256. Tot fata... fenestræ : i. e. as many chances of having your head broken, as there are open windows, and people yet awake to throw down their broken ware on you.

259. Patulas defundere pelves: 'to pour down the contents of broad basing' and not throw the basins themselves.

260. Ebrius... supinus: i. e. the drunken, saucy rake, if, on his way home from a tavern, he has had no opportunity of knocking down or abusing any person, (dat pœnas) 'is tortured' within himself, and is as sleepless as Achilles, lamenting the death of his friend Patroclus.

Suetonius and Tacitus inform us, that Nero and Otho were accustomed to go about in this manner and beat every one they met. 263. Ergo... dormire: commentators consider these as the words of Juvenal, interrupting Umbricius, who answers, Quibusdam, &c.

264. Improbus annis: 'presumptuous in consequence of his youth.'

265. Coccina lana: the lana was a short heavy cloak, usually worn by soldiers; but only the rich and noble could afford to wear those, which were dyed in scarlet (coccina).

267. Multum... flammarum: the rich were usually attended through the streets at night by servants carrying flambeaus.— Aenea lampas: a lamp of Corinthian brass,' very costly and usually carried before tribunes and opulent persons.-This line is thus scanned:

Mültûm præterě | à flām | mārūm | ēt à | éněă | lămpās; in flammarum, the last syllable is preserved from elision.

268. Luna: 'the light of the moon.'-Deducere: sc. domum. 269. Filum: 'the wick,' which was usually covered with wax. 270. Contemnit: this wanton fellow holds me in the utmost contempt, as being a poor man and weaker than himself; but he is very cautious how he attacks the rich and powerful.—Cognosce proemia: 'hear then the prelude.'

274. Fortior: 'stronger.'-Cujus aceto: whose sour wine have you been drinking ?-Others understand vinegar poured on the beans instead of oil.

275. Conche tumes: conchis was a bean in the shell, and thus boiled; a common food among the lower sort of people, and very filling, which is implied by tumes.

276. Vervecis labra: the lips of a wether, but here, by Synecdoche, the entire 'sheep's head.'

278. Consistas: consisto signifies to abide, to keep in one place; here it seems to allude to taking a constant stand, as beggars do, in order to beg: where do you take your stand as a beggar? This idea seems countenanced by the rest of the line. -Proseuchâ: this word properly signifies prayers; it means also a place of prayer, in the porch of which beggars used to stand and ask alms; and hence it signifies any place where a pauper begged.

280. Vadimonia... faciunt: then enraged, as if you had given the first blow, they compel you to give bail for your appearance at trial;—they bind you over for an assault.

281. Nec tamen: Umbricius now gives other reasons for his quitting Rome.

286. Catenata... taberna: the old scholiast says, that they used to fasten up their shops against robbers, by introducing a large chain through every plank. Other persons also, for the sake of mischief and to insult the tenants, went through the city by night, breaking into houses which were not secured. Suetonius, Ner. 26, and Tacitus, Ann. XIII, 25.-The word siluit here shows that the building is put for the inhabitants within, by Metonymy. 288. Armato...pinus: i. e. when the Pomtinian marsh in Campania, and the Gallinarian pine-wood near the bay of Cumæ, (both of them noted places for thieves and robbers) are protected by strong guards, the thieves and highwaymen flock into the city. 290. Vivaria: vivaries are places where wild creatures live, are fed, and protected, as deer in a park, fish in a pond, &c. 291. Catena: sc. conficiun ur.

294. Proavorum atavos: 'our ancestors of old time:' proavus is a great-grandfather: atavus a great-grandfather's grandfather.

296. Uno... carcere: in the time of Ancus Martius, robbers were so rare, that the prison, which he built in the forum at Rome, was sufficient to contain all convicts. Servius Tullius built an addition to it, called the Tullianum, which Sallust describes as a dungeon.

297. Causas: i. e. for my leaving Rome.

298. Vocant: 6

summon me away.'-Inclinat: from the meridian towards its setting.

300. Vale nostri memor: an usual kind of valediction among the Romans.-Et... Aquino: the construction is, et quoties Roma reddet te properantem refici tuo Aquino.

...

301. Tuo . Aquino... Cererem: Juvenal was born at Aquinum, a town of the Volsci, on the Latin way: in this place was a temple, sacred to Ceres, named Helvina, and one also of Diana, the vestiges of which are said to be still remaining.

303. Ni pudet illas: sc. mei auxilii; or rather, ni pudet teipsum mei auxilii.

304. Caligatus: 'armed at all points.' The caliga was a sort of harness for the leg, worn by soldiers, who were hence called caligati.

Some think that a sort of shoe is meant, worn by rustics, and which Umbricius then intended to wear, as becoming an inhabit ant of the country, and intending never more to wear town shoes, in other words never to see Rome again.

Boileau, in his first and sixth Satires, and Smollet, in his "Fixpedition of Humphrey Clinker," have imitated this Satire.

SATIRE IV.

Juvenal, in this Satire, indulges his honest indignation against Crispinus and his employer Domitian,

After describing some of the enormous crimes of Crispinus, the poet makes a sudden transition to his extravagance and gluttony, and thereby takes occasion to describe a ridiculous consultation, held by Domitian over a turbot, which was too large to be contained in any dish, that could be found. After a long deliberation among the senators, it was proposed, that the fish should be cut in pieces and thus cooked; but at last the opinion of the senator Montanus prevailed, that it should be dressed whole, and that a dish, large enough to contain it, should be made expressly for the purpose of receiving it.

The council is then dismissed, and the Satire concludes with a most severe censure on the emperor's cruelty and injustice towards some of the best and most worthy of the Romans.

1. Iterum Crispinus: Crispinus has been mentioned before in Sat. I, 27.

2. Al partes: a metaphor, taken from the players, who, when they had finished the scene they were to act, retired, but were called again to resume their parts, until the piece was finished. 3. Eger enervated;' infirm both in mind and body.

4. Quid refert: i. e. what signifies how rich he is, since no bad man can be happy ?—Jumenta fatiget: in riding through his magnificent porticoes. It was a part of the Roman luxury to build vast porticues in their gardens, under which they rode in wet or hot weather.

5. Quantâ ... umbrů: the rich and luxurious Romans were also carried in sedans through shady groves, in sultry weather. 6. Jugera... ædes: houses and land near the ancient forum, which was near the centre of the city, were the most valuable. 7. Corruptor: 'a corrupter of female virtue.'

8. Incestus: 'profane.'-Vittata... sacerdos: Vestal virgins had fillets bound round their heads, made of ribands or the like. The Vestal virgins made a vow of perpetual chastity; if any broke this vow, by a law of Numa Pompilius, their founder, they were buried alive.

10. Alter any other than Crispinus would have been punished by Domitian, whom the poet ironically calls judex morum.

12. Titio Seio: these were fictitious personages, whose names were inserted in all law-processes.

13. Quid agas: this seems to depend upon the 10th verse: we are now speaking of his smaller crimes, yet what can you do or say, &c.? what he is is so much worse than what he does, that one is at a loss how to treat him.

14. Mullum: probably the fish called red mullet or barbel.— Sex millibus: sc. nummorum; 6000 sestertii (about $214).

15. Equantem... libris: i. e. weighing six pounds,-it cost him a sestertium, a pound.

Three pounds was about the usual weight of this fish, and it was rarely found larger.

16. Ut perhibent: as the flatterers of Crispinus give out; they probably represented the fish to be twice as large as it really was, as some excuse for his extravagance.

18. Præcipuam ... ceram... abstulit: he had become the principal heir.'-It was customary for wills to consist of two parts: the first named the primi hæredes, chief heirs, and was therefore called cera præcipua, because the tablets, on which they wrote, being of wood, were covered with wax: the second named the secundi hæredes, lesser heirs, and was called cera secunda.-Others think that cera means the seal.

19. Ratio ulterior: 'further reason,' to excuse his extravagance.

20. Latis specularibus: with large windows.'-The specularis lapis was a stone, clear like glass, cut into small thin panes, and in old times used for glass. The largest panes were of course the most costly.-Antro: 'litter-or sedan.'

22. Apicius: a noted glutton in the time of Nero. Even Apicius, the poet intimates, was a frugal man in comparison with this gormandizer.-Hoc tu: sc. fecisti.-Hoc... papyro: i. e. you who were formerly brought from Egypt to Rome, a vile slave, and then clad in papyrus; this was a kind of flag, growing on the banks of the river Nile, of which ropes, mats, and mean clothing were made.-Or more probably his clothes were tied on him with cords made of this weed. Sat. I, 26, 27.

24. Squamæ this means the scales of fish, but put here by Synecdoche for the fish itself.

25. Provincia... vendit: i. e. the price of this fish would purchase an estate in some of the provinces; but in Apulia quite an extensive one.

26. Appulia: Ruperti thinks this word should be written thus, as the first syllable of Apulia is short in Hor., Od. III, 24, 4, and in other passages. Most of the texts, however, have Apulia, considering the first syllable common.

28. Endoperatorem: for imperatorem; if Crispinus, a courtbuffoon, paid so much for what formed but a small part of a private meal for himself, what must the emperor's expense be to satisfy his gluttony ?—Quum . . . siluros: quum Crispinus purpureus scurra magni palati, jam princeps equitum (i. e. non magister equitum, sed inter equites illustres relatus), qui solebat, &c., ruclarit tot sestertia, exiguam partem et sumptam de margine modica

cœna.

...

32. Municipes... siluros: siluri were fish of small value of the same country with Crispinus, i. e. from Egypt.-Frictâ : 'fried-dried-or cured.'

The following is the note of Ruperti upon frictâ de merce:

"frictâ de mercè edidi ex emend. cl. Manso, cujus nota est: 'Pisces fricti, Apicius inquit I, 11, ut diù durent, eodem momento, quo fri guntur et levantur, aceto calido perfunduntur, et Listérus ad h. 1. "Pisces, scribit, ex frictione multò citiùs et firmiùs densantur quàm earnes, ob summam illorum sanguinis teneritudinem. Si itaque huic eorum coitioni naturali accedat etiam aceti calidi superfusi vis, ex duplici constrictione diutius conservari possint. Hæc autem piscium frictorum condictura etiam apud nos in usu est et ad maritimum modum (Italis marinare, unde Germ. marinirte fische) appellatur.' Intelliguntur itaque nostro versu omnis generis pisces, quos mercatores, modo ab Apicio commemorato, in ipsâ Ægypto condiendos et inter Nilotica illa salsamenta, quæ Diodorus I, 36, Lucianus T. III, p. 249, ed. Reitzii, aliique laudant, Romam navibus transvehendos curarent. Quorum in numero siluros hic præ omnibus dictos videmus. Fuêre enim -siluri non solùm frequentissimi in Nilo sed etiam pretii tam vilis, ut non nisi ab inopibus, qualem Crispinum servum e v. 24, scimus, et venderentur et emerentur."

In the ed. Lemaire, Paris, 1823, is the following note: "Si cui non placeat lectio illa, quam a cl. Ruperti recepimus, per nulla erit mora quin veterem schol. sequatur et malit fractâ de merce; et sic erit sensus-venuebat siluros, mercem fractam, id est, in partes divisam (Gallicè en detail); per vias et compita ibat clamans, velut apud nos mulieres iste (marchandes de marée), quæ marinas merces canistris vimineis et coriis obductis circumferunt." According to this reading, fractâ de merce, which seems the best, by retail by breaking the box or cask which contained them." The other readings are pactâ-—fariâ—fartȧ—Phariâ de merce, and pactà mercede.

33. Calliope: the mother of Orpheus, and chief of the nine muses, said to be the inventress of heroic verse.

To heighten the ridicule, Juvcnal prefaces his narrative with a burlesque invocation of Calliope, and then of the rest of the muses. 36. Quum jam: this line may be thus scanned:

Quùm jām | sēm❜ăni- | mûm lăcĕ- | rarēt | Flavius | ōrbēm. Semianimum, contracted by synæresis into sem'animum.-Flavius ultimus: the first emperor of the Flavian family was Vespasian, the last Domitian.

37. Calvo... Neroni: bald Nero,' i. e. Domitian; this emperor was bald, at which he was so displeased, that he would not suffer baldness to be mentioned in his presence: he was called Nero, as all the bad emperors were, from his cruelty.

38. Incidit: sc. rete: 'was caught.'—Adriaci ... Ancon: the turbot was taken in the Adriatic gulf, near the city of Ancon (now Ancona) which was built by the Syracusans, who were originally Grecians, (hence the city is called Dorica, i. e. Græca); at this place was a temple sacred to Venus.

40. Illis sc. piscibus.

41. Glacies Maotica: Mæotis was a large lake, which was