tum est, eo die, in quem promissum est, datum non esse, priusquam is dies præterierit. for the whole day must be allowed for payment; because it can never be certain, that there hath been a failure of payment on the day promised, until that day be expired. De die adjecto perimendæ obligationes causa. § III. At, si ita stipuleris, decem AUREOS annuos, quoad vivam, dare spondes? et purè facta obligatio intelligitur, et perpetuatur: quia ad tempus non potest deberi; sed hæres petendo pacti exceptione submovebitur. § 3. But, if a man thus stipulates; viz. do you promise to give me ten AUREI annually, as long as I live? the obligation is understand to be made simply, and becomes perpetuated; for it cannot remain due for a given time only: but should the heir demand payment, he shall be barred by an exception of agree ment. De conditione. IV. Sub conditione stipulatio fit, cum in aliquem casum differtur obligatio, ut, si aliquid factum fuerit, vel non fuerit, committatur stipulatio; veluti, si Titius consul fuerit factus, quinque AUREOS dare spondes? Si quis ita stipuletur, si in capitolium non ascendero, dare spondes? perindè erit, ac si stipulatus esset, cum moreretur, sibi dari. Ex conditionali stipulatione tantùm spes est debitum iri; eamque ipsam spem in hæredem transmittimus, si prius, quam conditio extet, mors nobis contigerit. § 4. A stipulation is conditional, when an obligation is referred to an accident, and depends upon some thing to happen or not to happen, before the stipulation can take effect: for instance, do you promise to pay me five aurei, if Titius be made consul? or do you promise to pay me five aurei, if I do not ascend the capitol? which last stipulation is in effect the same, as if he had stipulated, that five aurei should be paid to him at the time of his death. It is to be observed, that, in every conditional stipulation, there is only a hope, that the thing stipulated will become due; and this hope a man transmits to his heirs, if he die before the event of the condition. De loco. SV. Loca etiam inseri stipulationi solent; veluti, Carthagini dare spondes? quæ stipulatio, licèt purè fieri videatur, tamèn re ipsa habet tempus adjectum, quo promissor utatur ad pecuniam Carthagini dandam. Et ideò, si quis Rome ita stipuletur, hodie Carthagini dare spondes? inutilis erit stipulatio, cum impossibilis sit repromis sio. $5. Even places are often inserted in a stipulation; as, do you promise to give me such a particular thing at Carthage? and this stipulation, although it appear to be made simply, yet in reality carries with it a space of time, which the obligor may make use of to enable himself to pay the money promised at Carthage. And therefore, if a man at Rome should stipulate in these words, do you promise to pay me a sum of money this day at Carthage? the stipulation would be null, because the performance of it would be impossible. De conditione ad tempus præsens vel præteritum relata. VI. Conditiones, quæ ad præsens vel præteritum tempus referuntur, aut statim infirmant obligationem, aut omninò non differunt; veluti, si Titius consul fuit, vel, si Mævius vivit, dare spondes? nam, si ea ita non sunt, nihil valet stipulatio: sin autem ita se habent, statim valet. Quæ enim per rerum naturam sunt certa, non morantur obligationem, licet apud nos incerta sint. $6. Conditions, which relate to the time present or past, either instantly annul or enforce an obligation. Thus, do you promise if Titius hath been a consul? or if Mævius be now living? if these are not facts, the stipulation is void; if they are, it is good and may be enforced; for events, which in themselves are certain, delay not the performance of an obligation, although to us they are not certain. Quæ in stipulatum deducuntur. VII. Non solùm res in stipulatum deduci possunt, sed etiam facta; ut si stipulemur aliquid fieri, vel non fieri. Et in hujusmodi stipulationibus optimum erit pœnam subjicere, ne quantitas stipulationis in incerto sit, ac necesse sit § 7. Not only things, but acts, may be the subject of stipulation; as when we stipulate, that something shall, or shall not be done. And, in these stipulations, it will be right to subjoin a penalty, lest the value of the stipulation should be in actori probare, quod ejus intersit. Itaque, si quis, ut fiat aliquid, stipuletur, ita adjici pœna bebet, si ita factum non erit, pœnæ nomine decem aureos dare spondes; Sed si, quædam fieri, quædam non fieri, unâ eâdemque conceptione stipuletur quis, clausula hujusmodi erit adjicienda; si adversus ea factum erit, sive quid ita factum non fuerit, tunc pœnæ nomine decem aureos dare spondes? certain, and the demandant should therefore be forced to prove how far he is interested in it. Therefore, if a man stipulate, that something shall be done, a penalty ought to be thus added; do you not promise to pay me ten aurei, as a penalty, if the act stipulated is not performed; But, if it be agreed in the same obligation, that some things shall be done, and that others shall not be done, then ought some such clause, as the following, to be added; do you promise to pay me ten aurei, as a penalty, if any thing be done contrary to agreement; or if any thing be not done according to our agreement? TUTULUS DECIMUS-SEPTIMUS. DE DUOBUS REIS STIPULANDI ET PROMIT- D. xlv. T. 2. C. viii. T. 40. Nov. 99. Quibus modis duo rei fieri possunt. ET stipulandi et promittendi duo pluresve rei fieri possunt. Stipulandi ita, si post omnium interrogationem promissor respondeat, Spondeo; ut puta, cum duobus separatim stipulantibus ita promissor respondeat, utrique vestrum dare spondeo. Nam, si prius Titio spoponderit, deindè alio interrogante spondeat, alia atque alia erit obligatio, nec creduntur duo rei stipulan Two or more persons may stipulate, and two or more may become obligors. The stipulating parties are bound, if, after all questions have been asked, the obligor answer, I promise; as when, for example, the obligor thus answers two persons separately stipulating, I promise to pay each of you. For, if he first promise Titius, and afterwards promise another, who inter di esse. rogates him there will then be two obligations, and not two stipulators to one obligation. Two or more become obligors, if after, they have been thus interrogated, Mavius do you promise to pay us ten aurei? and, Seius, do you promise to pay us the same ten aurei? they each of them answer separately, I do pro mise. De effectu hujusmodi stipulationum. SI. Ex hujusmodi obligationibus et stipulationibus solidum singulis debetur, et promittentes singuli in solidum tenentur. In utrâque tamen obligatione una res vertitur; et vel alter debitum accipiendo, vel alter solvendo, omnium perimit obligationem, et omnes liberat. 1. By these stipulations and obligations the whole sum stipulated becomes due to each stipulator ; and each obligor is bound for the whole. But as one and the same thing is due by each obligation, any one stipulator by receiving the debt, and any obligor by paying it, discharges the obligation of the rest, and frees all parties. De stipulatione pura; et de die et conditione. $ II. Ex duobus reis promittendi, alius purè, alius in diem, vel sub conditione, obligari potest; nec impedimento erit dies aut conditio, quo minùs ab eo, qui pure obligatus est, petatur. 2. Where there are two obligors, the one may bind himself purely and simply, and the other may oblige himself only to make payment on a day certain, or upon condition but neither the day certain, nor the condition, will secure the person, who is simply bound, from being sued for the payment of the whole. Cui acquirat De persona, cui stipulatur. impersonali. SI. Sivè autem domino, sivè sibi, sivè, conservo, suo, sivè impersonalitèr, servus stipuletur, domino acquirit. Idem juris est et in liberis, qui in potestate patris sunt, ex quibus causis acquirere possunt. De stipulatione 1. A slave, let him stipulate how he will, for his master, for himself, for a fellow slave, or generally without naming any person, always acquires for his master. And the same obtains among children, who are under the power of their father, in regard to those things, which they can acquire for him. De stipulatione facti. II. Sed, cum factum in stipulatione continebitur, omnimodò persona stipulantis continetur; veluti, si servus stipuletur, ut sibi ire, agere, liceat; ipse enim tantùm prohiberi non debet, non etiam dominus ejus. § 2. But, when a fact or thing to be done is contained in a stipulation, the person of the stipulator is solely regarded; so that, if even a slave stipulate, that he should be permitted to pass through a field, and to drive beasts or a carriage through it, it is not the master, but the slave only, who is to be permitted to pass. |