13. Ferri: Verres was a prætor in Sicily, and was condemned and banished for plundering that province.-Miloni: Milo slew Clodius, and was unsuccessfully defended by Cicero. The i of Verri in this line is preserved from elision.

15. Tabulam Sulla: Sulla or Sylla was a noble Roman of the family of the Scipios. He was very cruel, and first set up tables of proscription, by which many Romans were put to death.— Discipuli tres: the triumvirs, Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, who followed the example of Sulla, and are therefore called his disciples in cruelty and murder.

16. Tragico... concubitu: 'tragical intrigue.'-Adulter: Domitian.

17. Revocabat: was reviving.'-At the very time when Domitian was carrying on an intrigue with his niece Julia, he was reviving the severe laws of Julius Cæsar against adultery.—Omnibus: sc. adulteris.

19. Vitia ultima: for vitiosi ultimi; the abstract for the con

crete.

21. Ex illis: sc. simulatoribus.

22. Lex Julia: against adultery and lewdness.

25. Tertius... Čato: there were two eminent persons of this name. Cato Censorinus, remarkable for his gravity and strict discipline, while he was censor; and Cato Uticensis, a rigid moralist, who slew himself at Utica, after Cæsar had conquered Pompey to these, says Lauronia, continuing her irony, heaven has added a third Cato, by sending us so severe a moralist as thou art.

26. Opobalsama: this was some kind of perfumery, used by the effeminate among the Romans.

27. Taberna: i. e. where you purchased your perfumery. 28. Vexantur: 'are to be revived.'-Leges ac jura: 'statutes and laws.'

29. Scatinia: sc. lex; this was a law against unnatural lust. 30. Faciunt hi plura: they far outdo the other sex in things worthy of reprehension.

31. Juncta... phalanges: a metaphor taken from the Roman manner of engaging. A phalanx properly signifies a disposition to attack the enemy by the infantry, with every man's shield so close to another's, as to unite, and make a sort of impenetrable wall. This is said to have been first invented by the Macedonians: phalanx is therefore to be considered as a Macedonian word.

34. Nunquid

causas: 'do we plead causes ?'-do we women usurp the province of the men?

36. Coliphia: wrestlers' diet.' The coliphium was a kind of dry diet, which wrestlers used to make themselves strong and firm-fleshed.

37. Vos... vellera: you have become so effeminate as to forsake manly exercises, and addict yourselves to employments fit only for women.—Lanam trahitis; 'you card wool.'—Calathis:

the calath were little osier or wicker baskets, in which the women used to carry to their employers the work they had finshed.

39. Penelope the wife of Ulysses. See Class. Dict.-Arachne: Arachne was a Lydian damsel, very skilful in spinning and weaving. She is fabled to have contended with Minerva; but having been conquered, she hanged herself, and was, by that goddess, changed into a spider.

40. Horrida... pellex: a dirty harlot.'-Codice: 'on a log of wood.' Mistresses of families, says the old scholiast, if they became jealous of their female slaves, used, by way of punishment, to fasten them to a large log of wood before the door, and keep them at incessant labor.

41. Cur...

heir.'

liberto: why Hister made his freed-man his sole

42. Puella: 'to his young wife.'

44. Tu... cylindros: this apostrophe may be supposed to be addressed to some unmarried woman, who is standing by. It may be paraphrased thus: "you hear what you are to expect: I advise such of you, as wish to be rich, to marry, and keep your husbands' secrets."-Cylindros: these were precious stones of an oblong and round form, which the ladies wore, suspended from their ears. Here the word seems to signify all kinds of gems.

45. De nobis: upon us, poor women,' if we have committed or have been suspected of committing any fault.—Post hæc : sc. flagitia vestra; i. e. when you, on the contrary, commit the greatest crimes with impunity.

46. Dat... columbas: men, who, like ravens and other birds of prey, are full of mischief and vice, are yet excused: but women, comparatively harmless as doves, when they chance to err, hear of nothing but punishment.

47. Canenten 'proclaiming aloud.'

48. Stoicida: 'Stoicides.' This word seems to have been framed for the occasion, with a feminine ending, the better to suit the characters and to intimate the effeminacy of these pretended Stoics.-Lauronia: sc. dixerat.

50. Cretice: Creticus was descended from the family of that Metellus, who was called Creticus, from the conquest of Crete. 51. Proculas et Pollitas: the names of particular women, who were condemned, under the Julian law, for incontinence, but were so well known, as to stand here for lewd women in general. The magistrate Creticus could condemn such women as these, when brought to trial before him, while he, by his immodest dress, showed himself worse than they.

51. Labulla... Carfinia: notorious adulteresses.

52. Talem... togam: these women, bad as they are, would not appear in such a dress as their judge now wears: or this may more probably allude to the custom of obliging women, convicted

of adultery, to pull off the stola or woman's garment, and put on the toga or man's garment, which stigmatized them as infamous; but even this was not so infamous as the transparent dress of the judge.-Sed... æstuo: the words of the judge, to excuse his appearance in such a dress.

54. Nudus... turpis: the answer of the poet.-Nudus: i. e. sola vestitus tunicâ ; like yvuròs in Greek.-Agas: 'administer justice.'

55. En... aratris: the answer of Creticus, ridiculing the objections made to his own appearance.-The dress you would have me assume is so ridiculous, that if, dressed in a tunic alone, you should present yourself in the judgment-seat, the people, recently victorious, whose wounds are scarcely healed, and the rough mountaineers, leaving their rustic labors, would flock around you through desire of hearing and seeing you. This is the explanation given by Ruperti.-Most interpreters understand the passage as expressive of the indignation of the poet at having so effeminate a judge in office.

58. Quid... testem: the answer of the poet;-you say what is right, Creticus, but how much more would one be astonished at seeing a judge dressed as you are; your dress would disgrace a witness, much more a judge.

61. Dedit... labem: i. e. you owe all this effeminacy to the company you have kept; by this you have been infected.

64. Úva... ab uva: a proverbial expression from the ripening of the black grape, which has a blue or livid color: the grapes do not assume this hue all at once, but one after the other; which the vulgar suppose was owing to the grapes looking upon each other, and thus contracting the same color.

A proverbial expression of a similar kind is found in many languages. "One plum gets color by looking at another," is said to be a common phrase in Persia, to signify the propagation of an opinion, custom, &c.

66. Accipient te: the poet now exposes a set of unnatural wretches, who, in imitation of women, celebrated the mysteries of the Bona Dea or Good Goddess, who was a Ronan lady, the wife of one Faunus, and famous for her chastity; after her death she was consecrated. Sacrifices were performed to her only by night and secretly; to her was sacrificed a sow pig. At these rites none but women were admitted.

At the new institution, of which the poet is now speaking, no females were admitted.

68. Monilia: 'necklaces; these were peculiar to females; but the wretches, spoken of here, assumed not only the dresses and ornaments of females, but also, that they might resemble women as much as possible, went through the same rites and ceremonies.

70. Magno cratere: a large goblet,' out of which they poured libations. More sinistro: by a perverted custom,' they exclude

all women from these ceremonies, as men were excluded from the rites and mysteries of the 'Good Goddess.' So that the proceedings of these men were an utter perversion of the female rites.

73. Nullo... cornu: at the sacrifices of the Bona Dea, it was usual for some of the women to make a lamentable noise (gemit) with a horn. The male worshippers had no women among them for this purpose.-Nullo tibicina cornu is put, by the figure hypallage, for nulla tibicina cornu.

74. Secretâ... tœdâ: 'by private torchlight.'

75. Cecropiam... Cotytto: Cotytto was a courtesan, worshipped by night at Athens, a city of Greece, whose first king_and founder was Cecrops, as the Bona Dea was at Rome. The Baptæ were her priests, and so called from Banter, to wash, because the priests bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner.— Lassare: the priests are said to weary and disgust even the goddess herself, on account of the length of their infamous rites, and the multiplicity of their numerous acts of impurity.

76. Mlle... acu: it was customary at Rome for the ladies to paint both their eyebrows and eyes: the first was done with a black composition made of soot and water; a needle or bodkin was wet with this composition, and drawn obliquely over or along the eyebrows; in this way they lengthened the eyebrow, which was esteemed a great beauty. This was imitated by the wretches, whom the poet mentions, that they might appear more like women. 77. Pingit... oculos: this was another practice of the women, to paint their eyes.

78. Vitreo... Priapo: 'out of a glass Priapus.'

79. Reticulum: 'a net or caul,' used by females for enclosing the hair behind.

80. Scutulata: garments of silk, wherein are wrought round figures like cobwebs, worn by women.- Galbana rasa: ' smooth grass colored vests; or, according to Ainsworth, Galbana means white.—Rasa: 'shorn of the pile,' i. e. ‘smooth.'

81. Per Junonem: i. e. as if they were women; for women swore by Juno; men by Jupiter, Hercules, &c. The manners of the masters were copied by the servants.

82. Ille... Othonis: the poet, in this passage, with great humor, parodies, in derision of the effeminate Otho and others of a similar character, some passages of Virgil: first, where the word gestamen is used, as descriptive of the shield of Abas. Æneid III, 268. Ere cavo clypeum, magni gestamen Abantis, Postibus adversis figo, &c.

And again in Æn. VII, 246, Virgil, speaking of the ornaments which Priam wore, when he sat in public among his subjects, as their prince and lawgiver, says:—

Hoc Priami gestamen erat, &c.

In imitation of these passages Juvenal calls Otho's mirror, pathici gestamen Othonis, the shield of pathic Otho.'

83. Actoris... spolium: alluding to Virgil, Æn. XII, 93, 94,

where Turnus arms himself with a spear, which he had taken from Actor, one of the Auruncian chiefs.-Ille: Otho.

Juvenal seems to insinuate that this wretch rejoiced as much in the possession of Otho's mirror, as Turnus did in having the spear of the brave Actor.

84. Tolli vexilla: this was the signal for an engagement.

85. Res... belli: a subject worthy of being recorded, that among the warlike baggage of a commander in chief, in a civil war, was found a mirror! This civil war was between Otho and Vitellius, the latter of which persons was set up by the German soldiers for emperor, and at last succeeded.

87. Ducis: i. e. Otho, who slew Galba.

89. Bebraci in campo: Otho was routed in the plains of Bebriacum by the soldiers of Vitellius. Bebriacum or Beḍriacum was a town between Cremona and Verona.-Spolium . . . Palatî : 'the sceptre of the world,' i. e. the peaceable and sole possession of the emperor's palace.

90. Et... panem: the Roman ladies used a sort of bread or paste, wet in ass's milk, which they pressed, and spread with their fingers on the face to cover it from the air, and thus preserve the complexion; this was practised by the emperor Otho. See Suetonius, Oth. c. 12.

93. Hic nullus: Juvenal, having censured the effeminacy of their actions and dress, now attacks their manner of conversation at their sacrificial feasts.-Mensa: the table where they feasted on their sacrifices, which, every where else, was considered sacred.

94. Hic... libertas: i. e. they indulge themselves in all kinds of filthy conversation, like the priests of Cybelc, who displayed all manner of obscenity, both in word and deed, before the image of their goddess. Turpis is generally joined to Cybeles: Ruperti thinks it should be joined to libertas.

96. Magni gutturis: 'of uncommon gluttony.'

97. Conducendusque magister: i. e. if any one is desirous of being taught the science of gluttony and beastly sensuality, let him hire such a fellow as this to be his instructer.

98. Phrygio ... more: after the Phrygian fashion;' i. e. after the manner of the Galli or priests or Cybele.

99. Supervacuam. carnem their superfluous flesh.'

100. Quatringenta... sestertia: 400 sestertia, or 400,000 sestertii, about $14,280.—Gracchus: it is probable that no particular person is here intended.

101. Cornicini... are: the Romans used only wind instruments of music in the army: the two principal ones were cornu, the horn, bent almost round; and tuba, the trumpet, straight,

recto ære.

102. Signata tabulæ : 'the marriage contract is signed.'—Feliciter : : a form of congratulation, particularly used on nuptial occasions.-Ingens cœna: i. e. ingens convivarum multitudo.