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De Serviana et quasi-Serviana, seu hypothecaria.

» VII. Item Servinia, et quasi Serviana, (quæ etiam hypothecaria vocatur,) ex ipsius prætoris jurisdictione substantiam capiunt. Serviana autem experitur quis de rebus coloni, quæ pignoris jure pro mercedibus fundi ei tenentur. Quasi Serviana autem est, qua creditores pignora hypothecasve persequuntur. Inter pignos autem et hypothecam, (quantum ad actionem hypothecariam attinet,) nihil interest: nam de quâ re inter creditorem et debitorem convenerit, ut sit pro debito obligata, utraque hac appellatione continetur; sed in aliis differentia est: nam pignoris appellatione eam propriè rem contineri dicimus, quæ simul etiam traditur creditori, maximè si mobilis sit: at eam, quae sine traditione nudâ conventione tenetur, propriè hypothecæ appellatione contineri dicimus.

$7. 7. Also the action Serviana, and the action quasi-Serviana, (which is also called hypothecary,) take their rise from the prætor's jurisdiction. By the action Serviana, a suit may be commenced for the property of a farmer, bound for rent. The action quasi-Serviana is that, by which a creditor may sue for a thing pledged or hypothecated to him; and, in regard to this action, there is no difference between a pledge and an hypotheque; though in other respects they differ; for, by the term pledge, is meant that, which hath actually been delivered to a creditor, especially if the thing was a moveable; hypothecation means the making anything liable to a creditor by a nude agreement only, without delivery.

De actonibus prætoriis personalibus.

§ VIII. In personam quoque actiones ex suâ jurisdictione propositas habet prætor, veluti de pecuniâ constitutâ; cui similis videbatur receptitia. Sed ex nostrâ constitutione, (cum, et si quid plenius habebat, hoc in actionem pecuniæ constitutæ transfusum est,) et ea quasi supervacua jussa est cum suâ auctoritate à nostris legibus, recedere. Item prætor proposuit actionem de peculio servorum, filiorumque familiarum; et eam, ex quâ quæritur, an actor juraverit; et alias complu

res.

8. Personal actions have also been introduced by the prætors, in consequence of their authority; as the action de pecunià constitutà; which much resembles that called receptitia, now taken away by our constitution, as unnecessary; and whatever advantageous matter it contained, we have comprised in the action de pecunia constitutà. The prætors have likewise introduced the action concerning the peculium of slaves, and the sons of families; and also the action wherein the question is, whether the plaintiff hath made oath of his debt; and many others.

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De actione in factum ex jurejurando.

§ XI. Item, si quis postulante adversario juraverit, deberi sibi pecuniam, quam peteret, neque ei solvatur, justissimè accommodat ei ta lem actionem, per quam non illud quæritur, an ei pecunia debeatur, sed an juraverit.

De actionibus

XII. Pœnales quoque actiones prætor penè multas ex suâ jurisdictione introduxit; veluti adversus eum, qui quid ex albo ejus corrupisset; et in eum, qui patronum vel parentem in jus vocasset, cum id non impetrasset; item adversus eum, qui vi exemerit eum, qui in jus vocaretur, cujusve dolo alius exemerit ; et alias innumerabiles.

$11. Also if any man, called upon by the adverse party, make oath that the debt, which he sues for, is due and unpaid, the prætor most justly indulges him with an action. upon the fact; in which no inquiry is made, whether the debt be due, but whether the oath hath been taken.

pœnalibus.

$12. The prætors have also introduced many penal actions, by virtue of their authority. Thus, they have provided an action against him, who hath willfully damaged or erased an edict; against an emancipated son, or a freed-man, who hath commenced suit against his parent or patron, without previous permission from the proper magistrate; also against any person, who by force or fraud hath hindered another from appearing to the process of a court of justice; and many oth

ers.

De præjudicialibus actionibus. XIII. Præjudiciales actiones in rem esse videntur; quales sunt, per quas quæritur, an aliquis liber, an libertus sit, vel servus, vel de partu agnoscendo. Ex quibus ferè una illa legitimam causam habet, per quam quæritur, an aliquis liber sit: cæteræ ex ipsius prætoris jurisdictione substantiam capiunt.

$ 13. Prejudicial actions are also real; such as those, by which it is inquired, whether a man is born free, or made free; whether he be a slave, or a bastard. But of these, that only arises from the civil law, by which it is inquired, whether a man be free born: the rest originate from the prætor's jurisdiction.

An res sua condici possit.

XIV. Sic itaque discretis actionibus, certum est, non posse actorem suam rem ita ab aliquo petere, si paret, eum dare oportere: nec enim, quod actoris est, id ei dari oportet; scilicet, quia dari cuiquam id intelligitur, quod ita datur, ut ejus fiat: nec res, quæ jam actoris est, magis ejus fieri potest. Planè odio furum, quo magis pluribus actionibus teneantur, effectum est, ut, extra pœnam dupli aut quadrupli, rei recipiendae nomine, fures etiam hac actione teneantur, si・ appareat, eos dare oportere: quamvis sit adversus cos etiam hæc in rem actio, per quam, rem suam quis esse petit.

$14. Actions being thus either real or personal, it is certain, that a man cannot sue for his own property by a condiction, or a personal action in the following form, viz. If it appear, that the defendant ought to give it me: for the act of giving implies the conferring of property, and that which is already the property of the plaintiff, cannot by being given to him, become more his own, than it is already. But, in order to shew a detestation for thieves and robbers, and to accumulate the actions to which they are liable, it hath been determined, that, besides the double and quadruple penalty, they may be pursued by a condiction for the thing taken, in the form before recited, if it appear, that they ought to give it. And this, although the party injured may also bring a real action against them, by which he may demand the thing taken, as his own.

De nominibus actionum.

XV. Appellamus autem in rem quidem actiones, vindicationes; in personam verò actiones, quibus dare aut facere oportere intenditur, condictiones; condicere enim est denumtiare, priscâ linguâ : nunc verò abusivè dicimus, condictionem actionem in personam esse, quâ actor intendit dari sibi oportere; nulla enim hoc tempore eo nomine denuntiatio fit.

15. Real actions are called vindications; and personal actions, in which it is intended, that something ought to be done or given, are called condictions; for condicere, in old language was the same with denuntiare to denounce: but condiction is now improperly used for a personal action, by which the plaintiff contends, that something ought to be given to him; for denunciations are not in use.

Divisio secunda.

XVI. Sequens illa divisio est, quod quædam actiones rei persequendæ gratiâ comparatæ sunt, quædam pœnæ persequendæ, quædam mistæ sunt.

§ 16. Actions are also farther divided into those, which are given to recover the specific thing in dispute; those, which are given for the penalty only and mixed actions.

De actionibus rei persecutoriis.

$ XVII. Rei persequendæ causà comparatæ sunt omnes in rem actiones; earum verò actionum, quæ in personam sunt, ex quidem, quæ ex contractu nascuntur, ferè omnes rei persequendæ causâ comparatæ. videntur; veluti quibus mutuam pecuniam, vel in stipulatum deductam, petit actor; item commodati, depositi, mandati, pro socio, ex empto, vendito, locato, conducto. Planè, si depositi agatur eo nomine, quod tumultûs, incendii, ruinæ, naufragii causâ depositum sit, in duplum actionem prætor reddit, si modo cum ipso, apud quem depositum sit, aut cum hærede ejus, de dolo ipsius agitur; quo casu mista est actio.

17. All real actions are given for the recovery of the thing in litigation; which is the object also of almost all the personal actions which arise from contract; as the action for a mutuum, a commodatum, or on account of a stipulation, a deposit, mandate, partnership, buying and selling, letting and hireing. But, when a suit is commenced for a thing deposited by reason of a riot, a fire, or any other calamity, the prætor always gives an action for a double penalty, besides the thing deposited, if the suit is brought against the depositary himself, or against his heir, for fraud; in which case the action is mixed.

De actionibus pœnæ persecutoriis. XVIII. Ex maleficiis vero proditæ actiones, aliæ tantum pœnæ persequendæ causâ comparatæ sunt; aliæ tam pœnæ, quam rei persequendæ; et ob id mistæ sunt. Ponam tantùm persequitur quis actione furti; sivè enim manifesti agatur, quadrupli, sivè non manifesti, dupli, de solâ pœnâ agitur: nam ipsam rem propriâ actione persequitur quis, id est, suam esse petens, sivè fur ipse eam rem possi

18. In cases of mal-feasance, some actions are for the penalty only, and some both for the thing and the penalty; which are therefore called mixed actions. But, in an action of theft, whether manifest or not manifest, nothing more is sued for than the penalty, which, in manifest theft is quadruple, and, in theft not manifest, double: for the owner may recover by a separate action what hath been stolen from

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