August 3. The small brown beetle denominated by Linnæus plinus pectinicornis, appears on old wood.

August 6. The meadow saffron (colchicum autumnale,) soap-wort (saponaria officinalis, strawberry trefoil (trifolium fragiferum,) yellow medick (medicago falcata,) common St. John's wort (bypericum perforatum,) trailing St. John's wort (hypericum bumifusum,) and marsh St. John's wort (bypericum elodes,) are now in flower.

August 16. The wheat harvest has commenced.

Lapwings begin to congregate.

August 18. The young broods of wasps have come to life, and are flying about in immense numbers. It is remarked by Mr. Markwick, in his edition of the Rev. W. White's Natural History of Selborne, that, in the year 1775, these insects abounded so prodigiously, that in the month of August, no fewer than seven or eight nests were plowed up in one field. The goat suckers have not yet left us.

August 20. The emperor-moth (bombyx pavonus of Haworth,) and the drinker moth (bombyx potatorius,) fly abroad.

August 24.

House flies are now abundant.

The clouded-yellow butterflies (papilio edusa) are seen flying about the hedges and fields. August 27. It was supposed that the bees would have been very unproductive this year; but the late fine weather, after the rain which preceded it, has tended greatly to recover them.

August 30. The wheat harvest is nearly at an end, and the whole crop has been harvested in this part of the country, without a single wet day.

Hampshire.

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.

N. W.

Observations on the State of the Weather, from the 24th of August 1810, to the 24th of September 1810, inclusive, Four Miles N.N.W. of St. Paul's.

Barometer.

Highest, 30-00. Sept. 7 and 15. Wind N.
Lowest, 29-50. Sept. 17.

THE quantity of rain fallen this month, is equal to about two inches in depth. Never was there a more favourable season for the gathering and housing the corn: its lateness has been amply repaid by its excellence. We remark, that there have been out of thirty-one days scarcely more than six or eight on which there has been rain; and almost all the others may be denominated brilliant. The weather has not only been finer, but the temperature has been, on the average for the whole month, higher (viz. 63o nearly,) than it has been all the summer:

In June, the average heat was

July, Aug. - Sept.

The hottest day in the year was on Sunday the 2d of September, when the mercury stood as high as 810; besides this, it stood at 30o on the 1st; was one other day at 79°; one at 78; four at 77°; and once at 76o. A few days have been cold; and once or twice there were severe storms: and in the night of the 31st ult. the thunder was louder than was ever remembered to have been heard. The wind has been chiefly N. N.W. On this hill there have been two thick fogs, brought by southerly winds.

Highgate, Sept. 24, 1810.

ERRATA. In the first article of this Magazine, signed COMMON SENSE, page 202, col. 1, line 3, for "service," read "privilege;"

And in the note relative to a communication of the same correspondent, at page 199 of our last, transpose the words "on the country bankers, to meet the general run,” into “ to meet the general run on the country bankers."

Page 214, col. 1, for Reddlestone," read "Keddlestone."

PRIC

S per Ct.

Reduc.

3 per Ct.

Consols.

4 per Ct.

Consols.

Navy

5 per Ct.

Holiday.

67

68

991

5 P

3 Dis.

6742

994

661

24 P.

P

3

Dis. 68

Holiday.

11111

THE

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

No. 205.]

NOVEMBER 1, 1810.

[4 of VOL. 30.

As long as thofe who write are ambitious of making Converts, and, of giving their Opinions a Maximum of
Infuence and Celebrity, the mot extendively circulated Mifcellany will repay with the greated Effect the
Curiality of those who read either for Amusement or Inftruction.-JOHNSON.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

For the Monthly Magazine. The intelligence that a French fleet was sailing victorious in the English Channel, could scarcely be considered more important to the interests of Great Britain, than the facts contained in the following Report. It appears, that while the lion and the bear are contending for the prize, the fox is carrying it off. While Great Britain is contending against the chimera of French commerce and competition, and encumbering herself with a worthless paper currency to support such a contest; while her merchants are solely occupied in discounting accommodation-bills at the Bank of England; and while that bank itself is supporting ruinous monopolies and combinations in every branch of trade, by such discounts; America is rapidly undermining the foundations of our national wealth, and rivalling all our staple manufactures The relative prospects of the two countries, may be compared to those of two tival traders in the same town, one of whom carries on his trade by means of accommodation-bills, and issues of promistéry notes; and the other pays for every thing in cash, and trades on his stock of cash, which is constantly increasing. The event cannot be doubtful, as we witness the parallel and its effects every seven years, in every trading street in the empire. There is, in this reasoning, no speculation or dubious hypothesis; and it behoves our statesmen forthwith to re-tread their steps, to put an end to factitious cure rency, to allow no currency but specie, or no paper which is not the sign of it, and convertible into it at pleasure; in short, it behoves them to restrict and regulate, the deleterious operations of the Bank of England, which, by its discounts, fosters monopolies of every kind, and gives a factitious value to all the necessaries of life, The Bank of England, it is to be feared, is becoming a sort of Pandora's box to this empire, and our trade must depart to other MONTHLY MAG. No. 205.

Domestic Manufactures..
following manufactures
ried on to an extent, which may be
considered adequate to the consumption
of the United States; the foreign articles
annually imported, being less in value
than those of American manufacture be-
longing to the same general class, which
are annually exported, viz.

Manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the principal material.-Leather tallow candles. Spermaceti oil and canand manufactures of leather.-Soap and dles.-Flax-seed oil.-Refined sugar.Coarse earthen-ware.-Snuff, chocolate, hair-powder, and mustard.

The following branches are firmly es tablished, supplying, in several instances, the greater, and in all a considerable part of the consumption of the United States, viz.

Iron and manufactures of iron.-Manufactures of cotton, wool, and flax.→→ Ilats.-Paper, printing types, printed books, playing cards. Spirituous and malt liquors.-Several manufactures of hemp.-Gun-powder.-Windo, glass. factures of lead.-Straw bonnets and -Jewelery and clocks.-Several manuhats.-Wax candles.

Progress has also been made in the following branches, viz:

Paints and colours; several chemical
preparations, and medicinal drugs; salt;
manufactures of copper and brass; ja-
panned and plated ware; calico p inting;
queen's and other earthen and glass
wares, &c.

Many articles, respecting which no
information has been received, are un-
the information obtained on the most
doubtedly omitted; and the substance of
important branches, is comprehended
under the following heads:
2 Q

Wood

Wood and Manufactures of Wood.All the branches of this manufacture are carried to a high degree of perfection, supply the whole demand of the United States, and consist principally of cabinet ware, and other household furniture, coaches and carriages, either for pleasure or transportation, and ship-building.

The ships and vessels above twenty tous burthen, built in the United States. during the years 1801 a 1807, measured 774,922 tons, making on an average about 110,000 tons a-year, and worth more than six millions of dollars. About two-thirds were registered for the foreign trade, and the remainder licensed for the coasting trade and fisheries.

Of the other branches, no particular account can be given. But the annual exportations of furniture and carriages amount to 170,000 dollars. The value of the whole, including ship-building, cannot be less than twenty millions of dollars a year.

Under this head may also be mentioned pot and pearl-ash, of which, besides supplying the internal demand, 7,400 tons are annually exported.

Leather and Manufactures of Leather. -Tanneries are established in every part of the United States, some of them on a very large scale; the capital employed in a single establishment amounting to one hundred thousand dollars. A few hides are exported, and it is stated that onethird of those used in the great tanneries of the Atlantic states, are imported from Spanish America. Some superior or particular kinds of English leather, and of noro co, are still imported; but about $50,000lbs.* of American leather are annually, exported. The bark is abundant and cheap; and it appears that hides cost in America 54 cents, and in England seven cents a pound; that the bark used for tanning, costs in England, nearly as much as the hides, and in America not one-tenth part of that sum, It is at the same time acknowledged that much American leather is brought to market of an inferior quality, and that better is generally made in the middle than in the northern or southern states. The tanneries of the state of Delaware employ collectively a capital of one hun. dred and twenty thousand dollars, and ninety workmen, and make annually 100,000 dollars-worth of leather. Those

of Baltimore amount to twenty-two, seventeen of which have together a capi tal of 187,000 dollars, and tan annually 19,000 hides, and 25,000 calf skins.

Morocco is also made in several places, partly from imported goat skins, and principally from sheep skins. And it may be proper here to add, that deer skins, which form an article of exportation, are dressed and manufactured in the United States to the amount required for the consumption of the country.

The principal manufactures of leather are those of shoes and boots, harness, and saddles. Some inconsiderable quanti ties of the two last articies are both imported and exported. The annual im portation of foreign boots and shoes, amounts to 3,250 pair boots and 59,000 pair of shoes, principally kid and mo rocco. The annual exportation of the same articles of American manufacture, to 8,500 pair of boots and 127,000 pair of shoes. The shoe manufactures of New Jersey are extensive. That of Lynn, in Massachusetts, makes 100,000 pair of women's shoes annually.

The value of all the articles annually manufactured in the United States, which are embraced under this head (leather), may be estimated at twenty millions of dollars.

Soap and Tallow Candles.-A great portion of the soap and candles used in the United States, is a family manufac ture. But there are also several esta blishments on an extensive scale in all the large cities, and several other places. Those of the village of Roxbury near Boston, employ alone a capital of one hundred thousand dollars, and make annually 370,000 pounds candles, 380,000 pounds brown soap, and 50,000 pounds Windsor and fancy soap, with a profit, it is said, of 15 per centumn on the capital employed.

The annual importations of foreign manufacture, are candles 158,000 pounds, soap 470,000 pounds. The annual exportations of domestic manufacture, are candles 1,775,000 pounds, soap 2,220,000lbs.

The annual value manufactured in the United States, and including the quan tity made in private families for their own use, cannot be estimated less than eight millions of dollars.

Spermaceti Oil and Candles.-The establishments for this manufacture are at Nantucket and New Bedford in Mas sochusetts, and at Hudson in New York. Besides supplying the whole of the do mesuc consumption, they furnished an

3

nually

nually, for exportation to foreign countries, 230,000 pounds of candies, and 44,000 gallons of oil. The whole quantity annually manufactured amounted to about 500,000 dollars. But the exclu sion from foreign markets has lately affected the manufacture.

Refined Sugar. The annual importa tions of foreign refined sugar, amount, for the years 1803 to 1807, to 47,000.bs.

The annual exportations of American refined sugar, amount, for the same years, to 150,000lbs.

The then existing duty was, in the year 1801, collected on 3,827,000 pounds; and, as the manufacture has kept pace with the increase of population, the quantity now annually made may be estimated at five millions of pounds, worth one million of dollars. The capital employed is stated at three millions and a half of dollars: and, as the esta blishments have increased in number, some of them have declined in business. It is believed that if a drawback, equivalent to the duty paid on the importation of the brown sugar used in the refined sugar exported, was again allowed, the foreign demand, particularly of Russia, would give a great extension to this branch. A special report has been made on that subject to the Committee of Commerce and Manufactures,

COTTON, WOOL AND FLAX.

I. Spinning Mills, and Manufacturing Establishments.-The first.cotton mill was erected in the state of Rhode Island, in the year 1791; another in the same state, in the year 1795; and two more in the state of Massachusetts, in the years 1803 and 1804. During the three succeeding years ten more were erected or

Mills Spindles

commenced in Rhode Island, and one in Connecticut; making altogether fifteen mills erected before the year 1808, working at that time about eight thousand spindles, and producing about three hun dred thousand pounds of yarn a-year."

Returns have been received of eightyseven mills which were erected at the end of the year 1309; sixty-two of which (48 water and 14 horse mills,) were in opera tion, and worked at that time thirty-one thousand spindles. The other twentyfive will all be in operation in the course of this year, and together with the former ones (almost all of which are increasing their machinery,) will, by the estimate, received, work more than eighty thou sand spindles at the commencement of the year 1811.

The capital required to carry on the manufacture on the best terms, is estimiated at the rate of one hundred dollars for each spindle; including both the fixed capital applied to the purchase of the mill-seats, and to the construction of the mills and machinery, and that em ployed in wages, repairs, raw materials, goods on hand, and contingencies. But it is believed that no more than af the rate of sisty dollars for each spindle is generally actually employed. Forty-five pounds of cotton, worth about 20 cents a-pound, are on an average annualy used for each spindle; and these produce about thirty-six pounds of yarn of diferent qualities, worth on an average hue dollar and 12 cents a pound. Figot hundred spindles employ forty persons, viz. five men, and thirty-five women and children. On those data, the general results for the year 1811, are estimated in the following table:

Yarn Spun.

Persons employed.

Capita! employed

Cotton used.

87 80,000 4,800,000 3,600,000 720,000 2,880,000 3,240,000 | 500 3,500

The increase of carding and spinning of cotton by machinery, in establish ments for that purpose, and exclusively of that done in private families, has there fore been fourfold during the two last years, and will have been tenfold in three years. The greater number is in the vicinity of Providence, in Rhode Island; they are scattered, and extending through out all the states,

4,000