as they call it, where young men are as apprentices a while, to observe and learn, before they take the post of acting in the part of buying and selling; but he was independent, and stood upon his own legs. But it is probable that, as usual in such cases, he was recommended to some merchants upon the spot, for advice and direction in difficult matters at first. And, since I have no better light in these matters, I take them upon my memory, as well as I can recollect from his ordinary conversation. His business as a factor, besides what came from his master, was inconsiderable, perhaps a bale or two from such merchants as he had courted in London, by officiously doing business for them. In that part of early prudence, he had not been wanting to himself in London, having there officiously served divers of the Turkey merchants occasionally, as they thought fit to make use of him, and this with no view, but of their favour in a little employ when he went abroad; his master was no deep trader, and his commissions were not great. It may seem strange, that a young gentleman with so small a beginning as this was (small I say, compared with the common allowances of merchants in our days, viz. one thousand pounds at binding out, and one thousand pounds at going abroad, or rather more, now very ordinarily bestowed) should be able even to subsist himself in an expensive factory; and how then to raise a great estate as he did? The answer is very obvious, that, with industry and frugality, small things become great, and without it, the largest provisions come to nothing.

"He did not, as most young factors, set up himself in an expensive way of living, after the example of those that he found upon the place; for he wore plain and cheap clothes, and kept no horse, and put himself to diet as cheap as he could; and, in all this reasonable conduct, he was forced to muster up his spirits in opposition to those who slighted him for it; whom he as much slighted by a steady perseverance in his own way. There wanted not those who expected more of gaiety from him, as well on account of his quality, as of the ordinary example or mode of the factors there, although some had occasion for as much thrift as himself. A young man of spirit hath enough to do to resist his own inclinations, and needs not the importunity or example of others to tempt him towards loose excesses; and it is not a common firmness I may say magnanimity, that can get the better of both. I have heard him say that, from the time he first went abroad, till his return home, he had digested in his mind one principle, which often swayed him; and that was, to get abroad and VOL. X.

spend at home; and he thought that, if he must put himself into a parade, it should not be among Turks, and strangers, among whom all he could do would not gain him any real advantage; for, if he were a little more looked upon there, to what good end was it? He must at length come away and leave all that froth behind; but experience at home had a lasting influence, and was seasoned with the joy of participating with his relations and acquaintance; all the while cultivating a mutual esteem and lasting friendship amongst them.

"In this thrifty way of living he passed his time at Smyrna for divers years, with a meagre income, and not promising much increase. If ever he gratified himself, it was with a distinction between the two grand circumstantials, the one is establishments, and the other for once (as they say) and no more. He stood not out in ordinary complacencies, but joined in such diversions as the rest chose, and used to say, come una volta tanto; or, as we say, 6 so much for once and away.' But it was a long time before he brought himself to keep horse, as the rest did for that was an established charge. I have heard him say, that once before his cavaliership, the nation (as they call them-selves) pressed him very much to go a hunting with them; and so he did, but instead of a horse, he hired an ass to carry him, and rode upon that. If this was done to show his firmness, and how little he stood upon forms, or regarded any man's opinion, it was very philosophiThis passage seems to us much more bizarr than it was there; for, in those countries, an ass-cavalcade is not at all extraordinary, but very common; and all the holy men use it.

cal.

"Having touched upon hunting, I may bestow a section upon the use of it in Turkey. First, dogs are counted unclean, and are not by the Turks ordinarily admitted into houses, but run masterless about the streets; but it is accounted a charity to relieve them; and some dogs take the road, and follow travellers for their waste in eating, and do the ordinary service of watching, and barking at all novelty. But, for sport, the Turks keep a sort of greyhound, which they dress as fine as horses, and clothe richly; but the hound is not at all known or understood by them. The merchants at Aleppo keep and use greyhounds, and coursing, in the greatest regularity. At Smyrna, the merchants procured a pack of hounds, and hunted in the country after the English way; which was a prodigious mystery to the Turks, who scarce yet believe the dogs followed the hare by the smell, but think there is witchcraft in it. lows at plough have laughed, seeing the

2 P

Fel

dogs run one way and the hare another; and, finding that sometimes the dogs came about her, have lain down upen the foil, to prove whether the dogs followed the track or not, until they came up full cry towards them; and then ran away, as if in a great fright. One incident had like to have quite spoiled their sport, which was the mange; and that infected their pack to such a degree, as must have destroyed it, until a certain cure was found out, which was, fluxing with mercury; a physic which they administered of course and regularly, scarce ever failing of its effect to set matters right again. And the pack continues there, and is like to continue."

Our readers probably remember Francis North's auxiety in his first circuits, to hold well with the "cocks of the circuit." Something of the same character exhibits itself in his brother, if, indeed, it be not the character in some degree of every man of sense anxious to succeed in a particular pursuit, and having no objects beyond it. We are not enough acquainted with mercantile life to know whether there may not still be something like what is called "tying up the head," and whether our extracts may not therefore have to some readers a value beyond

that of mere amusement.

Dudley was a gentleman, ever brisk and witty, a great observer of all incidents, and withal very friendly and communicative; which made him be gene. rally beloved, and his company desired by the top merchants of the factory. He was not a good fellow, as it is called, and,

on the other side, not morose; but went

along with his company, and not seldom beyond the measures he desired. He a thorn in the sides of the

was ever

foolish and malicious, and wanted not

inventions to divert himself and others, by exposing them. This made all choose to stand fair with him; for he was a creature that had sharp claws and scaly sides. A young man, among his equals, had need be at least as well armed as the rest; for they are not given to moderation in making sport with each other, but rather on the other side, according as a companion shows an unguarded part, with tricks and stratagems always aiming to attack him in that quarter. This makes the breeding of youth to be always best among equals, and not with either superiors or inferiors. The former makes them abject, and the other insolent, and both unfit for common conversation; which, abroad in the world, is ordinarily

If

among equals. He said that he never was caught in any of their novice-traps; of which one, alluding to horses in a stable, is called tying up the head; and this they practise upon young or shallow traders, who deal by themselves. they happen to have a large import, and all their warehouses are full, the old factors, fearing the young men should be too quick, and get the custom, conspire to discourse of not selling but at a price; the young men, with good reason, as they think, resolve the same; and then the others undersell, and leave them without opportunity; for their heads were tied up from their meat."

The chaplain of the factory was "one Broadgate," a puritan. He had been a fellow of St. John's, Cambridge, and preferred to a living in Essex, where he made himself so disliked, that interest was made for his promotion, that his absence might be in this way purchased. According to the philosophie adage, Omnes stulti insauiunt,-all fools are out of their wits, Broadgate," says Roger, "might very reasonably pass for a madman." He was a fanatic, as well as a foola whimsical pedant, and, as was soon after learned at the factory, like most vain men, an egregious liar. He went out with the notion, not altogether without foundation, that in going as chaplain to the factory, his employment was among a people unacquainted with religion; but, like Dominie Sampson, he forgot that his pupils were men, not boys. His first effort was to "erect a discipline among them," and establish a kind of Presbyterian reform. this purpose he framed a catechism, and had it printed, and many of the copies stitched in true blue,* to be presented to the merchants on his arrival, as a preparation for his future The factors, pastoral instructions. whose disposition, we are told, would have led them to treat with extraordipary veneration a sensible good man in the position of chaplain, were offended by the intrusive forwardness of an impertinent and troublesome coxcomb; and North was by accident the means of getting rid of him.

For

"This doughty doctor had found out that our merchant had a brother, formerly of St. John's College in Cambridge, whom he pretended to have familiarly known there, and, upon that score, fastened upon him; and he, having a desire to know the bottom of this man's talk

concerning his brother, wrote to him, to have an account and character of him; which coming, the pappas was laughed at more than ever. He comes to the merchant, to know what his brother had wrote the merchant read the letter audibly to him; then followed complaints, that, by means of this letter, he had lost his reputation in the Factory; and he desired to have the letter delivered up to him, that he might sue the merchant's brother in England for the defamation. A very reasonable request! But the merchant, instead of gratifying him in that, told him, that it would do him no service at all; for he had lost no reputation by it; and that he would prove to him, by showing, that, before that letter was wrote, he had none at all; and, opening his copy-book of letters, read to him the letter that he had wrote to his brother from thence, giving his character, with divers accounts of his behaviour there, which was of that sort as showed him his folly sufficiently; and so, in rage, he departed. This young merchant was guilty of another conceit, which was no small provocation to his reverence. Once, in his study, he saw lying upon his desk one of his catechisms, and, taking his pen, writes upon it, Broadgate's Broad Way to Bliss, brought forth for the breeding of the brutes of Smyrna.' But such multitudes of affronts heaped upon him, of which I could give divers instances, if they were in any respect material, drove him from the Factory; and, afterwards, he lived very poorly upon his trade, that is conventicling, in London."

North's observations on the natural history of the country follow-they exhibit the acuteness of a practised observer; but there is no object in abridging them-our purpose being simply to place before our readers the character of the man himself. After a few years' residence at Smyrna, a dispute arose between him and his master, which, involving matters too complicated to be explained by letter, made our young merchant return to England. He expected that, while letters could do little or nothing, the result of a personal interview would be favourable, and that they should end in agreeing.

"But he had other reasons for returning, which were, first, to make himself known upon the Exchange, and, by contracting friendships and acquaintance, reconcile to him other principals, who might send him out again, in case his master persevered in a desperate quarrel against him; and as to that, he might

purge himself upon the Exchange, and, by referring his difference, make his case known; and that his master, and not he, was in the wrong, and so at least make good his credit and reputation among the Turkey merchants: and, secondly, to see his relations, for whom he had an infinite respect, and service, and showed it in his behaviour towards them during his whole life. This was not the least of his reasons for making a turn home, though but for a short enjoyment. I may add a third reason, which was, that if his master dropped him, and he could not repair himself by new friends upon the Exchange, he was here at hand to busk for some other employment, as his friends or fortune might lift him into.

"I have heard him relate that, in this voyage homeward, the company on board, bound for the same port in Italy, were a poor sort of traders, Jews, Armenians, and Greeks, who made profit even to their teeth. With these fellows he was shut up in a Lazaretto, to lie a considerable time before they were admitted to traffic. They seemed to decline his company, muttering about his having more money than they, who could not keep pace with his expenses: he was loth to break company on that account, and told them he would live just as they did; so they kept together. Here were two conveniences: one was having a little conversation, and the other saving his money, which could not be spent in a worse place. And in this course he persevered : but the diet was such, as he protested he thought, that before he got out, he should have been starved. He was obliged to be cook, caterer, and hunt, in his turn, as they were, and without any manner of help, or any thing like a servant; he

went with them so near as to wash and dry his own linen. It was his humour to make no account of pains, or thought of hardships, when his engagements required. I have heard him say, that work of itself was hard, and taking care and pains fastidious; but if it was agreeable to do any thing called work, it was not really so, but pleasure; therefore it is incident to the true notion of work, not to delight in it.

"At his first arrival in England he was very melancholy, and inclined towards despairing of good success in the employ of a merchant: he had suffered much and laboured hard for divers years, and advanced but very little; and a continuance of that course of life, without being better paid, he accounted a slavery, and that he ought to make a better penny of his time and labour, or else make the best of a little, and enjoy himself at another rate than he had hitherto done. He declared,

then, while all the ability and all the artifice of our adversaries is employed to deceive her Majesty, we take no pains to set her right, the consequence may be, to the last degree, fatal. If, while they are industrious in possessing her with false views, we are indifferent in presenting to her true ones, it cannot be that an impression should not be made, by which the royal mind might be fatally influenced, to the serious, if not irreparable, detriment of her kingdom. Let us, then, bestir ourselves as men who had some stirring consciousness of the mighty issues which depend upon our exertions. Let us bestow upon truth the same attention which our adversaries bestow upon falsehood, if, indeed, we would do any thing to the purpose, or even be thought in earnest in the adoption of those principles by which we profess to be guided, and upon which the salvation of the empire depends. It is of the very essence of a destructive policy, that it is ever active for purposes of evil. A Conservative policy is, on the other hand, characterised by a remissness in pursuit of the objects which it proposes, by which it is seldom permitted to attain its ends. By many who profess sound principles, a tame disapproval of the conduct of their adversaries, is substituted for that energetic and determined resistance, by which, alone, their devices could be confounded. Unless all this be altered; unless a change come over the spirit of these men, by which they may be animated into a more active defence of the national institutions than they would seem, hitherto, to have deemed indispensible, all will be lost; their nerveless and negative virtue, if virtue it may be called, will never avail to rescue the perishing interests of their country from the active and daring villainy by which they are assailed. The bold, bad men will laugh to scorn the milk-and-water politicians who only oppose their schemes by vain expostulations; and it will be found, in the end, that the Destructives were indebted for their most complete success to the conduct of adversaries, who proved, to all intents and purposes, by the weakness and inefficiency of their measures, a kind of passive conspirators against the constitution.

It was only of late that we were struck by the singular wisdom of that law of Solon's, by which the individual was noted with infamy, who observed neutrality in civil contests. At first it

appears strange that a sapient legislator should seek to embroil a democratic state in more than its natural share of strife and contention. One would think that he would rather be disposed to hail the quietude of his fellow citizens, and to prescribe a reward for the man, who, when all around him were maddened by the spirit of faction, restrained himself from those excesses in which they indulged, and persevered in a calm imperturbability, than to assume the office of agitator-inchief, and so exercise it as to resemble the anarch of old “where chaos umpire sits, and by decision more embroils the fray." To our unreflecting minds, the legislator would appear to apply a stimulant when he ought to administer a sedative; and thus, instead of seeking to correct the natural vices of a democratic temperament, by infusing into the body politic a spirit of sober-mindedness, by which, during the gusts of popular passion to which it must be exposed, it might be restrained and steadied, to exasperate its constitutional headiness and violence so as to render it altogether incontrollable. But there was no such mistake in Solon's regulation. He was not the man to commit so glaring an error in a matter of such prime importance. The very same divisions which obtain amongst us, obtained amongst the generation for whom he made his laws. There was a conservative party, by whom established institutions would fain be preserved; there was a destructive party, who either had, or fancied they had an interest in the subversion of all existing arrangements. Between these two, a sort of instinctive and unappeasable hostility prevailed, by which the well-being of the state was perpetually perilled, and which caused the balanced system of liberty, which it was the pride of the legislator to have devised and instituted, to oscillate, according as the one or the other prevailed, between the licentiousness of a mob and the despotism of a tyrant. Solon foresaw, or his experience suggested to him, that, in the destructive party, there would be no neutrals; that all there would be activity and energy; that not merely their principles, but their instincts and their baser passions and propensities, would all conspire to stimulate them in the contest; while amongst the others, a love of ease, a love of pleasure, a love of abstract contemplation, a shrinking indisposition to engage in strife, would