tionis universam speciem sustulerit, non singulorum operum venustatem; ut in Thucydide orbem modo orationis desidero, ornamenta comparent. isti autem cum dissolvunt orationem, in 235 qua nec res nec verbum ullum est nisi abiectum, non clipeum, 5 sed, ut in proverbio est-etsi humilius dictum est, tamen simile est-scopas, ut ita dicam, mihi videntur dissolvere. atque ut plane genus hoc, quod ego laudo, contempsisse videantur, aut Cicero here ironically tells those who prefer a loose and uncompacted style that they are welcome to adopt it, provided their composition is like the shield of Phidias, which, if separated into its component parts, loses only in general effect and not in beauty of detail. In the British Museum we have a large fragment of a marble shield which was first identified by Conze as a copy of the shield of Phidias (Arch. Zeit. 1865 p. 33 ff., and die Athenastatue des Phidias im Parthenon). An engraving of this is given on p. 246. In the centre we have the head of the Medusa; below it a Greek warrior, bald-headed, who raises both hands over his head to strike with a battle-axe, corresponding to the figure of Phidias in the original design. Next on the right is a Greek wearing a helmet, cuirass and high boots, planting his left foot on the body of a fallen Amazon and dealing a blow with his right hand; his right arm is raised across his face and conceals the greater part of it ;-a figure corresponding with sufficient closeness to that of Pericles as described in the passage quoted from Plutarch (British Museum, Guide to the Sculptures of the Parthenon p. 104 f.). The beauty of the separate figures, especially that of the fallen Amazon with her hands clasped over her head, which occurs elsewhere on vases, fully justifies Cicero's phrase: singulorum operum ve nustatem. In a statuette of Pentelican marble now in the Theseum, which is rude copy of the Parthenos of Phidias, the battle of the Amazons may be recognised on the shield, with Phidias himself hurling a stone, not wielding an axe as in the copy in the British Museum (Conze, die Athenastatue; Michaelis u. s. Taf. 15, 1). A fragment of a similar shield has been discovered in the Vatican (Museo Chiaramonti; Michaelis u. s. Taf. 15, 35, p. 284); also in the Capitoline Museum (Klugmann in Bull. dell' Inst. 1874 p. 147, cf. Arch. Zeit. 1874 p. 114). For a special monograph on the statue, see Schreiber, die Athena Parthenos des Phidias und ihre Nachbildungen, 1883, esp. p. 57-61. The writer, however, seems hardly justified either in inferring from the present passage the existence, in Cicero's time, of free copies of the work of Phidias, or in implying that it is the cramped and contracted reproduction of the many exquisite details of the shield that Cic. here describes as marring the beauty of the original design. Dissolverit can only refer to the taking to pieces of the several parts of the composition, and it seems from some of the passages already quoted that the original was so contrived that this was possible. For a general account of the work cf. Perry's Ğk. and Roman Sculpture, p. 185 f. clipeum. This spelling is supported by an inscription near the end of the first century A.D. (Inscr. Regni Neap. 5250). Clupeus is however found in the Mon. Ancyranum vi 20 and in the C. I. L. ii 1263, 1286. clypeus is a barbarism (see further in Wilkins' de Or. ii 73). scribant aliquid vel Isocrateo more vel quo Aeschines aut Demosthenes utitur, tum illos existimabo non desperatione reformidavisse genus hoc, sed iudicio refugisse; aut reperiam ipse eadem condicione qui uti velit, ut aut dicat aut scribat utra voles lingua eo genere, quo illi volunt; facilius est enim apta dissolvere quam 5 236 dissipata conectere. res autem se sic habet, ut brevissime dicam quod sentio: composite et apte sine sententiis dicere insania est, sententiose autem sine verborum et ordine et modo infantia, sed eius modi tamen infantia, ut, ea qui utantur, non stulti homines haberi possint, etiam plerumque prudentes; quo qui est contentus, 10 utatur: eloquens vero, qui non approbationes solum, sed admirationes, clamores, plausus, si liceat, movere debet, omnibus oportet ita rebus excellat, ut ei turpe sit quicquam aut spectari aut audiri libentius. 237 2 tunc A. ex aestimabo A. Habes meum de oratore, Brute, iudicium: quod aut sequere, 15 reformidavisse A et OP (H): formidavisse F. 3 reperiam ipse A (o'jнst), idem probaverat Bake: reperiam ipsa FPO (Lamb. 023KP); reperiant ipsa cod. Vit. (Ern. Sch. M); reperiant, ipse Madvig adv. crit. ii 191; reperiant ipsi P2. 4 conditione A. ut aliquid scribat Bake. utra volet auctore Ernestio recipiendum fuit' Bake. 6 connectere F, conectere O. connectere MOP. res autem se FPO; Res (in marg.) Se autem A (st). 7 composite et om. A. 9 tamen om. A. 13 quidquam MJP. spectari A (MOKJPSt), idem probaverat Bake: expectare FPO; exspectari codd. Laur. 50, 31 et Eins. (H). 14 audire FPO. 15 siquaere A. iudicio, 'on principle'. reperiam ipse. If, in their despair, they shrink from composing in the highly finished manner of Isocrates &c, Cicero, on his part, offers to find some one (ironically meaning himself), who is willing for the nonce to accept their own conditions, and to shew how easy it is to imitate their loose and disconnected style. utra voles lingua. Here the context, with its mention of Greek orators, makes it obvious that the two languages are Latin and Greek; but even without such a context the phrase is quite intelligible, and it is so found in Hor. Od. iii 8, 5 'docte sermones utriusque linguae', and Plin. N. H. xii 1, 5 §9 utriusque linguae monumentis'. voles is the indefinite use of the second person. facilius conectere, quoted by Servius on Verg. Aen. iv 482. apta, 149. dissipata, 220. For this and similar words, cf. de Or. i 187 'dispersa et dissipata (opp. to conclusa)...diffusa...', 188 'rem dissolutam divolsamque'. § 236. composite, 208. insania...infantia, the point of the antithesis is increased by the similarity in sound which sharply marks out the two contrasted words. ordine refers back to composite. modo, 'rhythm', as in 203, referring back to apte. utatur, somewhat similar in sense to Hor. Ep. i 6, 67 'si quid novisti rectius istis, Candidus imperti; si non = (sin his contentus es), his utere mecum'. eloquens, de Or. i 94 quoted on § 18. admirationes-de Or. i 152 'haec sunt quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiant'. Cf. note on admirarentur (97). $$ 237-238. Concluding observations addressed to Brutus. Cicero has endeavoured to state his own opinion as to the ideal type of orator, and cannot pretend to have done anything more. If he has failed to give satisfaction, then either the task is in itself impossible, or in seeking to oblige a friend, the author has overestimated his own capacity. habes is frequently used to introduce the conclusion of a treatise: e. g. in de Or. i 361 habetis sermonem bene longum, &c.', de Sen. and de Am. ad fin. haec habui de senectute (de amicitia) quae dicerem' (Seyffert Schol. Lat. i § 40, 2). si probaveris, aut tuo stabis, si aliud quoddam est tuum; in quo neque pugnabo tecum neque hoc meum, de quo tanto opere hoc libro adseveravi, umquam adfirmabo esse verius quam tuum; potest enim non solum aliud mihi ac tibi, sed mihimet ipsi aliud alias 5 videri; nec in hac modo re, quae ad volgi adsensum spectet et ad aurium voluptatem, quae duo sunt ad iudicandum levissima, sed ne in maximis quidem rebus quicquam adhuc inveni firmius, quod tenerem aut quo iudicium meum dirigerem, quam id, quodcumque mihi quam simillimum veri videretur, cum ipsum illud 10 verum in occulto lateret. tu autem velim, si tibi ea, quae dispu- 238 quoddam codd.: quidem J. unquam MO. 2 tantopere 4 mihimet A 6 novissima FPO. 10 verum PMO; verum 1 probabis A, corr. in marg. PO et A. 3 ads. KPH. adf. KPH. (JHSt): mihi FPŐ (MKP). 5 volgi A (K). ads. KPH. 7 quidquam (MJP). 8 derigerem A (H coll. § 9). tam (=tamen) A (Stangl), tam cod. Laur. 50, 31 (H), cum F. ad aurium voluptatem, 162, de Or. iii 177.. ad iudicandum levissima, of most trivial importance towards forming a sound judgment, 'too variable to establish an opinion', ad Fam. iii 10 § 8 'ad indicandum odium apertissimum, ad nocendum levissimum'; Roby § 1377. ad iudicandum has an active sense, while in such passages as de Off. iii 30 'haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima' the gerund appears to assume a passive meaning (Roby ii p. 64). simillimum veri. The Academic School, to which Cic. belonged, held that it was impossible to attain to the verum but only to the veri simile. Tusc. Disp. V II 'nos id potissimum consecuti sumus, quo Socrates usum arbitrabamur, ut nostram ipsi sententiam tegeremus, errore alios levaremus et in omni disputatione quid esset simillimum veri quaereremus. In order to act sensibly we need no knowledge. For this purpose probability is quite enough; and anyone can follow probability even though he is conscious of the uncertainty of all knowledge. Thus probability is the highest standard for practical life.' (On the New Academy, Arcesilaus, in Zeller's Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics p. 505 Eng. ed.) 'We shall withhold all assent, not allowing any ideas to be true, but only to have the appearance of the truth (ἀληθῆ φαίνεσθαι) or probability (έμφασις, πιθανότης) ', id. p. 523 (of Carneades). quidquid acciderit specie probabile, si nihil se offeret quod sit probabilitati illi contrarium, utetur eo sapiens ac sic omnis ratio vitae gubernabitur', Acad. ii 99. 6 ipsum illud verum, αὐτὸ τὸ ἀληθές. in occulto lateret, 'was hidden in obscurity'. Acad. i 45, ii 32 ‘interdum cum adhibemus ad eos (certain Sceptics) orationem eius modi: "Si ea quae disputentur, vera sint, tum omnia fore incerta' respondent: "Quid ergo istud ad nos? num nostra culpa est? naturam accusa, quae in profundo veritatem, ut ait Democritus, penitus abstruserit', ib. i 44 (of Democritus, Anaxagoras, Empedocles, as well as Socrates) 'qui nihil cognosci, nihil percipi, nihil sciri posse dixerunt; angustos sensus, imbecillos animos, brevia curricula vitae et, ut Democritus, in profundo veritatem esse demersam, opinionibus et institutis omnia teneri, nihil veritati relinqui (where Reid remarks that the common trans. well is weak; abyss would suit better). Diog. Laert. ix 72 Anμókpiτός φησι· ἐτεῇ δὲ οὐδὲν ἴδμεν· ἐν βύθῳ γὰρ naλnoeia. Cf. Seneca N. Q. vii 32 § 4 'vix ad fundum veniretur, in quo veritas posita est', de Ben. vii 1 § 6 involuta veritas in alto latet'. Scandinavian legend also has its 'well'. At the root of the celestial ash-tree, was the well of Mimir, in which all wisdom lay concealed. tata sunt, minus probabuntur, ut aut maius opus institutum putes quam effici potuerit, aut, dum tibi roganti voluerim obsequi, verecundia negandi scribendi me imprudentiam suscepisse. 3 imprudentiam FOP, al. impudetia in marg. P: impudentia A; verecundiae rectius videtur opponi impudentia' o; idem habent H et st. M. TVLLI CICERONIS ORATOR EXPLICIT FELICITER • subscripsit F, ORATOR AD M. BRVTVM FELICITER EXPLICIT &c M (cf. p. lxxxv). om. PO. ORATORIS EXPLICIT LIBER Jtus A; recentioris manus atramentum nigrum nigrioribus litteris indicavi. LATIN AND ENGLISH INDEX. Wherever there is no indication to the contrary, the numbers refer to the sections, and The Roman numerals denote the pages of the Introduction. Academia, quantity of penult., 12 actio, 55, 56 actor, 61 actuosus, 125 aculei, 62 acumen, IIO acutus, 20, 57, 58, 98 adferre quaestionem, 66 admirationem habere, 11 adversaria evertere, 122 aequabilitas, 21, 53 aequaliter, 198, 205 Aeschines, xxix, §§ 26, 29, 57, 110, 235 Aeschines (Milesius), xxxvi Aeschylus (Cnidius), xxxvi af, 158 Africani, 232 afuissem domo, 146 agrestis, 148; agrestioribus Musis, 12 Ala, 153 Albucius, 149 alia oratio, 94 alio atque alio, 72 alioqui, 49 note alte, 98; altius, 65, 82 altero tanto, 188 ambigue, 115; ambiguum, 121 amplificare, 210 amplificatio, 102 amplus (of style), 20, 30, 97 amputatus, 170 an, 31, 109, 144 anceps, 98 anomaly, 155 Antipater, 230 Antiphon, xii Antonius (M.), 18-19, 33, 69, 100, 105, 132 ardens oratio, 132 argutiae digitorum, 59 argutus, 38, 39, 42; argute, 98 Aristophanes, 29 Aristophanius, 190 |