XX. Quædam actiones mistam causam obtinere videntur, tam in rem, quam in personam; qualis est familiæ erciscundæ actio, quæ competit cohæredibus de dividendâ hæreditate; item communi dividundo, quæ inter eos redditur, inter quos aliquid commune est, ut id dividatur; item finium regundorum actio, qua inter eos agitur, qui confines agros habent. In quibus tribus judiciis permittitur judici rem alicui ex litigatoribus ex bono et æquo adjudicare; et, si unius pars prægravari videbitur, eum invicem certâ pecuniâ alteri condem

nare.

$ 20. Some actions, are also mixed as proceeding against the thing as well as against the Person: of this sort is the action familiæ erciscundæ, which may be brought by co-heirs for the partition of their inheritance; the action de communi dividundo, given for the division of any particular things, which, exclusive of an inheritance, are in common: and likewise the action finium regundorum or an action of boundary, which takes place among owners of contiguous estates. And, in these three actions, it is wholly in the power of the judge to give the ground, or thing in dispute, to either of the parties litigant, and then to oblige that party, if necessity so require, to recompense his adversary, by paying him a sum certain, in amends for any inequality in the adjudication.

§ XXI. Omnes autem actiones vel in simplum conceptæ sunt, vel in duplum, vel in triplum, vel in quadruplum; ulterius autem nulla actio extenditur.

$ 21. All actions are for the single, double, triple, or quadruple value of the thing in litigation; for no action extends farther.

§ XXIII. In duplum agimus, veluti furti nec manifesti, damni injuriæ ex lege Aquiliâ, depositi ex quibusdam causis: item servi corrupti, quæ competit in eum, cujus hortatu consiliove servus alienus fugerit, aut contumax adversus dominum factus est, aut luxuriosè vivere cœperit, aut denique quolibet modo deterior factus sit; in quâ actione earum etiam rerum, quas fugiendo servus abstulerit, æstimatio deducitur: item ex legato, quod venerabilibus locis relictum est, secundùm ca, quæ supra diximus.

23. The double value is sucd for in an action of theft not manifest, of injury, by the law Aquilia, and sometimes in an action of deposit. Also in an action brought, on t account of a slave corrupted, against him, by whose advice such a slave hath fled from his master, grown disobedient, extravagant, or become in any manner the worse; and, in this action, an estimate is to he made of whatever things the slave hath stolen from his master, before his flight. An action for the detention of a legacy, left to an holy place, is also given for double value, as we have before remarked.

XXIV. Tripli verò agimus, cum quidam majorem verâ æstimatione quantitatem in libello conventionis inserunt, ut ex hac causâ viatores, id est, executores litium ampliorem summam, sportularum nomine, exigerent: tunc enim id, quod propter eorum causam damnum passus fuerit reus, in triplum ab actore consequetur; ut in hoc triplo etiam simplum, in quo damhum passus est, connumeretur. Quod nostra constituto introduxit, quæ in nostro codice fulget, ex quâ procul dubio certum est, ex lege condictitiam emanare.

$24. A suit may be brought for triple value, when any person inserts a greater sum, than is due to him, in the libel of convention, to the intent, that the officers of any court may exact a larger fee, or perquisite from the defendant; in which case the latter may obtain the triple value of the extraordinary fee from the plaintiff, including the fee in the triple value. The fees of officers are regulated by our constitution, and it is not to be doubted, but that the action, called condictio ex lege, may be given by virtue of that ordinance.

co, quod metûs causâ factum sit; deque câ pecuniâ, quæ in hoc data sit, ut is, cui datur, calumniæ causâ negotium alicui faceret, vel non faceret. Item ex lege condictitiâ, nostrâ ex constitutione, oritur, in quadruplum condemnationem imponens iis executoribus litium, qui contra nostræ constitutionis normam à reis quicquam exegerint.

for theft manifest, by an action for putting a man in fear, and by an action on account of money, given to bring on a litigious suit against some third person, or on account of money given to desist from it. A condiction er lege, for the quadruple value, arises also from our constitution against those officers of courts of justice, who demand any thing from the party defendant, contrary to the regulations of the said constitution.

XXVI. Sed furti quidem nec manifesti actio et servi corrupti à cæteris, de quibus simul locuti sumus, eo differunt, quod hæ actiones omnimodo dupli sunt; at istæ, id est, damni injuriæ ex lege Aquilia et interdum depositi, inficiatione duplicantur; in confitentem autem in simplum dantur. Sed illa, quæ de iis competit, quæ relicta venerabilibus locis sunt, non solùm inficiatione duplicatur, sed etiam si distulerit relicti solutionem, usque quo jussu magistratuum conveniatur: inconfitentem verò, antequam jussu magistratuum conveniatur, solventem, simpli redditur.

26. But an action of theft not manifest, and an action on account of a slave corrupted, differ from the others, of which we have spoken, in that they always inforce a condemnation in double the value; but in an action, given by the law Aquilia for an injury done, and sometimes in an action of deposit, the double value may be exacted in case of denial; but if the defendant confesses, the single value only can be recovered. In an action brought for a legacy to pious uses, due to any holy place or society, the penalty is not only doubled by the denial of the defendant, but also by any delay of payment, which may be adjudged to have given a just cause for citing the defendant before a magistrate; but if the legacy be paid, before any citation issues at the command of the judge, the single value only can be required.