afterwards ten, and were defenders of the liberties of the people against the encroachments of the nobles.

94. Sed... est: spoken by the steward to his master, or to the Prætor and Tribune.-Libertinus: an enfranchised slave.'— Adsum: 'I came.'

96. Natus...Euphratem: the Euphrates, a river of Mesopotamia, running through Babylon. From this part of the world many slaves were carried to Rome; the freed-man, therefore, acknowledges himself of a servile condition.-Molles...fenestra: slaves from the eastern countries, had their ears bored as a mark of servitude, and hung with ear-rings: the epithet molles may imply, that this custom was considered at Rome a mark of effeminacy; or molles in aure fenestræ may, by the figure hypallage, be put for molli in aure fenestræ.

97. Sed... parant: 'but my five warehouses bring me in 400 sestertia,'-this was equal to a knight's estate.

98. Purpura... major: 'the office of consul.'

99. Laurenti... Corvinus: one of the noble family of the Corvini, but so reduced, that he was obliged to keep sheep, as a hired shepherd (or, more properly, on a hired farm), at Laurentum, a town of ancient Latium, in which were extensive pastures.

101. Pallante: Pallas was a freed-man of Claudius.-Licinis: the name of several rich men, particularly of a freed-man of Augustus, and of Licinius Crassus, surnamed Dives.-Exspectent... tribuni : the words of the poet, indignant at the arrogance of these upstarts.

102. Sacro... honori: 'the sacred office of tribune:' if any one injured a tribune, his life was devoted to Jupiter, and his family were sold at the temple of Ceres.

103. Pedibus... albis: the naked feet of foreign slaves, offered for sale, were whitened with chalk.

105. Funesta: 'destructive,' as being the source of unnumbered evils.

108. Salutato... nido: and the temple of Concord, which chatters, the storks' nest being visited.' The temple of Concord was erected by Tiberius, at the request of his mother Livia. About this temple, storks and other birds were in the habit of building their nests. What the poet says, alludes to the chattering noise made by these birds, when the old ones revisited their nests, after having been out in quest of food for their young. Commentators remark that Concord was worshipped under the form of a stork, being very easily tamed, and that the flight of these birds was considered a peaceful omen. Some understand the bustle of the senate hurrying into this temple, where they held their meetings. Others think, the poet satirically intimates, that this building was already in ruins, and inhabited only by birds.

109. Summus honor: 'the highest honor,' that is, 'people of the highest rank.'

110. Rationibus: 'to their yearly income.'

111. Comites: the clients.'—Hinc : 'from hence,' that is, from the dole they receive.

112. Fumusque domi: the smoke of the house;' satirically for the 'green wood,' which the poor were compelled to buy, as being the cheapest, and which filled their houses with an abundance of smoke.-Densissima... lectica: 'a very thick crowd of litters.'

113. Quadrantes: the quadrans was the fourth part of an as, worth about one third of a cent; a hundred of these were put into the sportula or dole-basket.-Sequitur... uxor: the husband carries about his sick wife to claim her share.

115. Hic ... sellam: another brings an empty litter.

117. Galla.. est addressed by the husband to the dole distributor.

...

118. Profer. caput: 'put your head out of the litter,' that I may see if you are there; says the dispenser of the dole.-Noli • quiescit: the answer of the husband.

...

119. Ipse dies: the poet, having satirized the avarice of the higher sort, now ridicules the idle manner in which they spent their time.

120. Sportula: sc. petitur.-Forum: the place where courts of justice were held: the 'third forum' is meant, which was built by Augustus, and adorned with an ivory statue of Apollo, called here juris peritus, from the constant pleadings of the lawyers.

121. Triumphales: the statues of eminent persons, who had triumphed over the enemies of the state; these were placed in the forum of Augustus, and in other public parts of the city.

122. Arabarches: Arabian prefect;' Pompey is thus called by Cicero; but some infamous person is here alluded to, who had been prefect over Arabia, and had by extortion returned to Rome with great riches, and in consequence of his wealth a statue was erected to him, as to the Egyptian mentioned in this verse, who is supposed by some to have been in a similar situation in Egypt.

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127. Rex horum: the patron of these clients;' rex not only signifies a king, but any great or rich man.— -Vacuis...jacebit: the Roman men, at their meals, lay on couches, the women sat on chairs; several of these couches are here supposed to be placed round the table formerly occupied by the friends and clients of the rich man, but they are now vacant; the selfish glutton alone partakes of the splendid entertainment.

128. Orbibus: some understand this to mean 'circular dishes ;' others' tables,' which were at first made square, but afterwards of a round form.

129. Unâ menså: 'at a single meal;' or, perhaps, more properly, 'at a single course.' Servius, on Virg. Æn. I. 740, remarks, that the tables were brought in with the dishes upon them, and not the dishes brought in to be placed upon the table. The first table (prima mensa) was covered with meats, &c.; the second (secunda mensa) with fruit.

130. Parasitus: from rapà, near, and oirov, food: parasites were a kind of jesters and flatterers, who were often invited to the entertainments of the rich. The rich men had now become so mean and avaricious, that they did not invite even a parasite to flatter and divert them.-Sed quis: but who, even a parasite ?'

131. Totos... apros: 'whole boars at a time;' the wild boar, particularly the Tuscan, was considered a very great luxury: the poet speaks as if boars were made and produced for no other purpose than convivial entertainments.

134. Crudum pavonem: 'an undigested peacock.'—Balnea: it was customary to bathe before meals; the contrary was thought unwholesome.

135. Hinc from gluttony, &c.-stomachs overloaded with undigested food. Intestata senectus: i. e. old gluttons so suddenly taken off, that they had not time to make their wills.

137. Ducitur: sc. ad bustum; is carried forth to burial.— Iratis because you died without a will, and consequently left them nothing.

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139. Minores: descendants.'

140. Omne.. stetit: 'every kind of villany has long since arrived at its highest pitch.'-In præcipiti: a metaphor taken from a high mountain or tower.-Utere... sinus: a metaphor taken from sailors; then, Satire, hoist thy sails, spread all thy canvass.' 141. Dicas... arenâ: here the poet imagines himself interrupted by some friend, dissuading him from writing satire.

142. Priorum: sc. poetarum: alluding to Lucilius, Horace, Varro, and other satirists of former times, who were permitted openly to satirize the prevailing vices of their day.—Materiæ : thee in this word is preserved from clision.

143. Flagrante: inflamed with satiric rage.'

144. Simplicitas: the open and unmasked manner of writing. Cujus. ... nomen: it is hardly safe to mention now the liberty of the old writers.

145. Mucius: Titus Mucius Albutius was openly and severely satirized by Lucilius; but in those days of liberty, no ill consequences were apprehended.

146. Pone Tigellinum: mention Tigellinus in your satires,' and your destruction will be certain. Tigellinus was an infamous favorite of Nero and Galba.-Tœdâ... illâ: 'you will blaze in that torch; you will be wrapped round with pitch and tow, and set on fire like a torch. Nero, after having set fire to the city, laid the blame on the Christians, and in this manner burned many of them.

147. Quâ: i. e. in the amphitheatre.-Stantes: 'in an erect posture,' being fastened to a stake.-Fixo: the point of a sword or other sharp instrument was placed against the neck of the criminal, to oblige him to keep his head in an erect posture.

148. Latum... arenâ: 'you draw a wide furrow in the midst of the sand.' You plough the barren sand, which yields nothing;

i. e. you expose your life in attacking Tigellinus or any other in famous character, but you do no good; your labor is all in vain This is the explanation of the line according to the reading adopted in the text (diducis :) but diducit or diducet are found in most editions: commentators endeavor to explain these readings in various ways, but none of them are satisfactory.-Ruperti, in his first edition, has diducit, but, in his improved edition of 1818, has diducis.

149. Qui... nos: this is the indignant answer of the poet to his friend, who advises him not to write satire.—Qui patruis: Tigellinus is probably here meant, who poisoned three uncles, that he might obtain their property.-Aconita: the extract of the poisonous herb wolf's-bane, used also, as here, for any poison whatever.

150. Pensilibus plumis: it was a great luxury to have a mattrass and pillow stuffed with feathers, on which the great man reclined in his sedan: hence the term pensilibus, 'hanging in the air,' is applied to plumis, as being in the sedan, which hung in the air, as it was carried along by the bearers.

151. Quum... pœnitet: the poet's friend now continues his advice.

152. Accusator... est: there will be an accuser of him, who shall only say, 'That is the man.'

154. Committas: 'you may match in battle.'-Nulli . . . Achilles: the history of Achilles slain by Paris will offend no one.'

155. Quæsitus Hylas: by Hercules, who had lost him.-Urnamque secutus: having fallen into the fountain after his pitcher. See Class. Dict.

156. Ardens: 'burning with satiric rage.'

157. Infremuit: a metaphor from the roaring of a lion.-Rubet reddens with anger and shame.-Frigida ... criminibus : 'chilled with horror at his guilt.'

159. Indè: i. e. from the reprehension of their guilt.—Iræ et lacrymæ anger at the satirist; tears at the exposure of their crimes.-Tecum tubas: weigh well, therefore, in your mind,' says the adviser and friend, 'these admonitions, before you sound the trumpet,' and make the charge upon the guilty. 160. Duelli: for prælii; duellum is properly a fight between

two.

161. Experiar... Latinâ: well, says Juvenal, since satirizing the living is attended with so much danger, I will try how far Ï may be allowed to satirize the dead. He therefore lashes the vicious of his own day under the names of persons long before dead.

162. Tegitur cinis: it was customary, at this time, at Rome, to burn the bodies of the dead, and to place the ashes in funereal urns.-Flaminiâ... Latinà: the Flaminian and Latin ways were remarkable for having on them the urns and monuments of many noble Romas. Hence originated the use of siste viator on mon

uments and tombs. The Flaminian took its name from C. Flaminius, who paved it; the other was called the Latin, because it commenced at the Latin gate, and led to Sinuessa, the most remote of the towns of Latium. It was ordered by the law of the twelve tables, that no person should be buried within the walls of the city; hence the urns of the great were buried, and their monuments erected on these celebrated roads or ways.

SATIRE II.

This Satire contains an animated and severe attack upon the hypocrisy of philosophers and priests, and the effeminacy of military officers and magistrates; it exposes their ignorance, profligacy, and impiety, with just severity.

1. Sauromata: the Sauromate,' or 'Sarmatians,' were a barbarous people, residing in the northern parts of Europe and Asia. -Glacialem oceanum: the northern ocean, which was always frozen.--The poet intimates, that he wishes to leave Rome, and retire even to the most inhospitable regions, when he hears hypocrites talking in praise of morality.

2. Audent: sc. disputare or præcipere.

3. Curios: The Curian family was honored at Rome, on account of M. Curius Dentatus, who was thrice consul, and remarkable for his courage, honesty, and frugality.—Simulant: sc. se esse.-Bacchanalia vivunt: live like the votaries of Bacchus.' Bacchanalia, a Græcism for Bacchanaliter.

4. Indocti : their pretensions to learning are as vain, as to virtue and morality.-Plena... gypso: every corner filled with busts.' Gypsum signifies any kind of plaster, of which images and busts were made.

5. Chrysippi: Chrysippus was a Stoic philosopher, a disciple of Zeno, and a celebrated logician.

6. Si quis for qui.-Aristotelem similem vel Pittacon: 'an image resembling Aristotle or Pittacus.'

7. Archetypos... Cleanthas: 'original images of Cleanthes.' Those, which were done from the life, were called archetypi, from gy, beginning, and Tuлús, form.

8. Fronti: the outward appearance.'

9. Tristibus obscænis: i. e. hypocrites, grave as to their outward appearance, but within full of the most horrid obscenities, which they practise in secret.-Castigas turpia: dost thou censure these crimes in others,' when thou art thyself as vile as they?

10. Loripedem... albus: these proverbial expressions show the impudence and folly of those persons who censure others for the vices which they practise themselves.

11. Gracchos: two brothers, Gaius and Tiberius, tribunes of the people, who caused great disturbances on their introducing the Agrarian laws. See Class. Dict.