ditor securus est; sed et, si post emptionem fundo aliquid per alluvionem accesserit, ad emptoris commodum pertinet; nam et commodum ejus esse debet, cujus periculum est. Quod si fugerit homo, qui væniit, aut, surreptus fuerit, ita ut neque dolus, neque culpa venditoris intervenerit, animadvertendum erit, an custodiam ejus usque ad traditionem venditor susceperit; sanè enim si susceperit, ad ipsius periculum is casus pertinet; si non susceperit, securus est. Idem et in cæteris animalibus cæterisque rebus intelligimus. Utique tamen vindicationem rei et conditionem exhibere debebit emptori; quia sanè, qui nondum rem emptori tradidit, adhuc ipse dominus est. Idem etiam est de furti et de damni injuriæ actione. On the other hand, if, after sale, the lands should be increased by alluvion, this increase becomes the gain of the buyer; for it is just, that he should receive the profit, who must have sustained the loss. But, if a slave who is sold, should run away or be stolen, and no fraud or negligence can be imputed to the seller, it must be inquired, whether the seller undertook the safe custody of the slave, until delivery should be made; if he did, he is answerable, if not, he is secure. The same law takes place in regard to all other animals and things. But, the seller should make over his right of vindication and condiction to the buyer; for he, who has not delivered the thing sold, is still considered as the proprietor of it. Actions also of theft, or damage done, must be transferred by the seller to the buyer, (when the thing sold is stolen, or damaged before delivery.) De emptione conditionali. IV. Emptio tam sub conditione quam purè contrahi potest: sub conditione, veluti, si Stichus intra certum diem tibi placuerit, erit tibi emptus aureis tot. 4. A sale may be contracted conditionally, as well as purely: as when the seller agrees; if within a certain time you shall approve of the slave Stichus, he shall be your's for so many aurei. De emptione rei, quæ non est in commercio. V. Loca sacra, vel religiosa, item publica, (veluti forum, basilicam,) frustra quis sciens emit; quæ tamen, si pro profanis vel privatis deceptus à venditore quis emerit, habebit actionem ex empto, quod non habere ei liceat, ut consequatur, § 5. Whoever knowingly purchases a sacred, religious, or public place, such as a Forum, or Court of justice, it is void. But, if he purchased them as profane or private, being imposed upon by the seller, then such purchaser, not being able LOCATIO et conductione proxima est emptioni et venditioni, iisdemque juris regulis consistit. Nam ut emptio et venditio ita contrahitur, si de pretio convenerit, sic et locatio et conductio ita contrahi intelligitur, si merces constituta sit: et competit locatori quidem locati actio, conductori verò conducti. De mercedis conven Location and conduction, i. e. letting and hireing, are nearly allied to emption and vendition, i. e. buying and selling; and are governed by the same rules; for as the latter takes place so soon as the price is agreed upon, so the former are contracted, when the hire is once. fixed by the parties. The locator, or person who lets, is intitled if aggrieved, to an actio locati, and the conductor or hirer may have his actio conducti, against the locator. De mercede collata in arbitrium alienum. I. Et, quæ supra diximus, si alieno arbitrio pretium permissum fuerit, eadem et de locatione et de conductione dicta esse intelligimus si alieno arbitrio merces permissa fuerit. Quâ de causâ, si fulloni poliendo curandave, aut sarcinatori sarcienda, vestimenta quis dederit, nullâ statim mercede constitutâ, sed 1. What has been said before respecting sales, when the price is referred to a third person, may also be understood of location and conduction, when the hire is left to arbitration. Therefore, if a man send his clothes to a fuller to be scoured, or a tailor to be mended, and do not previously agree upon any price, in this case location and conduction are not understood to be properly contracted; but an action on the case may be brought by either party, præscriptis verbis, i. e. in words adapted to the circumstan ces. merces consistat. $2. As it was formerly a question whether emption and vendition could be contracted by exchange, so it hath also been doubted, whether location and conduction takes place when one man lends another a particular thing for his use; and receives in return some other thing, of which he is also permitted to have the use; the use; and it has been determined, that this exchange does not constitute location and conduction, but a distinct species of contract: for example, if two neighbors have each of them an ox, and each agrees to lend his ox to the other alternately for ten days to labour, and the ox of the one should die in possession of the other, in this case, he, who has lost his ox, can neither bring the action locati nor conducti, nor even the action commodati; for the ox was not lent gratuitously: but he may sue præscriptis verbis ; i. e. by an action upon the case. De Emphyteusi. § III. Adeò autem aliquam familiaritatem inter se videntur habere emptio et venditio, item locatio et conductio, ut in quibusdam causis quæri soleat, utrum emptio et $3. Buying and selling, and letting and hireing, are so nearly connected, that, in some cases, it has been difficult to distinguish the one from the other; as when lands have et venditio contrahatur, an locatio et conductio; ut ecce de prædiis, quæ perpetuò quibusdam fruenda traduntur, id est, ut, quamdiu pensio sivè reditus pro his domino præstetur, neque ipsi conductori, neque hæredi ejus, cuive conductor hæresve ejus id prædium vendiderit, aut donaverit, aut dotis nomine dederit, aliove quocunque modo alienaverit, auferre liceat. Sed talis contractus quia inter veteres dubitabatur, et à quibusdam locatio, à quibusdam venditio existimabatur, lex Zenoniana lata est, quæ emphyteuseos contractûs propriam statuit naturam, neque ad locationem, neque ad venditionem inclinantem, sed suis pactionibus falciendam; et, si quidem aliquid pactum fuerit, hoc ita obtinere, ac si naturalis esset contractus: sin autem nihil de periculo rei fuerit pactum, tunc, si quidem totius rei interitus accesserit, ad dominum super hoc redundare periculum; sin autem particularis, ad emphyteuticarium hujusmodi damnum venire; quo jure utimur. De forma alicui § IV. Item quæritur, si cum aurifice Titius convenerit, ut is ex auro suo certi ponderis certæque formæ annulos ei faceret, et acciperet, (verbi gratiâ,) decem aureos, utrum emptio et venditio, an locatio et conductio contrahi videatur? Cassius ait, materiæ quidem emp been demised for ever, upon condition, that if a certain yearly rent, be paid to the proprietor, it shall not be in his power to take these lands from the tenant or his heirs, or from any other person, to whom such tenant or his heirs shall have sold or granted or given them as a marriage portion, or otherwise. But when this contract, concerning which the ancient lawyers had great doubts, was by some regarded as an emption and vendition, and by others as a location and conduction, the Zenonian law was enacted, which settled the proper nature of an emphyteusis, making it to be neither the one nor the other, but a contract supported by its own peculiar covenants; and ordaining, that whatever is agreed upon by the parties shall take place, as a contract: and when there is no covenant, which declares, upon whom the loss of the lands shall fall, that then, if the whole estate happen to be destroyed by a torrent, an earthquake, or any other means, the proprietor must be the sufferer; but, if a part only be destroyed, that the loss. shall then be borne by the tenant; and this is the law in use. facienda ab artifice. 4. Also, if Titius, should promise a goldsmith ten aurei to make a certain number of rings, of a particular size and weight, and find the gold; it hath been, a question, whether such a contract would be a buying and selling, or a letting and hireing. Cassius was of opinion tionem et venditionem contrahi, operæ autem locationem et conductionem; sed placuit, tantum emptionem et venditionem contrahi. Quod si suum aurum Titius dederit, mercede pro operâ constitutâ, dubium non est, quin locatio et conductio sit. that it would be a buying and selling in regard to the matter, and a letting and hireing in regard to the work; but it is now settled, that it would only amount to emption and vendition. But, if Titius should give his own gold, and agree to pay only for the workmanship, this would certainly be a location and conduction. Quid præstare debet conductor. SV. Conductor omnia secun- $5. The hirer is not only obliged dùm legem conductionis facere debet; et, si quid in lege prætermissum fuerat, id ex bono et æquo præstare. Qui pro usu aut vestimentorum, aut argenti, aut jumenti, mercedem aut dedit aut promisit, ab eo custodia talis desideratur, qualem diligentissimus pater familias suis rebus adhibet; quam si præstiterit, et aliquo casu fortuito eam rem amiserit, de restituenda ea re non tenebitur. to observe strictly the covenants of the conduction, but is also bound to perform whatever hath been omitted to be inserted, but ought reasonably to be done. And whoever hath given or promised hire for the use of clothes, silver, horses, &c. is bound to take the same care of them, as the most diligent master of a family would take of his own property. But, if the hirer do this, and yet lose the things hired by some fortuitous event, he shall not be answerable for the loss. De morte conductoris. VI. Mortuo conductore intra tempora conductionis, hæres ejus eodem jure in conductione succedit. 6. If the hirer die before the time of hireing be expired, his heir succeeds to his right, and is intitled to the thing hired, for the remainder of the term. |