ror of eighteen inches diameter, and reflecting it to the distance of twenty or twenty-four feet, to a smaller mirror of nine inches, which so concentrated the rays, that tinder and matches were kindled by them, had long ago heen made at Vienna. The work of Zahn was published in 1685. Pictet's experiment with ice, which surprised him so much, is described in the same work. The author continues thus, "If, instead of fire, I placed cold water in the focus of the mirror, it diffused an agreeable coldness even in the height of summer: and if, instead of water, I used ice, very considerable cold was produced at the distance of ten or twenty paces. AMERICA. Mr. Wood, of Richmond, Virginia, has published a new Theory of the Diurnal Rotation of the Earth, demonstrated from the properties of the Cycloid and Epicycloid; with an Application of the Theory to the Explanation of the Phenomena of the Winds and Tides. Two gentlemen in Richmond having laid a wager on the question, Whether the top and bottom of a cart, or carriage-wheel, in motion, move with equal or unequal velocities? the consideration of it led Mr. Wood to consider, that every point of a carriage-wheel moving along a right line in a horizontal plane, describes a cycloid, a leading property of which curve is for the generating point to describe unequal arcs in equal times, and that any point in the upper semicircle of the wheel, must therefore move with greater velocity than the corresponding and opposite point in the under semicircle. This he applies to the motion of the earth; the motion of any point on the earth's surface, with the exception of the two poles, being compounded of two motions, a rotary motion round the axis of the earth, and a progressive mo. tion along the plane of the ecliptic, will also describe a curve of the cycloidal, or rather epicycloidal species, possessing a similar property with the common cycloid, generated by a carriage-wheel. The cycloidal motion on the points of the earth's surface being established, several important consequences obviou-ly present themselves relative to the fluids which encompass the earth, the phenomena of tides, trade-winds, &c. The effect which the difference in the gravity of bodies produces upon the matter and fluids on the surface of the globe, is 306 times greater than the effcet pro duced by the attraction of the moon, and 1372 times greater than any effect produced by the sun. It is now a little more than five years, since a number of German families, styling themselves "the Harmony Society," went to the United States, with the view of forming a distinct settlement. They soon planted themselves in the wilder ness of Butler County, in the northwestern corner of Pennsylvania. The following account of the origin and progress of their settlement is copied from The Mirror, a paper published in the neighbourhood of this thriving people. The Association of Harmony had its origin in Germany upwards of twenty years ago, and feeling themselves much oppressed on account of their religion, they concluded to seek a country where they could exercise their religion without hinderance or oppres sion. They chose the United States of America. In the year 1804, in December, about twenty families arrived in Zelinople, in the neighbourhood of which Mr. George Rapp, with some others, bought about four thousand seven hundred acres of land, and during that fall built nine log-houses. In the year 1805, in the spring, the society consisted of about fifty families; they laid out the town of Harmony on their own land, and in that spring built twelve loghouses, 21 feet by 18, built a large barn, cleared 25 acres round the town, and 151 acres for corn, and 50 acres for potatoes; grist mill was built this year, the race 3-8 of a mile long, and 15 acres cleared for mea dow; the other ground sowed with wheat and rye in the fall and winter, thirty houses more were built. In the year 1806, an inn was built, two stories high, forty-two feet by thirty-two feet, and some other houses; 300 acres cleared for corn, 58 acres for meadow; an oil mill was built, and a tannery, a blue dyer's shop, and a frame barn 100 feet long. In the year 1807, 360 acres were cleared for grain and a meadow, a brick store-house built, a saw-mill and beer brewery erected, and four acres of vines planted: in this year the society sold 500 bushels of grain, and 3000 gallons of whiskey, manufactured by themselves of their own produce. In the year 1808, a considerable quantity of ground cleared, a meeting-house built of brick, 70 feet long, and 55 feet wide; another brick house built, some other buildings and stables for cattle, potash, soap-boiler, and candies drawer shops, erected; a frame barn of: 80 feet long built. Of the produce of this year was sold 2000 bushels of grain, and 1400 bushels were distilled. In the year 1809, a fulling mill was built, which does a great deal of business for the country; also a hemp. house 46 feet by 36, and another brick mill, an oil-mill, a grist-mill, a brick warebuilding of the same dimensions, one of which baş of land cleared, 203 acres whereof are in meadow, and possess at present 6000 acres of land. There are different tradesmen members of this society, who work for the country as well as the society; to wit: twelve shoemakers, 6 taylors, 12 weavers, 3 wheelwrights, 5 coopers, 6 blacksmiths, 2 nailsmiths, S rope makers, 3 blue dvers, 10 carpenters, 4 cabinet-makers, 2 badlers, 2 waggon-makers, 12 masons, 2 potters, one soapboiler, a doctor and apothecary; and, in a short time, a hatter and a tin-plate worker is expected. During the last year, the shoc makers alone worked for the country to the amount of 112 dollars, and 8 cents.; the coopers to the amount of 207 dollars; and sadlers to the amount of 739 dollars, 54 cents.; the tannery 675 dollars; the blacksmiths has a cellar completely arched under the REPORT OF DISEASES, Under the Cure of the late Senior Physician of the Finsbury Dispensary, from the 20th of August to the 20th of September, 1810. HE disease denominated cholera, mark the decline of the hot season as faithfully as the appearance of the swallow announces the spring. It has not as yet prevailed to any very great extent; nor, in the few cases which have come within the Reporter's observation, has it exhibited any unusual degree of virulence or malignity. The medical treatment of it is sufficiently simple; but when neglect ed or mismanaged, this disorder is remarkably rapid in hastening towards a fatal termination. The patient not unfrequently dies within twenty-four hours from its first attack. Diseases of the hepatic system, are by no means confined to any particular seaSon of the year; throughout every section of it, although more properly belonging to warmer climates, they form a large proportion in the mass even of English maladies. It were to be wished that the commencement of disease in an organ so important as the liver, should anmunce itself by some obtrusive character. But this essential viscus has often been found after death to have been indurated without any marked indication of disease during the life of the subject, but dyspepsia or simple indigestion. Fortunately, however, in the greater number of cases, less equivocal signs of thus disorder shew themselves before it be too late to avert its most lamentable consequences. A sense of heaviness in the upper part of the abdomen, an ob tuse pain below the ribs on the right acidity in the first passages, are reasonable grounds of apprehension. When a bonvivant, whose habits of life it should be observed are in this country by far the most frequent exciting cause of liver complaints, begins to be conscious of any of these symptoms, and cannot lie with ease on the left side, no time ought to be lost in reforming his regimen, as well in having recourse to those modes of re covery which the medical art may afford. On a close interrogation of invalids with disorganized livers, we shall often find that they can recollect the exact time since which, and not before, they always found themselves on the right side on awakening. It is probable, that inward sensations during sleep, unconsciously incline the patient to take this position. We should, however, be aware that an equal case in lying on either side is no demonstration of the liver being in a sound condition. A sallowness of skin, and particularly a light yellow colour of the forehead, may often be interpreted as notices of hepatic disorganization: 90 may likewise a pain under the right shoulder blade; and what is particularly worthy of notice, an habitual morning cough, followed by the ejection of a little froth from the mouth. The liver may occasionally be felt hard or enlarged, but there is no one, it is to be hoped, who would defer his apprehensions until they are forced upon him by this palpable palpable completion of evidence. After all, a large proportion of what are called cases of diseased liver, may, perhaps, more properly be called cases of broken up habits, or exhausted stamina. The constitution is not so often, perhaps, affect ed in the first instance by a disease of the liver, as the liver by the disease or decay of the constitution; on which account it is not altogether by the remedies which seem to have a more particular and specific operation upon this organ, that its irregularities are to be corrected, or its obstructions removed, but in a great measure by those medicines and methods of treatment which are calculated to restore lost tone to the general fibre or prop, for a period-the tottering pillars of the frame. There are, no doubt, am ticles of the materia medica, which da not in general rank with tonics or corroborants, that have a decidedly and emis nently favourable operation on hepatic disorders. Of these caloinel is the most distinguished and conspicuous; but ca lomel, powerful and beneficial as this drug unquestionably is, when seasonably and discreetly administered, has perhaps of late been extolled with a somewhat intemperate zeal, and appears to the Reporter at least to have been employed, in certain cases, with too little reserve and discrimination, September 25, 1810, J. REID. Grenville-street, Brunswick-square. STATE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS IN SEPTEMBER. Containing official Papers and authentic Documents. SWEDEN. ON the 18th of August his Majesty proposed the Prince of Ponte Corvo to the Diet, as a proper person to be chosen Crown Prince of Sweden, in the following speech: "When the last Diet finished a laborious session, the fairest prospects presented themselves to Swe. den, and lasting tranquillity terminated a long series of misfortunes. Three treaties of peace had secured the dominions which remained to us at the end of a destructive war, and a generous Prince, placed near the throne, promised powerfully to support that institution which the wisdom of the States had formed, and by future prosperity to secure an indemnification for past misfortunes. His Ma jesty, who shared in the pleasing hopes of his people, participated in their grief, when one of those unexpected blows, by which Provi. dence manifests to men their weakness and their dependence on his will, called the Crown Prince Charles Augustus to himself, and shrouded the destiny of Sweden in a dreadful gloom. " His Majesty continued to observe, that the immediate appointment of a successor to the throne was necessary to maintain the tranquillity of the State, and that he had seen with pleasure that the Empire joined with him in thinking the Prince of Ponte Corvo most worthy of their choice." After an animated panegyric on the military and political talents and private virtues of the Prince, he added, "that he having a son, would remove in future times that uncertainty of succession to the throne, the removal of which some late lamentable events have rendered still more important to the country." He concluded by proposing to the assembled States of the Empire, "his Serene Highness John Baptiste Julien Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte Corvo, as Crown Prince of Sweden, and his Majesty's successor on the Swedish throne, provided in the event of his being chosen by the States, he will, pursuant to the fundamental laws of the kingdom, before he arrives on Swedish ground adopt the tenets of the pure Evangelic Creed, and also sign a declaration similar to that proposed by the States to the late Crown Prince." This speech is stated to have been received with general approval, and after half-an-hour's deliberation, the Diet confirmed the nomination, TURKEY. The report of the Russians having gained decisive advantages over the Turks, and compelled the latter to retreat to Adrianople, after having interposed a corps between that city and the retreating army, appears to be wholly unfounded. The Ottoman Empire, though greatly declined from its pristine splendour, is yet capable of efforts, not indeed sufficiently vigorous to resuscitate its former grandeur but powerful enough to retard its declension and to inspire even its foes with admiration. The supplement to the Petersburgh Court Gazette of the 17th ult. gives the details of a gallant attack made on the 8th by 12,000 Turks, under the Nyzer of Brailow, in front of Schumla. the They were opposed by the main body of Russians under Count Kamenskoi, and finally repulsed. It does not appear that the former had any other object beyond that of beating up the enemy's quarters. The Grand Vizier, the account adds, viewed the progress of the battle from a hill at some distance, where he was attended by a numerous retinue. incur no risk. nothing. Portu "The enemy opened their fire upon Almedia late on Saturday night, or early on Sunday morning, the 26th inst. and I am concerned to ad, that they obtained possession of the place in the course of the night of the 27th, have no intelligence upon which I can rely, of the cause of its surrender. An explosion had been heard at our advanced posts, and I observed on Monday, that the steeple of the church was destroyed, and many nouses of the town unroofed. I had a telegraphic communication with the Governor, but unfortu nately the weather did not allow of our using it on Sunday, or during a great part of Monday, and when the weather cleared on that day, it was obvious that the Governor was in communication with the enemy. After I was certain of the fall of the place, I moved the infantry of the army again into the valley of the Mondego, keeping a division upon Guarda, and the out-posts of the cavalry at Alverca. The enemy attacked our picquets twice yesterday in the morning but feebly, and they were repulsed; in the afternoon, however, they obliged Sir S. Cotton to draw in his posts to this side of Fraxedas. Captain Brown, of the 16th light dragoons, was wounded in the morning, and two men of the royal dragoons were wounded in the afternoon. A picquet of the regiment made a gallant and successful charge upon a party of the enemy's infantry and cavalry, and took some prisoners. The second corps, under General Regnier, has made no movement of any importance siace I had the honour of addressing your Lordship last. A patrole, however, belonging to this corps, fell in with a squadron of draguons, consisting of one troop of the 15th British, and one troop of the 4th Portuguese, belonging to lieutenant-general Hill's corps, under the command of Captain White, of the 13th, and the whole of them were taken, with the exception of the captain and one man, who, 1 since understand have been killed. I enclose the copy of brigadier-general Fane's report to lieutenant general Hill, of this affair, which, it appears, was highly creditable to captain White, and the allied troops engaged. No movement has been made, and nothing of any importance has occurred in Estremadura are on the point of entering your country as friends, not as conquerors. They do not come to make war upon you, but to fight these who have induced you to take up arms. guese! awake to your true interests. What has England done for you that you endure her troops on your native soil? She has destroyed your manufactures, ruined your commerce, paralized your industry, for the sole purpose of sending into your country articles of her own manufacture, and making you her tributaries. What does she no at present that you should embrace the unjust cause which has Soused the whole of the Content against her? She receives you respecting the issue of a Campaign in which she seems determined to She puts your battalions in advance as if your blood was to reckon for She is prepared to abandon you when it will suit her inter-st, however disastrous the consequences may be to you, and, to complete your misfortunes, and her insatiable asibition, she sends her ships into your Forts to transport to her colonies such of you as may escape from the dangers to which she bas exposed you on the Continent. Does not the conduct of her army before Ciuda Rodrisuthciently explain to you what you are to expect from such ales? Did they not enCourage the garrison and the unfortunate inhabitants of that fortress, by deceitful promises; and did they discharge a single musket to assic them? Again: lately have they placed any of their troops in Almeida, except a commander who is put there to invite you to as ill-judged a resistance as that of Ciudad Rodrigo? What! is it not an insult to place One Englishman thus in the scale against 6000 of your countrymen? Portuguese! be no longer deceived. The powerful sovereign whose laws, strength, and genius, receive the grateful praises of so many nations, wishes to establish your prosperity. Put yourselves under his protection. Receive his troops like friends, and you will find security both for your persons and property. You are not g Borant of the miseries of war; you know that they extend to every thing that is most dear to you, your children, telatives, friends, property, rvate and political lives. Come to a determination then, that will secure to you all the advantages of peace. Remain quiet in your habitations; at na to your domestic atTalls, and consider those only your enemics who excite you to a war, by every event of which your country must sulier. "The Maishal Prince of Essling, Commander-in-Chick of the Army of 'ortugal, "MASSENA." Ciudad Rodrigo, Aug. 1, 1810. A Dispatch, of which the following is an Extract, was on Sunday morning received at Lord Liverpool's Omice, addressed to his Lordsmp by Licut. Gen. Loid Wellington, K.B. &c. dated ColoTICO, August 29, 1810. MONTHLY MAG. No. 204. since addressed your lordship last. In the north, the enemy moved a smil body of infantry and cavalry on the 20th to Alcanezas; but general Silveira moved towards them froma Braganza, and they immediately reared." Escalios de Cinna, August 22, 1810. SIR.I have the honour to report to you, that the troop of the 13th light dragoons, and one of the 4th Portuguese dragoons, torming the squadron under the command of captain Winte, of the 15th, at Laduers, this morning fell in with a patrole of the enemy's dra goons, consisting of one captain, two subal terns, and about sixty men. Captain White fortunately succeeded in coming up with them, when he immediately charged and overturned them; and the result has been, the capture 2N of 2 lieutenants, 3 serjeants, 6 corporals, 1 Lieutenant-General Hill. IRELAND. An agregate meeting of the different guilds was held at the exchange, in Dublin, on Tuesday, pursuant to the requisition of the high sheriff, Sir J. Riddall, to take into consideration the inost effectual measures by which the repeal of the union could be accomplished. The importance of the question excited so general an interest among all classes o. the inhabitants, that business was entuely suspended, and by nine in the morning every avenue to the exchange was crowded to suffocation. At half-past twelve the hign Sheriff took the chair, and opened the business of the meeting, exhorting them to observe the strictest order. Mr. Latton, in a concise but perspicuous appeal to the unhis auditory, derstanding and feelings of statea the general grounds on which the people of Ireland demanded the repeal of the act of union. Though adverse to that act, he was yet des rous of British connection, and wishes to give the firmest support to the He concluded with throne of Great Britain. "What a conim tlee, consisting of moving, nine gentlemen, should be appointed to prepare a petition to his Majesty, and another to the House of Cominons, for the repeal of the act of the union," Mr. O'Connell supported the petition; and declared that he would consent to the re enactment of all the penal laws against the ca holics, on condition of the union being repealed. The petition was then carried unanimously, and a standing committee of 29 chosen to co-operate with the other meetA resolution ings throughout the kingdom to the of thanks was subsequently votes duke of Richmond, for his conciliatory com duct, and the encouragement he had given A vote of to the manufactures of Ireland. thanks, with a piece of plate valued at 100 guineas, was likewise voted to Sir J. Riddall, the chairman; and a strong censure against his colleague Sir E. Stanley, relinquished at his request. Loid French, Messrs. Keogh, Randall, Macdonnell, Plunkett, Hay, and many other leaders of the catholic body, were present, and appeared to assent to the speech of counsellor O'Connell, who it was reported spoke the sense of the catholic body, when he as seited that catholic emancipation was only a secondary consideration to the repeal of the union. BRAZIL. A Treaty of Alliance and Friendship, be ween his Britannic Majesty and the Prince Regent of Portugal, has lately been made public. It is dated Rio Janeiro, Feb. 19. The third article declares, that his Majesty, in his own name, and that of his heirs and successors, wi!! never acknowledge, as King of Portugal, any other than the heir and representative of the house of Praganza. The sixth grants exclu sively to th English, the privilege of cutting, down ship-timber in the Brazils, and the right of building and equipping ships of war in the harbours of that kingdom. The ninth declares, that the Inquisition shall not be esta blished in any part of the South American dominions of the King of Portugal. The tenth stipulates the gradual abolition of the slavetrade, by forbidding Portuguese subjects to carry on that inhuman trahe on any part of the African coast not belonging to the Crown of Portugal, in which it may have been abo lished by the other powers of Europe. |