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other books used in a family, one pew or slip in a meeting house or place of religious worship, live poultry not exceeding in value the sum of ten dollars, the professional books and instruments of physicians, and the professional books of clergymen and attorneys at law, to the value of two hundred dollars, one yoke of oxen or steers, as the debtor may select, two horses kept and used for team work, and such as the debtor may select in lieu of oxen or steers, but not exceeding in value the sum of two hundred dollars, with sufficient forage for the keeping of the same through the winter: There shall be exempt as aforesaid, also, one two-horse wagon with whiffletrees and neck yoke, or one one-horse wagon used for purposes of teaming, or one ox cart, as the debtor may choose; one sled, or one set of traverse sleds, either for horses or oxen, as the debtor may select: two harnesses, two halters, two chains, one plow, and one ox yoke, which with the oxen or steers or horses which the debtor may select for team work, shall not exceed in value two hundred and fifty dollars; * * There shall be exempt as aforesaid, also, one tool chest kept for use by a mechanic; * * *

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CHAPTER 93.- Wages preferred-In assignments.

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SECTION 1867, (as amended by act No. 53, acts of 1886). * * In the order for dividends under this chapter, the following claims shall be entitled to priority or preference, and be paid in the following order:

First. The fees, costs, and expenses of suits, and the several proceedings in insolvency under this chapter, and for the care and custody of property as herein provided.

Second. Debts due the United States, and taxes and assessments made under the laws thereof.

Third. All debts due the state, and taxes and assessments under the laws thereof.

Fourth. Wages due any employé, clerk or house servant, to an amount not exceeding fifty dollars for labor performed within six months next preceding the date of the adjudication of insolvency.

CHAPTER 95.-Exemption from execution, etc.-Homesteads.

SECTION 1894. The homestead of a housekeeper or head of a family, consisting of a dwelling house, outbuildings, and the land used in connection therewith, not exceeding five hundred dollars in value, and used or kept by such housekeeper or head of a family as a homestead, shall, together with the rents, issues, profits, and products thereof, be exempt from attachment and execution, except as hereinafter provided.

SECTION 1898. If such housekeeper or head of a family dies, leaving a widow or minor children, his homestead to the value aforesaid shall pass to and rest in such widow or children, or, if there are both, in such widow and children, without being subject to the payment of the debts of the deceased, unless legally charged thereon in his lifetime;

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SECTION 1901. Such homestead shall be subject to attachment and levy of execution upon causes of action existing at the time of acquiring the homestead, except as herein otherwise provided,

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CHAPTER 100.-Wages preferred—In attachments.

SECTION 1991. If a person or company is compelled to stop business by reason of attachments upon mesne process and does not resume business within thirty days, and is indebted to an employé for wages, such employé may attach the same property upon his debt and the attachment shall take precedence over such prior attachment to an amount not exceeding fifty dollars, if made before sale thereof on execution.

CHAPTER 126.-Power of selectmen as to children in manufactories.

SECTION 2518. The selectmen shall inquire into the treatment of minors employed in manufacturing establishments in their respective towns; and if, in their opinion, the education, morals, health, food, or clothing of any such minor is unreasonably neglected, or he is treated with improper severity or abuse, or is compelled to labor at unreasonable hours or times, or in an unreasonable manner, they shall, if such minor is not a servant or apprentice bound under the provisions of this chapter, and if he has no parent or guardian resid

ing in this state, discharge him from such employment, and, with his consent, bind him as a servant or apprentice to some other person;

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CHAPTER 157.-Contractor's bond-Security for wages of railroad employés. SECTION 3372. A railroad company shall require sufficient security from the contractors for the payment of labor performed in constructing the road by persons in their employ; and such company shall be liable, to the day-laborers employed by the contractors, for labor actually performed on its road, if the person having such claim shall, in writing, within forty days after the performance of the labor, notify the engineer in charge of the section on which the labor was performed, that he has not been paid by the contractors.

CHAPTER 196.-Intimidation of employés.

SECTION 4226. A person who threatens violence or injury to another person with intent to prevent his employment in a mill, manufactory, shop, quarry, mine or railroad, shall be imprisoned not more than three months or fined not more than one hundred dollars.

SECTION 4227. A person who, by threats or intimidation, or by force, alone or in combination with others, affrights, drives away and prevents another person from accepting, undertaking or prosecuting such employment with intent to prevent the prosecution of work in such mill, shop, manufactory, mine, quarry or railroad, shall be imprisoned in the state prison not more than five years or fined not more than five hundred dollars.

CHAPTER 202.-Sunday labor.

SECTION 4315. A person who between twelve o'clock Saturday night and sunset on the following Sunday exercises any business or employment except such only as works of necessity and charity, shall be fined not more than two dollars.

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CHAPTER 202.-Employment, hours of labor, etc., of children.

SECTION 4320. An owner, agent, superintendent or overseer of a manufacturing or mechanical establishment who knowingly employs or permits to be employed in such establishment a child under ten years of age, or employs a child under fifteen years of age more than ten hours in one day, and a parent or guardian who allows or consents to such employment, sball be fined fifty dollars.

CHAPTER 204.-Convict labor.

SECTION 4349. The directors of the state prison and house of correction may contract for not exceeding five years to any person the labor of all or part of the convicts in the state prison or house of correction in such manner and on such terms as they judge best for the state; * *. They may also * * * sell articles belonging to the institution proper to be sold.

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ACTS OF 1882.

ACT No. 4.-Exemption from taxation.

SECTION 1. An owner of fowls to the value of more than twenty dollars shall be subject to taxation for the amount of the value of such fowls in excess of twenty dollars.

ACTS OF 1884.

ACT No. 93.-Conditional sale of personal property.

SECTION 1. No personal property sold conditionally, upon which there is reserved a lien duly recorded, shall be removed from the state without the consent of the vendor or his assignee.

LABOR LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES.

SECTION 2. When the sum, for which the lien upon personal property sold conditionally was given, is paid and satisfied, the vendor or his assignee shall discharge the same.

SECTION 3. Liens on personal property sold conditionally may be discharged by an entry on the margin of the record thereof, in the town clerk's office where recorded, signed by the vendor, his executor, administrator, assignee or attorney acknowledging satisfaction of the lien, or by an entry on the writing creating the lien signed as aforesaid, acknowledging satisfaction, duly recorded on the margin of the record of the lien in the town clerk's office, or by a release of the lien signed as aforesaid and duly recorded in the town clerk's office.

SECTION 4. If the vendor or his executor, administrator or assignee, after performance of the condition before or after breach thereof, shall not, after ten days after being thereto requested and after tender of reasonable charges, discharge such lien in one of the ways provided in the foregoing section, he shall be liable for damages occasioned thereby, to be recovered in an action on the

case.

SECTION 5. The vendor of personal property sold conditionally, with a lien reserved thereon, or his assignee may, after thirty days from the time of condition broken, cause the property on which the lien exists, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be taken and sold at public auction by a public officer at a public place in the town where the person giving the lien resides or where the property is, notice of the time place and purpose of such sale being posted at two or more public places in such town, at least ten days prior thereto; notice of such sale shall also be given to the vendee of the time and place of sale, in writing, de'livered to him or left at his abode, if living within the town, or sent by mail if he does not reside in such town, at least ten days previous to the sale, and if the property is not redeemed by the payment of the amount due and costs and expenses incurred by such breach of condition the property shall be sold as posted. SECTION 6. The proceeds of such sales shall be applied to the payment of the lien and the costs and expenses of keeping the property, and sale, and the balance, if any, shall be paid to the vendee [sic] or the person holding under him, on demand.

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ACT No. 140.-Earnings of married women.

SECTION 2, (as amended by act No. 84, acts of 1888). All personal property acquired [by a married woman] in any manner during coverture, except by gift from her husband, shall be held to her sole and separate use, and neither a wife's separate property nor the rents, issues, income and products (of) the same shall be subject to the disposal of her husband or liable for his debts;

ACTS OF 1886.

ACT No. 86.-Inspection, etc., of steam boilers.

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SECTION 1. Upon application of three reputable citizens, the selectmen of any town, or the mayor of any city in this state, or any person duly authorized by them, may, after notice to the parties interested, examine any stationary steam engine or steam boiler therein, and for that purpose may enter any house, shop, or building, and if upon examination it appears probable that the use of such engine or boiler is unsafe, they shall give the parties interested so far as known an opportunity to be heard, and if upon such hearing they shall adjudge such engine or boiler unsafe, defective, or unfit to be used, they may issue an order prohibiting the use thereof until it is rendered safe. If after notice to the owner or person having charge thereof, such engine or boiler is used contrary to such order, such owner or person so offending shall forfeit ten dollars for each day he so uses the same, to be recovered to the use of such town or city, in an action of debt brought in the name of such town.

ACTS OF 1888.

ACT No. 9.-Employment of children.

SECTION 154. No child between ten and fourteen years of age,who has resided in the state one year, shall be employed in a mill or factory unless such child shall have attended a public school twenty weeks during the preceding year,

and shall deposit with the owner or person in charge of such mill or factory a certificate showing such attendance, signed by the teacher of such school.

SECTION 155. The supervisor of schools may inquire of the owner or person in charge of a mill or factory as to the employment of children therein; and may call for the production of the certificates required to be deposited with such person, and ascertain if there is any violation of the law in the employment of such children.

SECTION 156. No person, after the first day of July, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine, shall give employment to any child under fourteen years of age who can not read and write, but is capable of receiving such instruction, during the time when the school which such person should attend is in session. SECTION 157. A person who shall violate the provisions of section one hundred and fifty-three or of section one hundred and fifty-four, or of section one hundred and fifty-six * * or who shall refuse to give the information or exhibit the certificates required to be given and exhibited by section one hundred and fifty-five shall forfeit not less than ten nor more than fifty dollars,

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ACT No. 22.-Railroads-Blocking of frogs, switches, and guard rails.

SECTION 1. Every railroad company operating a railroad or part of a railroad in this state, shall, before the first day of December, 1889, adjust, fill or block with a wooden block or wedge the frogs, switches and guard-rails on its tracks, with the exception of guard-rails on bridges, so as to prevent the feet of its employés from being caught therein. The work shall be done to the satisfaction of the railroad commissioners evidenced by the certificate of their clerk.

ACTS OF 1890.

ACT No. 75.-Factories-Bells, whistles, etc.

SECTION 1. Manufacturers and others employing workmen are authorized, for the purpose of giving notice to such employés, to ring bells and use whistles and gongs of such size and weight, in such manner and at such hours as the board of aldermen of cities, the trustees of incorporated villages and the selectmen of towns may in writing designate.

VIRGINIA.

CONSTITUTION OF 1869.

ARTICLE XI.-Exemption from execution etc.

SECTION 1. Every householder or head of a family shall be entitled, in addition to the articles now exempt from levy or distress for rent, to hold exempt from levy, seizure, garnisheeing or sale, under any execution, order or other process, issued on any demand for any debt *, his real and personal

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property, or either, including money and debts due him, *

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to the value

of not exceeding two thousand dollars, to be selected by him: Provided, That such exemption shall not extend to any execution, order or other process issued on any demand in the following cases:

(1) For the purchase price of said property, or any part thereof.

(2) For services rendered by a laboring person or a mechanic.

(3) For liabilities incurred by any public officer, or officer of a court, or any fiduciary, or any attorney at law for money collected.

(4) For a lawful claim for any taxes, levies or assessments,

(5) For rent

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(6) For the legal or taxable fees of any public officer, or officers of a court,

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SECTION 4. The general assembly is hereby prohibited from passing any law staying the collection of debts, commonly known as "stay laws"; SECTION 5. The general assembly shall, * prescribe in what manner and on what conditions the said householder or head of a family shall thereafter set apart and hold for himself and family, a homestead out of any property hereby

exempted, and may, in its discretion, determine in what manner and on what conditions he may thereafter hold, for the benefit of himself and family such personal property as he may have, and coming within the exemption hereby made. But this section shall not be construed as authorizing the general assembly to defeat or impair the benefits intended to be conferred by the provisions of this article.

SECTION 7. The provisions of this article shall be construed liberally, to the end that all the intents thereof may be fully and perfectly carried out.

CODE OF 1887.

CHAPTER 6.-Contracts for labor made in a foreign country to be valid.

SECTION 44. A contract for labor for a term of service, not exceeding two years, made in a foreign country, with a person who shall immigrate to this State, and duly attested by the United States consul or commercial agent at the port where such immigrant shall embark, shall be respected and enforced to the same extent and in the same manner as if made within the state.

CHAPTER 103.-Earnings of married women.

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SECTION 2287. ** all work and labor performed by her [a married woman] for a person other than her husband or her children, shall, unless there be an express agreement to the contrary, be presumed to be on her separate account. The products and earnings of such * * work, and labor shall be her separate estate,

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CHAPTER 109.-Conditional sale of personal property.

SECTION 2462. Every sale or contract for the sale of goods or chattels, wherein the title is reserved until the same be paid for in whole or in part, or the transfer of the title is made to depend on any condition, and possession be delivered to the vendee, shall be void as to creditors of, and purchasers for value without notice from, such vendee, unless such sale or contract be evidenced by writing executed by the vendor, in which the said reservation or condition is expressed, and until and except from the time the said writing is duly admitted to record in the county or corporation in which said goods or chattels may be, or, if said goods and chattels consist of locomotives, cars, or other rolling stock, equipments, or personal property of any description, to be used in or about the operation of any railroad, until and except from the time the said writing is duly admitted to record in the clerk's office of the county or corporation court of the county or corporation, wherein the principal office in this state of the company operating the railroad is located, or in the clerk's office of the chancery court of the city of Richmond, if said principal office is within the corporate limits of the said city, and a copy of said writing be filed in the office of the board of public works, and each locomotive, car, or other piece of the rolling stock be plainly and permanently marked with the name of the vendor on both sides thereof followed by the word "owner."

CHAPTER 178.-Exemption from execution, etc.-Homesteads.

SECTION 3630. Every householder residing in this state, shall, in addition to the property or estate which he is entitled to hold exempt from levy, distress, or garnishment, under sections thirty-six hundred and fifty, thirty-six hundred and fifty-one, and thirty-six hundred and fifty-two, be entitled to hold exempt from levy, seizure, garnishment, or sale, under any execution, order, or process issued on any demand for any debt or liability on contract, his real and personal estate, or either, to be selected by him, including money and debts due him, to the value of not exceeding two thousand dollars: Provided, That such exemption shall not extend to any execution, order, or other process issued on any demand in the following cases:

First, For the purchase price of said estate, or any part thereof;
Second, For services rendered by a laboring person, or a mechanic;

Third, For liabilities incurred by any public officer, officer of a court, fiduciary, or by any attorney-at-law for money collected by him;