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those two kinds of possessions, tanquam ex familia and unde patroni, being removed. The other possession of goods, called vir et uxor, which held the ninth place among the ancient possessions, we have preserved in full force and have placed in an higher, to wit, the sixth degree. The tenth of the ancient possessions, called unde cognati manumissoris, being deservedly abolished for causes already enumerated, there now remain in force only six ordinary possessions

sua jura vindicare, omni scrupulo-
sitate et inextricabili errore istarum
duarum bonorum possessionum re-
soluto. Aliam vero bonorum pos-
sessionem, quæ unde vir et uxor
appellatur, et nono loco inter vete-
res bonorum possessiones posita
fuerat, et in suo vigore servavimus,
et altiore loco, id est, sexto, eam
posuimus: decima quoque veteri
bonorum possessione, quæ erat un-
de cognati manumissoris, propter
causas enumeratas meritò sublata,
ut sex tantummodò bonorum pos-
sessiones ordinariæ permaneant, of goods.
suo vigore pollentes.

Species extraordinaria.

III. Septima eas secuta, quam optimâ ratione prætores introduxerunt: novissimè enim promittitur edicto iis etiam bonorum possessio, quibus, ut detur, lege vel senatusconsulto vel constitutione comprehensum est: quam neque bonorum possessionibus, quæ ab intestato veniunt, neque iis, quæ ex testamento sunt, prætor stabili jure connumeraverit; sed quasi ultimum et extraordinarium auxilium (prout res exigit) accommodavit, scilicèt iis, qui ex legibus, senatus-consultis, constitutionibusve principum, ex novo jure, vel ex testamento, vel ab intestato veniunt.

$ 3. To these a seventh possession hath been added, which the prætors have very properly introduced: for, by a late edict, this possession is promised to all those, to whom it is appointed by any lạw, senatus-consultum, or constitution: and the prætor hath not positively numbered this possession of goods either with the possessions of the goods of intestate or testate persons, but hath given it, according to the exigence of the case, as the last and extraordinary resource of those, who are called to the successions of tes tates or intestates, by any particular law, decree of the senate, or new constitution.

De successorio edicto.

IV. Cum igitur plures species

§ 4. The prætor, having introdu

successionem prætor introduxisset, ced in their order many kinds of

easque per ordinem dispossuisset, et in unaquâque specie successionis sæpè plures extent dispari gradu personæ, ne actiones creditorum differentur, sed haberent, quos convenirent, et ne facilè in possessionem bonorum defuncti mitterentur, et eo modo sibi consulerent, ideò petendæ bonorum possessioni certum tempus præfinivit. Liberis itaque et parentibus, tam naturalibus quam adoptivis, in petendâ bonorum possessione amni spatium, cæteris autem (agnatis vel cognatis) centum dierum, dedit.

successions, and as persons of different degrees are often found in one species of succession, he thought fit to limit a certain time for demanding the possession of goods, that the actions of creditors may not be delayed for want of a proper person against whom to bring them, and that the creditors may not possess themselves of the effects of the deceased too easily, and consult solely their own advantage: therefore to parents and children, whether natural or adopted, he hath allowed one year, within which, they may either accept or refuse the possession. To all other persons, agnates or cognates, he allows only an hundred days.

De jure accrescendi et iterum de successorio edicto.

V. Et si intra hoc tempus aliquis bonorum possessionem non petierit, ejusdem gradus personis accrescit; vel, si nullus sit, deinceps cæteris bonorum possessionem perindè ex successorio edicto pollicetur, ac si is, qui præcedebat, ex eo numero non esset. Si quis itaque delatam sibi bonorum possessionem repudiaverit, non, quousque tempus bonorum possessioni præfinitum excesserit, expectatur; sed statim cæteri ex eodem edicto admittuntur.

§ 5. And, if a person intitled, do not claim possession within the time limited, his right of possession accrues first to those in the same degree with himself; and, in default of those, the prætor by successory edict gives the possession to the next degree, as if he, who preceded, had no right. If a man refuse the possession of goods, when it is open to him, there is no necessity to wait, until the time limited is expired, but the next in succession, may be instantly admitted under that edict.

Explicatio dicti temporis.

VI. In petendâ autem bonorum possessione dies utiles singuli considerantur.

$ 6. In applications for the possession of goods, we count all the days, which are utiles; i. e. those days, on which the party, having knowledge that the inheritance is open to him,might apply to the judge.

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Quæ hoc modo acquiruntur. Jus vetus.

§ I. Ecce enim, cum pater-familias sese in arrogationem dat, omnes res ejus corporales et incorporales, quæque ei debitæ sunt, arrogatori antea quidem pleno jure acquirebantur, exceptis iis, quæ per capitis diminutionem pereunt; quales sunt operarum obligationes et jus agnationis: usus etenim et ususfructus, licèt his antea connumerabantur; attamèn capitis dimi

$ 1. For example, if the father of a family gave himself in arrogation, his property corporeal or incorporeal, and the debts due to him, were formerly acquired in full right by the arrogator; those things only excepted, which perished by diminution or change of state; as the duties of freed-men to their patrons and the rights of agnation. But although use and usufruct, were

nutione minimâ eos tolli prohibuit heretofore numbered among those nostra constitutio.

rights which perished by diminution, yet our constitution hath prohibited them from being taken away by the less diminution.

Jus novum.

II. Nunc autem nos eandem acquisitionem, quæ per arrogationem fiebat, coarctavimus ad similitudinem naturalium parentum. Nihil enim aliud, nisi tantummodò ususfructus, tam naturalibus parentibus quam adoptivis, per filios-familias acquiritur in iis rebus, quæ extrinsecûs filiis obveniunt, dominio eis integro servato. Mortuo autem filio arrogato in adoptivâ familiâ, etiam dominium rerum ejus ad arrogatorem pertransit; nisi supersint aliæ personæ, quæ ex constitutione nostrâ patrem in iis, quæ acquiri non possunt, antecedant.

$ 2. But we have now limited the acquisitions from arrogation, by those of natural parentage: for nothing is now acquired either by natural or adoptive parents, but the bare usufruct of those things, which their children possess extrinsically in their own right: the property still remaining intire (in the adopted or natural child.) But, if an arrogated son die under power of his arrogator, then even the property of the effects of such son will pass to the arrogator in default of those persons, whom we have by our constitution preferred to the father in the succession of those things, which could not be acquired for him.

Effectus hujus acquisitionis.

III. Sed ex diverso, pro eo quod is debuit, qui se in adoptionem dedit, ipso quidem jure arrogator non tenetur, sed nomine filii convenitur; et, si noluerit eum defendere, permittitur creditoribus, per competentes nostros magistratûs, bona, quæ ejus cum usufructu futura fuissent, si se alieno juri non subjecisset, possidere, et legitimo modo ea disponere.

$ 3. On the other hand an arrogator is not directly bound to satisfy the debts of his adopted son; but he may be sued in his son's name; and, if he refuse to defend his son, then the creditors, by order of the proper magistrates, may seize upon and legally sell all those goods, of which the usufruct, as well as the property, would have been in the debtor, if he had not made himself subject to the power of another.

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SI. Et ita Divi Marci rescripto ad Pompilium Rufum continetur: verba rescripti ita se habent. Si Virginio Valenti, qui testamento suo libertatem quibusdam adscripsit, nemine successore ab intestato existente, in ea causa bona ejus esse cœperunt, ut vænire debeant, is, cujus de ea re notio est, aditus rationem desiderii tui habebit, ut libertatum, tam earum, quæ directo, quam earum quæ per speciem fideicommissi relicta sunt, tuendarum gratia addicantur tibi, si idonee creditoribus caveris de solido, quod cuique debetur, solvendo. Et ii quidem, quibus directa libertas data est, perinde liberi erunt, ac si hæreditas adita esset: ii autem, quos hæres manumittere rogatus est, a te libertatem consequentur ; ita autem ut si non alia conditione velis tibi bona addici,

1. And to the same effect is the rescript of the emperor Marcus to Pompilius Rufus; the words of which are "If the estate of Virginius "Valens, who by testament hath be"queathed to certain persons their "freedom, must necessarily be sold, "and there is no successor ab intes"tato, then the magistrate who has "the cognizance of these affairs, "shall upon application hear the "merits of your cause, that, for "the sake of preserving the liberty "of those, to whom it was given ei"ther directly or in trust, the es"tate of the deceased may be ad"judged to you, on condition, that "you give good security to satisfy "the creditors. And all those, to "whom freedom was directly gi"ven, shall then become free, as if "the inheritance had been entered

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