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Quibus substituitur.

IV. Non solùm tamen hæredibus institutis impuberibus liberis ita substituere parentes possunt, ut, 'si hæredes eis extiterint, et ante pubertatem mortui fuerint, sit eis hæres is, quem ipsi voluerint; sed etiam exhæredatis. Itaque eo casu, si quid exhæredato pupillo ex hæredatibus, legatisve, aut donationibus propinquorum atque amicorum, acquisitum fuerit, id omne substitutum pertinebit. Quæcunque diximus de substitutione impuberum liberorum vel hæredum institutorum, vel exhæredatorum, eadem etiam de posthumis intelligi

mus.

$ 4. Parents may not only substitute to their children within puberty, if such children become their heirs, and die within puberty; but they may substitute to their disinherited children; and therefore, whatever a disinherited child, within the age of puberty, may have acquired by inheritances, by legacies, or by the gifts of relations and friends the whole will become the property of the substitute. All we have said concerning the substitution of pupils, instituted heirs, or disinherited children, is understood to extend also to posthumous children.

Pupillare testamentum sequela paterni.

SV. Liberis autem suis testamentum nemo facere potest, nisi et sibi faciat; nam pupillare testamentum pars et sequela est paterni testamenti adeò ut, si patris testamentum non valeat, nec filii quidem valebit.

Quod liberis

VI. Vel singulis autem liberis, vel ei, qui eorum novissimus impubes morietur, substitui potest. Singulis quidem, si neminem eorum intestatum decedere voluerit: novissimo, si jus legitimarum hæreditatum integrum inter eos custodiri velit.

$5. No parent can make a testament for his children, unless he hath made a testament for himself: for the pupillary testament is a part and consequence of the testament of the parent, insomuch that, if the testament of the father be not valid, neither will that of the son.

substituitur.

$6. A parent may make a pupillary substitution to each of his children, or to him, who shall die the last within puberty. To each, if he be unwilling, that any of them should die intestate; to the last who shall die within puberty, if he wish that they should preserve among them the intire right of succession.

De substitutione nominatim aut generaliter facta.

VII. Substituitur autem impuberi aut nominatim, veluti, Titius hæres esto aut generalitèr, ut, Quisquis mihi hæres erit. Quibus verbis vocantur ex substitutione, impubere mortuo filio, illi, qui et scripti sunt hæredes, et extiterunt, et pro quâ parte hæredes facti sunt.

Quomodo substitutio

VIII. Masculo igitur usque ad quatuordecim annos substitui potest: fœminæ usque ad duodecim annos. Et, si hoc tempus excesserint, substitutio evanescit.

Quibus pupillariter

IX. Extraneo verò vel filio puberi hæredi instituto ita substituere nemo potest, ut, si hæres extiterit, et intra aliquod tempus decesserit, alius ei sit hæres sed hoc solum permissum est, ut eum per fideicommissum testator obliget alii hæreditatem ejus vel totam vel pro parte restituere: quod jus quale sit, suo loco trademus.

$7. A substitution may be made to a child within puberty, by name, as, let Titius be heir; or generally-Whoever shall be my heir, let him be substitute to my son, if he die within puberty. By these words, all, who have been instituted, and acted as heirs to the father, are called, by substitution, to the inheritance of the son, if he should die within puberty, in proportion to the share assigned to each in the father's will.

pupillaris finitur.

8. A pupillary substitution may be made to males, until they reach fourteen: and to females, until they have completed their twelfth year : after which the substitution becomes extinct.

non substituitur.

$9. A pupillary substitution cannot be made either to an instituted stranger, or instituted son, if past the age of puberty. But a testator may oblige his heir to give to another a part, or even the whole of the inheritance, by virtue of a fidei-commissum, or gift in trust; which we will treat of in its proper place.

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$ 1. A testament is broken, when the force of it is destroyed, while the testator still remains in the same state. For, if, after making his testament he should arrogate an independent person, by licence from the emperor, or, in the presence of the prætor should adopt a child under the power of his natural parent, by virtue of our constitution, then that testament would be broken by this agnation or quasi-birth of a proper

heir.

testamento.

$2. A former testament, may be broken by a subsequent one legally made, nor is it material, whether any heir, be nominated in the latter or not for the only question is, whether an heir might have been made : therefore, if an instituted heir should renounce, or should die, living the testator; or after his death, and before he could enter upon the inheritance; or before the condition is accomplished, upon which he was instituted; in any of these cases, the

tum non valet, ruptum à posteriore; et posterius æque nullas vires habet, cum ex eo nemo hæres extiterit.

testator would die intestate; for the first testament would be invalid, being broken by the second, and the second would be of as little force, for want of an heir.

De posteriore, in quo hæres certæ rei institutus.

III. Sed, si quis, priore testamento jure perfecto, posterius æque jure fecerit, etiamasi ex certis rebus in eo hæredem instituerit, superius tamen testamentum sublatum esse, Divi Severus et Antoninus Augusti rescripserunt; cujus constitutionis verba et hic inseri jussimus, cum aliud quoque præterea in eâ constitutione expressum sit. Imperatores Severus et Antoninus Augusti Cocceio Campano. Testamentum secundo loco factum, licet in eo certarum rerum hæres scriptus sit, perinde jure valere, ac si rerum mentio facta non esset: sed et teneri hæredem scriptum, ut contentus rebus sibi datis, aut suppleta quarta ex lege Falcidia, hæreditatem restituat his qui in priore testamento scripti fuerant, propter inserta fidei-commissi verba, quibus ut valeret prius testamentum expressum est, dubitari non oportet. Et ruptum quidem testamentum hoc modo efficitur.

§3. If a man, having duly executed one testament, should make another equally good, and institute an heir in it to some particular things only, the emperors Severus and Antoninus have by rescript declared, that, in this case, the first will shall be considered as broken. We have commanded the words of this constitution to be here inserted, as it contains a further provision. The emperors Severus and Antoninus to Cocceius Campanus. A second testament, although the heir named in it, be instituted to particular things only, shall be as valid, as if they had not been specified; yet doubtless, the written heir must content himself either with the things given him, or with the fourth part, allowed by the Falcidian law, and shall be bound to restore the rest of the inheritance to the heirs instituted in the first testament, on account of words, denoting a trust, inserted in the second: by which words it is declared, that the first testament shall subsist. And, in this manner, a testament may be said to be broken or cancelled.

De testamento irrito ; et quibus modis fit irritum.

IV. Alio autem moda testamenta jure facta infirmantur; veluti cum is, qui fecit testamentum, capite diminutus sit: quod, quibus modis accidat, primo libro retuli

mus.

§ 4. Testaments, legally made, are also invalidated, if the testator suffer diminution, (that is, change his condition :) in the first book (of these institutes,) we have shewn by what means diminution may happen.

Cur dicatur irritum.

V. Hoc autem casu irrita fieri testamenta dicuntur; cum alioqui, et quæ rumpuntur, irrita fiant, et ea, quæ statim ab initio non jure fiunt, irrita sint. Sed et ea, quæ jure facta sunt, et postea per capitis diminutionem irrita fiunt, possumus nihilominùs rupta dicere. Sed, quia sanè commodius erat, singulas causas singulis appellationibus distingui, ideò quædam non jure facta dicuntur, quædam jure facta rumpi vel irrita fieri.

$ 5. In case of diminution, testaments are said to become irrita, (ineffectual;) although those which are broken, or which, from the beginning, were not legal, are equally

so. We may also consider those testaments broken, which being at first legally made, are afterwards. rendered ineffectual by diminution. But, as it is proper, that every particular defect should be distinguished by a particular appellation, those testaments, which are illegal in their formation, are termed null; those which were at first legal, but afterwards lose their force, by some revocatory act of the testator, are said to be rupta, or broken; and those, since the making whereof, the testator hath suffered a change of state, are irrita, or ineffectual.

Quibus modis convalescit.

§ VI. Non tamen per omnia inutilia sunt ea testamenta, quæ, ab initio jure facta, per capitis diminutionem irrita facta sunt: nam, si septem testium signis signata sunt, potest scriptus hæres, secundùm tabulas testamenti, bonorum possessionem agnoscere, si modò defunctus et civis Romanus, et suæ potes

6. But a testament, at first legally made, and afterwards rendered ineffectual by diminution, may not be altogether void; for the written heir is intitled to the possession of the goods, under the testament, if it appear, that it was sealed by seven witnesses, and that the testator was a Roman citizen, and not under

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