revocantur, quamvis sint plurium twenty-four parts are bequeathed, unciarum.

De numero hæredum in singulis gradibus. I. Et plures in unius locum possunt substituti, vel unus in plurium, vel singuli in singulorum, vel invicem ipsi, qui hæredes instituti

sunt.

1. A testator may substitute many in the place of one, or one in the place of many, or one in the place of each, or he may substitute even his instituted heirs reciprocally to one another.

Quam partem singuli substituti accipiant, si partes in
substitutione expressæ non sint.

II. Et, si ex disparibus parti- 2. If a testator, having instibus hæredes scriptos invicem sub- tuted several co-heirs in unequal stituerit, et nullam mentionem par- portions, substitute them reciprocaltium in substitutione habuerit, eas ly the one to the other, and make videtur in substitutione partes de- no mention of their shares of the disse, quas in institutione expres- inheritance in the substitution, he

sit: et ita Divus Pius rescripsit.

seems to have given the same shares by the substitution, which he gave by the institution; and thus the emperor Antoninus ordained.

Si cohæredi substituto alius substituatur.

III. Sed, si instituto hæredi, cohærede substituto dato, alius ei substitutus fuerit, Divi Severus et Antoninus sinè distinctione rescripserunt, ad utramque partem substitutum admitti.

$3. If a co-heir be substituted to an instituted heir, and a third person to that co-heir, the emperors, Severus and Antoninus, have by rescript ordained, that such substituted person, shall be admitted to the portions of both the co-heirs without distinction.

Si quis servo, qui liber existimabatur, instituto substitutus fuerit.

IV. Si servum alienum quis, patrem-familias arbitratus, hæredem scripserit, et, si hæres non esset, Mævium ei substituerit; isque servus jussu domini adierit hæreditatem, Mævius substitutus in partem admittitur. Illa enim verba, si hæres non erit, in eo quidem, quem alieno juri subjectum esse testator scit, sic accipiuntur, si neque ipse hæres erit, neque alium haredem effecerit: in eo verò, quem patrem-familias arbitratur, illud significant, si hæreditatem sibi, vel ei, cujus juri postea subjectus esse cæperit, non acquisierit. Idque Tiberius Cæsar in personâ Parthenii servi sui constituit.

4. If a testator constitute the slave of another his heir, supposing him free, and add, if he does not become my heir, I substitute Mævius in his place; then, if that slave should afterwards enter upon the inheritance at the command of his master, Mavius the substitute, would be admitted to a moiety. For the words, if he do not become my heir, in regard to him, whom the testator knew to be under the dominion of another, are taken to mean, if he will neither become my heir himself, nor cause another to be my heir: but in regard to him, whom the testator supposed to be free, they imply this condition; viz. if my heir will neither acquire the inheritance for himself, nor for him to whose dominion he may afterwards become subject. But it was determined by Tiberius, the emperor, in the case of his own slave Parthenius, that a substitute in such a case should be admitted to a moiety.

TITULUS DECIMUS-SEXTUS.

DE PUPILLARI SUBSTITUTIONE.

D. xxviii. T. 6. C. vi. T. 26.

Forma, effectus, origo, et ratio pupillaris substitutionis.

LIBERIS suis impuberibus, quos in potestate quis habet, non solùm ita, ut supra diximus, substituere potest, id est, ut, si hæredes ei non existerint, alius sit ei hæres; sed eo ampliùs, ut, si hæredes ei extiterint, et adhuc impuberes mortui fuerint, sit eis aliquis hæres veluti si quis dicat hoc modo: Titius filius hæres mihi esto; et, si filius mihi hæres non erit, sive hæres, erit, et prius moriatur, quam in suam tutelam venerit, id est, antequam pubes factus sit, tunc Sieus hæres esto. Quo casu, siquidem non extiterit hæres filius, tunc substitutus patri fit hæres: si verò extiterit hæres filius, et ante pubertatem decesserit, ipsi filio fit hæres substitutus. Nam moribus institutum est, ut, cum ejus ætatis filii sint, in qua ipsi sibi testamentum facere non possunt, parentes eis faciant.

A parent can substitute to his children, within puberty, and under his power, not only in manner before-mentioned, as, if my children will not, let some other person be my heir; but he may write if my children become my heirs, but die within puberty, let another become their heir: for example; let Titius, my son, be my heir; and, if he should refuse, or if accepting, he should die before he ceases to be under tutelage, [i. e. before he arrives at puberty,] let Seius be my heir. In this case, if the son do not enter upon the inheritance, or, if taking the inheritance, he dies a pupil before puberty, the substitute is then heir to the For custom has ordained, that parents may make wills for their children, who are not of age to make wills for themselves.

son.

De substitutione mente capti. I. Quâ ratione excitati, etiam constitutionem posuimus in nostro codice, quâ prospectum est, ut, si qui mente captos habeant filios, vel nepotes, vel pronepotes, cujuscunque sexus vel gradus, liceat eis, etsi puberes sint, ad exemplum pupillaris substitutionis, certas personas

$1. Reasoning in the same way, we have provided by a constitution inserted in our code, that, if a man have children, grand-children, or great-grand-children, disordered in their senses, he may substitute to such children, in the manner of pupillary substitution, although

substituere sin autèm resipuerint they are arrived at puberty. But eandem substitutionem infirmari this species of substitution shall be sancimus et hoc ad exemplum void on their recovery; like pupupillaris substitutionis, quæ, post-pillary substitution, which ceases quam pupillus adoleverit, infirma- when the minor attains to puberty.

tur.

Proprium pupillaris substitutionis.

II. Igitur in pupillari substitutione secundùm præfatum modum ordinata duo quodammodò sunt testamenta, alterum patris, alterum filii; tanquam si ipse filius sibi hæredem instituisset: aut certè unum testamentum est duarum cau sarum, id est, duarum hæredita

tum.

§ 2. In a pupillary substitution, so made, there are in a manner two testaments, one of the father, the other of the son; as if the son had instituted an heir for himself: at least there is one testament, containinga disposition of two inheritances.

Alia forma substituendi pupillariter. III. Sin autèm quis ita formidolosus sit, ut timeat, ne filius suus pupillus adhuc ex eo, quod palàm substitutum acceperit, post obitum ejus periculo insidarium subjaceat, vulgarem quidem substitutionem palàm facere, et in primis testamenti partibus ordinare, debet: illam autem substitutionem, per quam, si hæres extiterit pupillus et intra pubertatem decesserit, substitutus vocatur separatim in inferioribus partibus scribere debet, eamque partem proprio lino propriâque cerâ consignare; et in priore parte testamenti cavere, ne inferiores tabulæ, vivo filio et adhuc impubere, aperiantur. Illud palàm est, non ideò minus valere substitutionem impuberis filii, quod in iisdem tabulis scripta sit, quibus sibi quisque hæredem instituisset; quamvis pupillo hoc, periculosum sit.

$3. If a testator be apprehensive, lest, at his death, his son, being yet a pupil, should be liable to imposition if a substitute should be publicly given to him, he ought to insert a vulgar substitution in the first tablet of his testament; and to write that substitution, in which a substitute is named, if his son should die within puberty, in the lower tablet, which ought to be separately tied up and sealed: it behoves him also to insert a clause in the first part of his testament, forbidding the lower part to be opened, while his son is alive and within the age of puberty. A substitution to a son within puperty is valid, although written on the same tablet, in which the testator hath appointed him his heir; it is however unsafe to the pupil.