35. Titan Prometheus, who formed men of clay, and animated them with fire, stolen from heaven.

42. Quocunque sub axe: 'in every clime.'

43. Brutus M. Brutus.-Bruti... avunculus: Cato of Utica. 49. Peccaturo: the o in this word is preserved from elision. 50. Censoris... irâ: the censor or judex morum was a Roman officer, who punished offenders against the peace or good manners.- -Fecerit: sc. filius.

55. Tabulas mutare: 'to alter your will,—to disinherit him.' 56. Unde tibi: sc. sumes.

57. Vacuum ... cerebro: 'void of common sense.'

58. Ventosa cucurbita: cucurbita probably means here a cupping instrument. The epithet ventosa alludes to the nature of the operation, which is performed, by rarifying the air, within the instrument, by the application of fire, on which the blood is forced from the scarified skin into the cupping instrument by the pressure of the outward air.

The operation of cupping on the head, in cases of madness, is very ancient.

62. Leve argentum: 'the unwrought plate,' which of course is smooth.-Aspera: 'embossed,' of course rough.

76. Illi: the young storks.'

77. Crucibusque relictis: i. e. feeds on the remains of the bodies of malefactors, that were left exposed on crosses.

79. Magni: i. e. when grown up.

80. Nidos: it is an unusual thing for vultures to build their nests in trees; they usually build them on high rocks.

81. Jovis... aves: eagles.

86. Curvo... Cajeta: the shore of Cajeta or Caieta, a seaport in Campania, was remarkably sinuous and crooked.

91. Spado... Posides: a freed-man of Claudius Cæsar, who was possessed of immense riches; he built on the shore at Baix some very magnificent baths.-Capitolia nostra: the Capitol at Rome.

95. Meliore... marmore: more costly marble,' than his father used.

96. Patrem: who is a Jew.

97. Nubes... adorant: as the Jews often prayed in the open air and looked up to the heavens, the Romans thought, that the sky itself was adored by them.-Cœli numen: i. e. cœlum tanquam

numen.

99. Mox et præputia ponunt: 'soon they are circumcised.'

102. Arcano... volumine: the Pentateuch (or five books of Moses), which is called secret, not because it was kept (arcâ) in a chest in the synagogue, but because the Jews would not reveal it to the Gentiles.

105. In causâ: 'in fault.'-Cui,.. ullam; with whom the seventh day was a day of idleness, and did not belong to any part of life.'

114. Hesperidum serpens: the dragon, that guarded the fruit in the garden of the Hesperides, and was said never to sleep.Ponticus: the dragon, that guarded the golden fleece, at Colchis in Pontus.

128. Cærulei: so musty and mouldy, that they have become perfectly blue.

...

129. Medio. Septembri: when the heat of the sun was severest at Rome.

132. Signatam: sealed up in some vessel or cup-board, so that the poor half-starved slave could not touch them; or shut up, as includere in the next line.

133. Fila... porri: and the counted fibres of a sective leek ;' of the leek, there were two kinds; one, that grew to a head, called capitatum; the other, that consisted of fibres, called sectivum, sectile, or sectum, which was considered inferior.-The fibres were counted, that none of them might be taken.

134. Ponte: see Sat. IV, 115, 116, note.

135. Divitias: sc. possides.

144. Canet olivâ: the flower of the olive is white or rather of a light grey.

...

151. Quot. agros: i. e. injuries of this kind have frequently made people part with their lands.

156. Scilicet... amabat: these words are addressed by the poet to the avaricious man, expressing his contempt of his avarice. 159. Sed...fama: an objection made by the poet, to which the avaricious man makes answer in the three lines which follow. 162. Molossos: the Molossians, a people of Epirus, fought against the Romans in the army of Pyrrhus.

163. Jugera bina: two jugera or acres were the compliment of conquered land given by the Romans to their soldiers. 173. Inde: i. e. from avarice.

...

180. Marsus... Hernicus . . . Vestinus: the poet introduces three old villagers of the Marsi, Hernici, and Vestini, giving advice to their children. These three people were famous for being warlike, laborious, and frugal.

184. Veteris quercûs: see Sat. VI, 10.

186. Perone a kind of shoe or boot, made of raw leather, with the hairy side in (pellibus inversis), and worn by rustics in winter; it is called alto, high, because it came up to the calf of the leg.

192. Rubras... leges: the titles and initial letters of each act or chapter were written in red characters, as are seen in most of the ancient manuscripts. Hence the written law was called Rubrica.

193. Vitem: the office of centurion.' See Sat. VIII, 247. 194. Buxo: the Romans made combs of box-wood.

195. Lælius: used here for any general.-Alas: 'arms,' or arm-pits.

197. Locupletem aquilam: in the Roman army, the senior cap

tain had the care of the golden eagle or standard.-Here the standard is put for the post, which was a lucrative one.

202. Ableganda... ultra: it was a law in Rome, that all filthy trades should be carried on, and noisome wares exposed for sale, on the other side of the Tiber.

204. Unguenta et corium: i. e. between the business of a perfumer and that of a tanner.

206. Poëta: Ennius, who translated the 207th verse from the Bellerophon of Euripides, where it was used in irony.

208. Vetulæ... assa: aged nurses.'

212. Meliorem... discipulum: i. e. I will warrant, that the scholar will be a greater proficient in this and other vices, than you, who are his instructer.

217. Longi mucronem ・・・ cultri: the edge of a long knife;' a periphrasis, for a razor.'

219. Cereris .. ... aram: the altar of Ceres was considered the most sacred, because, in the celebration of her worship, nothing was to be admitted, that was not sacred and pure.-But Ceres is here put for any goddess.

220. Elatam... subit: for her husband will certainly murder her to obtain sole possession of her property.

221. Quibus: i. e. quam scelestis; unless we place a note of interrogation after digitis, that the sense may be, quibusnam aliis, quàm mariti sui, qui tuus est filius?

228. Lavo: dishonest;' some render it, footish; others, unlucky.

229. Fraudis: Achaintre understands by this word here not perjuries and other great crimes, as it is usually thought to mean, but lesser offences, such as are enumerated in line 126.

231. Quem a Græcism for quod sc. curriculum, though the sense requires quem, as the reference is made to equum, i. e. filium. 237. Circumscribere: 'to cheat.'

240. Dilexit... Menæceus: Menaceus, the son of Creon, king of Thebes, that he might preserve his country, when Thebes was besieged by the Argives, devoted himself to death; the oracle having declared that Thebes would be safe, if the last of the race of Cadmus would willingly suffer death.-Si Græcia vera: i. e. if the Grecian accounts be true. See Sat. X, 174, 175.

241. Quorum: a Græcism for quarum, the antecedent being Thebas.

244. Ignem: the fire of avarice.

246. Trepidum... alumnus: alluding to the story of a tame lion, which, in the time of Domitian, destroyed its keeper and instructer. 248. Nota... colus: i. e. your son, who is impatient to enjoy your property, will consult the astrologers, who know well what length of life has been allotted to you, for your horoscope; but then it is a great hardship for him to wait till your thread of life is all wound up. See Sat. III, 43.

249. Stamine... abrupto : i. e.

by a premature death.

252. Archigenen: the name of some famous physician.—Quod Mithridates composuit: see Sat. VI, last line, note.

253. Aliam ... ficum: i. e. to see another autumn.—Alias ... rosas: i. e. to see another spring.

255. Et pater et rex: such an antidote as a father should swallow, to secure him against the wickedness of a son; or a king against the attempts of his subjects.

257. Prætoris... lauti: see Sat. X, 36.

261. Mars... suas: the temple of Mars, the avenger, in the forum of Augustus, was the place where treasures were at first deposited; but this, having been robbed of all its wealth, (even the helmet from the head of the image of Mars was taken,) the temple of Castor was appointed for that purpose, where a secure guard was constantly kept; whence the epithet vigilem.

262. Ergò... ludi: i. e. although you abstain from all public sports, you will not be deprived of much pleasure, provided you observe the wretchedness which the avaricious man suffers, that he may increase his wealth: the observation of his iniseries is more pleasant than any exhibition.-Flora... Cereris... Cybeles aula: the sports and plays exhibited at the festivals of Flora, Ceres, and Cybele.

265. Petauro: petaurum, niτavov, is properly a pole, attached to a wall, as a roost for fowls; hence it signifies a machine, suspended on high, upon which the petauriste (o noòc àα vel пQoç аÜQαs яÉTоrtai), like fowls, to all appearance flying, vaulted. -Others say, that it was a wooden circle or hoop, through which the petaurista threw themselves, so as to light upon the ground. See the next note.

266. Rectum descendere funem: 'to slide down the straight rope;'-or rectum funem may signify a tight rope, and petaurum, the pole with which rope dancers usually balance themselves.

267. Corycia: trading to Corycium, a promontory of Crete, where Jupiter was born.-Some think Corycium, a mountain of Cilicia, is intended.

268. Tollendus: for the voc. tollende.

271. Municipes Jovis of the same country with Jupiter;'— Cretan.

272. Hic: the rope-dancer.

274. Temerarius: rashly expose yourself to danger.

276. Plus... pelago: sc. quàm in terrâ; such is the avarice of men and their desire of obtaining gain.

278. Carpathium: sc. æquor; 'the Carpathian sea,' between Rhodes and Crete, was considered very dangerous.-Gætula @quora: what are now called the straits of Gibraltar.

279. Calpe a high rock on the Spanish coast, now Gibraltar: this with Abyla, now Ceuta, a rock on the African coast, were called the pillars of Hercules; and were considered the western boundary of the world.-Calpe seems to be used here in the third declension.

280. Herculeo... gurgite: the Atlantic ocean was called the Herculean gulf, where it joins Gibraltar.-Stridentem: alluding to the notion of the sun's setting in the western ocean.

283. Juvenes ...

marinos: i. e. Tritons and Nereids. 284. Sororis ... Eumenidum: alluding to the story of Orestes (ille), who, after he had slain his mother, was tormented by the Furies: his sister Electra took care of him in his madness, and embracing him, endeavored to comfort him, but he said to her, “Let me alone, thou art one of the furies; you only embrace me, *that you may cast me into Tartarus." See Euripides, Orest. 260, seqq.

286. Hic... Ithacum: Ajax (hic), running mad, because the arms of Achilles were adjudged to Ulysses, the Ithacan, vented his rage on the beasts of the field. He slew two oxen, taking one for Agamemnon, the other for Ulysses. See Sophoc. Ajax Mastig.

288. Curatoris: a guardian.' So in Horace, Epist. I, 102, Curatoris eget a Prætore dati.

289. Tabula: by a single plank.'

291. Concisum... minutas: a periphrasis for money.—The silver, of which it was made, was first cut into pieces, then stamped with the name and titles of the reigning prince, and also, with a likeness of his face.

294. Fascia nigra: 'the black clouds.'

295. Estivum tonat: 'it is summer thunder ;'-'it is a mere thunder shower.'

297. Zonam: some think the ancients carried their money, tied to their girdles.--Others, that they carried it in their girdles, which were made hollow for this purpose.-Morsu: i. e. dentibus. 299. Tagus: a river in Portugal, famous for its golden sands. Pactolus; a river in Lydia, famous also for its golden sands.

302. Pictâ... tempestate persons, who had lost their property by shipwreck, used to have their misfortunes painted on a tablet. Some made use of this tablet to move the compassion of those, whom they met, as they travelled through the country, imploring alms, and, for this purpose, they suspended the tablets about their necks, and kept singing verses, expressing the manner of their misfortunes.

Others hung their tablets in the temple of that particular deity, whose aid they had invoked in their distress: a tablet, thus dedicated, was called tabella votiva.

305. Hamis: hama signifies a water-bucket, made of leather. 307. Electro: cups made of electrum, a mixed metal, containing four parts of gold, and one of silver.-Some think amber is intended.

38. Ebore: the furniture made of ivory, or inlaid with it.Testudine couches and other furniture, inlaid with tortoise-shell. 309. Cynici: Diogenes, whose tub was not made of wood, but of baked clay, and consequently in no danger of fire.