the most part more beneficial, and less liable to be attended with danger or inconvenience than the ordinary cold bath, principally, if not entirely, because the temperature being higher, the transition from one element into another is less violent in the former case than in the latter. As to the saline particles, or any of the chemical constituents upon which are supposed to depend, in a great measure, the virtue of other baths of medicinal celebrity, they can scarcely have any important effect upon the body during the usual period of its immersion.

Regarding, as it seems reasonable to do, the act of bathing as beneficial only' so far as it performs the office of ablution, it will appear that the utility of every species of water is equal in reference to external application. July 25, 1810, J. REID. Grenville-street, Brunswick-square.

Erratum.-No. 200, p. 589, for centripetal, read "centrifugal."

FRANCE.

Report to the Emperor.-Paris, July 1, 1810. I HAVE the honour to lay before your Majesty an act of the King of Holland, dated the 3d inst. by which that monarch declares, that he abdicates the crown in favour of his eldest son, leaving, according to the constitution, the regency to the Queen, and establishes a council of regency composed of his ministers. Such an act, sire, ought not to have appeared without a previous concert with your Majesty. It can have no force without your approbation. Ought your Majesty to confirm the disposition taken by the King of Holland? The union of Belgium with France, has destroyed the independence of Holland. Her system has necessarily become the same with that of France. She is obliged to take part in all the maritime wars of France, as it she were one of her provinces. Since the creation of the arsenal of the Scheldt, and the annexation to France of the provinces composing the departments of the mouths of the Rhine, and the mouths of the Scheldt, the commercial existence of Holland has become precarious. The merchants of Antwerp, Ghent, and Middleburgh, who can, without any restriction, extend their speculations to the extren.ities of the empire, of which they form a part, necessarily carry on the commerce wh.ch Holland transacted. Rotterdam and Do drecht are already on the verge of ruin; MONTHLY MAG. NO. 2.2.

these cities having lost the commerce of the Rhine, which goes direct, by the new frontier, to the ports of the Scheldt, pissing through the Biesboch. The part of Holland which is still alien to the empire, is deprived of the advantages enjoyed by the part united thereto. Compelied, nevertheless, to make common cause with France, Holland will have to support the charges of this allowance, without reaping any of its benefits. Holland is sunk under the weight of her public debt, which amounts to between 85 and 90 millions, that is to say, a fourth more than the debt of the whol: empire; and if a reduction had been projected by the government of the couns try, it would not have been in its power to give a guarantee for the inviolability and permanence of such a measure, inasmuch as the debt, if even reduced to 30 millions, would still be beyond the actual means and ability of that country. It is estimated Holland pays triple the sum that France pays. The people groan under the weight of 23 distinct descriptions of contributions. The Dutca nation sinks under its contributions, and can cessary expences of the government require no longer pay them. Nevertheless, the nethat this burden should be augmented budget for the marine amounted, in 1809, to three millions only of florins, a sum scarcely sufficient to pay the administrators, the officers, and seamen, and to defray the expence of the arsenals, and which has not a i

The

mitted

mitted of the equipment of a single ship of war. To provide for the armament ordered in 1810, and which is the minimum of the naval force necessary for the defence of Hol land, triple that sum would be requisite. The war budget has scarcely afforded a sufficiency for maintaining the fortresses and 16 battalions; and whilst two branches of such importance are so far from having what is necessary for supporting the honour and dignity of inde pendence, the interest of the public debt has ceased to be paid. It is more than a year and a half in arrear. If, in such a state of things, your Majesty maintain the recent dispositions, by assigning to Holland a provisional govern ment, you will only be prolonging her painful agony. If the government of a Prince, in the vigour of life, has left the country in so distressed a situation, what can be expected from a long minority? It cannot, therefore, be saved but by a new order of things. The period of the power and prosperity of Holland, was when it formed part of the greatest monarchy then in Europe. Her incorporation with the great empire is the only stable condition in which Holland can henceforth repose from her sufferings and long vicissitudes, and recover her ancient prosperity. Thus ought your Majesty to decide in favour of such an union, for the interest, nay more, for the salvation of Holland, She ought to be associated in our blessings, as she has been associated in our calamities. But another interest, still more imperiously indicates to your Majesty the conduct which you ought to adopt. Holland is, in fact, a shoot from the French territory; it constitutes a portion of soil necessary to complete the form of the empire. To become full master of the Rhine, your Majesty should advance to the Zuyder sea. By this means, all the rivers which have their source in France, or which wash the frontiers, will belong to you as far as the sea. To leave the mouths of your rivers in the possession of strangers, would, in fact, sire, confine your power to an ill-limited monarchy, instead of electing an imperial throne. To leave in the power of foreigners the mouths of the Rhine, the Meuse, and the Scheldt, would be tantamount to submitting your laws to them; it would render your manufactures and commerce dependent on the powers who should be in possession of those mouths; it would admit a foreign influence in that which is most important to the happiness of your subjects. The annexation of Holland is still necessary to complete the system of the empire, particularly since the British Orders in Council of November, 1807. Twice since that period your Majesty has been obliged to close your custom-houses to the trade of Holland, in consequence of which, Holland was isolated from the empire and the continent. the peace of Vienna, it was in your Majesty's contemplation to annex this kingdom. You were incuced to abandon this idea from considerations that no longer exist. · You agreed

After

with reluctance to the treaty of the 14th March, which aggravated the calamities of Holland, without meeting any one view of your Majesty. The obstacle which prevented it, has now disappeared of itself. Your Ma jesty owes it to your empire to take advantage of a circumstance which so naturally leada to the union. There can be none more favourable for the execution of your projects. Your Majesty has established at Antwerp a powerful arsenal. The astonished Scheldt swells with pride to behold 20 vessels of the first rate bearing your Majesty's flag, and protecting its shores, that were formerly scarcely visited by some trading vessels. But the great designs of your Majesty in this respect, cannot be fully accomplished except by the union of Holland. It is necessary to complete so astonished a creation. Under your Majesty's energetic government, the ensuing year will not terminate before, by calling into astion the maritime resources of Holland, a fleet of 40 sail of the line, and a great number of troops, shall be assembled in the Scheldt and Texel, to dispute with the British government the sovereignty of the sea, and repel its unjust claims. So that it is not the interest of France alone that calls for this union: it is that of continental Europe, who applies to France to repair the losses of her marine, and combat, on her own element, the enemy of the prosperity of Europe; whose industry it has not been able to stifle, but whose communications it obstructs by its insolent claims, and the vast number of its ships of war. Finally, the union of Holland augments the empire, in rendering more close the frontiers she defends, and in adding to the security of its arsenals and docks. It enriches it by an industrious, thrifty, and laborious people, who will add to the stock of public wealth, in increasing their private fortunes. There are no people more estimable, or better adapt ed to derive benefit from the advantages which the liberal policy of your government affords to industry. France could not have made a more valuable acquisition. The annexation of Holland to France, is the necessary consequence of the union of Belgium. It completes your Majesty's empire, as well as the execution of your system of war, politics, and trade. It is the first, but a necessary step, towards the restoration of your navy; in fact, it is the heaviest blow which your Majesty could inflict upon England. As to the young Prince, who is so dear to your Majesty, he has already felt the effects of your good will. You have bestowed on him the grand duchy of Berg. He has therefore no occasion for any new establishment. I have the honour to propose to your Majesty the project of the following decree. I am, &c.

"CHAMPAGNY, Duke of Cadore." Extract from the Registers of the Office of the Secretary of State.

Palace of Rambouillet, July 9, 1810. We, Napoleon, Emperor of the French, King

AMERICA.

American papers to the 20th ult. have been received. The correspondence between Mr. Pinkney and the Marquis Wellesley, as also that between General Armstrong and the Duke of Cadore, have been published; the latter place in the strongest light the violence and injustice of the French government. Indeed, while Champagny the French minister was negociating, Buonaparte and his friend Murat, sell the vessels which are the subject of negociation, and pocket the money. The justification given of such a proceeding by Champagny is, that it was a reprisal upon America for her non-intercourse laws-but the absurdity of this reply is apparent, since the vessels were seized in February and March last; whereas Buonaparte had known of the non intercourse law nine months before, and hau apparently approved of it. This conduct

induces General Armstrong to remark upon the more equitable treatment sustained by his country from England than from France.

surely," says he, if it be the duty of the United States to resent the theoretical usurpations of the British Orders of November 1807, it cannot be less their duty to complain of the daily and practical outrages on the part of France." Champagny does not reply to this rémark. We know not what may be the determination of the American government at this crisis; but from a review of the whole of the documents it appears to us, that whether they make war upon France or not, France is actually making war upon them in the only way she can; for, as to capturing their vessels upon the high seas, that she is unable to do through our intervention: she can therefore but seize them when they are decoyed within her reach.

Private letters from New York to the 20th, mention that the executive government would require the assistance of Congress, and that either the embargo must be removed, or a strict system of non-intercourse acopted. It is alleged, that it is impossible to bring Great Britain and France to any amicable negociation, and that therefore it will be expedient to shew them the imperious necessity of such an arrangement, by depriving them of the produce of the Republican territories. The absurdity of going to war with Europe, in the present condition of the United States, is by all parties ackowledged.

DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE.

JOHN ARMSTRONG.

Foreign Office, March 2. STR. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 15th ult. whether any and if any, what blockades of France, instituted by Great Britain during the present war, before the 1st day of January, 1807, are understood by his Majesty's government to be in force? have the honour to acquaint you, that the coast, rivers, and ports, from the river Elbe to res, both inclusive, were notified to be under the restrictions of blockade, with certain modifica tions, on the 16th of May, 1806; and that these restrictions were atter words con.prehended in Order of Council of the 7th of January, 1807, which order is still in force." (Signed)

WELLESLEY.

William Pinkney, esq. Extract of a Letter from General Armstrong to Mr. Smith, dated Paris, April 4, 1810.

After seven weeks de ention in England, the John Adams has at length got back to France. She arrived in the roads of Havre on the 28th ult.

I informed Mr. Champagny first, that Mr. Pinkney had not been able to send by this conveyance the resuit of his application to the British government concerning the blockades of France prior to the Berlin decree; but that he hoped to be able to send it in a rew days by another conveyance; and second, that if he (Mr. Champagny) had any thing to communicate which would have the enect of changing the present relations of the two countries, and which he wished to be early known to the government of the United States, he would do well to let me know it within 24 hours, as the messenger would leave Paris within that time. To this mes sage I received from him the following answer: That "for many days past nothing in the nature of business, and unconnected with the marriage of the Emperor, could be transact

Paris, January 25, 1810.

A letter from Mr. Secretary Smith, of the 1st of December last, made it my duty to in quire of his Excellency the Duke of Cadore, what were the conditions to which his Majesty the Emperor would annul his decree, commonly called the Berlin decree; and whether, if Great Britain revoked her blockades of a date anterior to that decree, his Majesty would consent to revoke the said decree? To these questions I have this day received the

cause of delay would continue to operate; that my letters were still before the Emperor, and that he would seize the first moment to get some decision in relation to them." Thus you see every thing is yet in air. Extract of a Letter from General Armstrong to Mr. Smith, dated Paris, April 7, 1810.

The Emperor left Paris two days ago for St. Cloud, whence he goes to Compeigne, where he will remain till Easter. it is not probable that I shall have an answer, to my

ropositions

propositions till he returns to Paris. The day before he set out he gave me a ship to carry myself and family to the United States. The minister recommended that I should not pin myself down to a day as to departure, as circumstances might make it proper for me to stay somewhat longer than I now intended. The treaty between France and Holland was ratified the 30th March, and will be published this day in Holland. I am assured that it contains the following article:

"All the merchandize conveyed into the ports of Holland on board American vessels, since the 1st day of January, 1809, shall be put under sequestration, subject to the dis position of France, according to circumstances, and the political relations with the United States."

You will learn by a decree of the king of Naples, that he has put his gains beyond the reach of negociation. The ports of Prussia are open to our commerce. Avoid both Prussia and Denmark till you have other,

assurances.

Paris, April 16, 1810.-Sir, the John Adams being yet detained, I am able to inform you, that on the 11th instant the emperor directed the sale of all the American vessels taken in the ports of Spain, and that the money arising therefrom should be placed in his caisse private. He has also refused to give up the Hero, and has ordered that the Case be brought before the Council of Prizes, where condemnation necessarily awaits it. 1 send a copy of a note upon which this last order was taken, and another relating to our business at Naples; and am, sir, with very high consideration, your most ubedient, and very humble servant,

Hon. R. Smith, &c. JOHN ARMSTRONG,

SOUTH AMERICA.

On the 19th of April the Provinces of the Caraccas, declared themselves inde pendant of Oid Spain, in the following proclamation:

It has pleased Almighty God, to grant to every country alike, the natural right of its own sovereignty

These provinces, planted by Spain, fostered and protected by her power, have, and of right, ought to have submitted to her guidance and direction during the period of their infancy, when, from imbecility and weakness, they were incapable of their own government and protection.

But Spain, deprived of her king by the unparalleled perfidy or the Emperor of the French, her European States vanquished by his treachery and his arms, and the ancient, lawful, and acknowledged government of the country, destroyed by the violent outrages of his sanguinary policy, there exists neither reason, right, nor justice, for continuing our dependance on a power that has no existence but in memory; policy and seit presers tion, therefore, demand that we should provide for our common

safety, and the protection of these provinces, by taking into our hand the natural sove. reignty of our country.

The period has at length arrived, when these United Provinces possess both the strength and the power to protect themselves. With a population of nine millions of inhabitants, with an extent of fertile territory superior to any empire on the globe, and abounding with all the riches that bounteous nature ever bestowed on the human race, it would be contrary to sound policy in the present state of the world, to submit, and we are determined no longer to submit to the domination of any European or foreign power

whatever.

For whilst a lawful government existed in Spain, and her legitimate king sat upon her throne, we have ever been loyal to his person, and faithful to his government; and our treasures have been the only support of the European monarchy and its allies, whilst we had no interest whatever, and our country drained of those riches which nature has bestowed upon the inhabitants of America, for their own happiness, support, and defence.

Under these considerations, to prevent the inevitable and ruinous consequences of falling under the yoke of the Emperor of the French the tyrant of Europe, and the oppressor of Spain, We, the Spanish Provinces in America, declare ourselves a free, sovereign, and independant people, not acknowledging the domination of any power on earth, refusing submission, and denying and repelling the authority of whatever nation may attempt dominion over us. This we unanimously engage and pledge ourselves to maintain and support with our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honours, calling upon every inhabitant of the provinces to aid and sup port in carrying into effect this our laudable and just resolution, and establishing for our selves and our posterity, a free, equitable, and independent government, that shall secure our happiness, and give us a place of honour and respect among the independant nations of the earth.

And we do earnestly entreat all foreign nations to gurantee our independence, and. to favour us with such alliance and assistance as may enable us to defeat the designs of the enemies of our country.

By thus disavowing our dependence on Spain, we solemnly appeal to heaven for the rectitude o. our intentions, and we do protest before the sacred Majesty of God himself,

that in all our measures we have ever been actuated by motives pure and honourable, and that we have no other design in view than the preservation of ourselves, and the protection of our common country.

And we

Go most humbly supplicate that Being who decides the fate of nations, to smile on our exertions, and to bless and protect this our new established empire.

ALPHABETICAL