander of a vessel, and some contract hath been entered into with the slave in that capacity. This action is named exercitoria, because he to whom the daily profits of a ship belong, is called exercitor. The action institoria is made use of, when a master hath given his slave the management of a shop, or committed any particular affair to his direction, on account whereof some one hath been induced to enter into a contract with the slave; and this action is called institoria, because all persons, to whom a negotiation is committed, are denominated institores. The prætor hath likewise been induced, by the same equity, to give these two actions against any man, who employs a free person, or the slave of another, in the management of a ship, a warehouse, or any particular affair.

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