132 BURGOYNE-BURKE. Memoir of the late Patrick Fraser | exposing the defenceless state of the country, and received in reply from the duke of Wellington that remark. able letter which, published in the Tytler, Esq., under the title of a "Portrait of a Christian Gentleman" (1861). Mr. Burgon has taken also an active part in the movement for sup-journals, produced so great a sensa plying our rural labourers with religious prints of good and tasteful design for their cottage walls. BURGOYNE, GENERAL SIR JOHN Fox, G.C.B., BART., is the son of the late Right Hon. John Burgoyne, M.P., and was born in 1782. He entered the corps of Royal Engineers as second-lieutenant in the year 1798, and served in the Mediterranean and Levant from 1800 to 1807; took part in the blockade of Malta and the operations which led to the surrender of Valetta; served with the army in Sicily; and was also present at the capture of Alexandria and the attack on Rosetta. He afterwards proceeded with Sir John Moore's army to Sweden, and again to Portugal. In 1809 he joined Lord Wellington's army in the Peninsula; and from that time until the conclusion of the campaign in 1814 was present at all the sieges, two of which, those of Burgos and San Sebastian, he conducted, the latter after his superior officer had been killed in the trenches. Throughout the campaigns in Portugal and Spain Burgoyne was attached to the third division, so distinguished by the prominent part it took in the war, and was in most of the general actions, in which he was twice wounded. In 1814 he was appointed commanding engineer of the expedition to New Orleans, and was present at the attack on the town, and at the taking of Fort Bowyer. He has received the gold cross and one clasp for Badajoz, Salamanca, Vittoria, San Sebastian, and Nive; and the silver medal with three clasps for Busaco, Ciudad Rodrigo, and Nivelle. In 1826 Burgoyne accompanied the expedition to Portugal, as commanding officer of engineers. In 1830 he was appointed Chairman of the Irish Board of Public Works, and in 1845 Inspector-General of Fortifications. Shortly after assuming the latter office, he drew up a memoir tion, as enabled the Executive to stay BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD, KNT., LL.D., M.R.I.A., second son of the late John Burke, Esq., and grandson of the late Peter Burke, Esq., of Elm BURKE-BURMEISTER. 133 Hall, county Tipperary, was born in London, in 1815. He was educated at the College of Caen, Normandy, and called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1839. He edited (for many years, in conjunction with his father, and after his death solely), the "Peerage" which bears his name— an invaluable work for the lawyer and the antiquary; to this he added "The Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland," subsequently published under the title of "The Landed Gentry." He is also the author of a "General Armory," "Visitation of Seats," Family Romance," "Anecdotes of the Aristocracy," "The Historic Lands of England," and "Vicissitudes of Families," 1st, 2nd, and 3rd series, published in 1859, 1860, and 1861. He also edited the St. James's Maga-published several monographs in a zine, published in 1848-50, and has distinct form, as "The Natural written or compiled many other books History of the Calandra Species on heraldic, historical, and antiquarian (1837). In entomology he has pubsubjects. In 1853 he was appointed lished a "Manual of Entomology." to succeed the late Sir W. Betham as Burmeister has greatly occupied Ulster King of Arms, and Knight himself in disseminating correct noAttendant of the Order of St. Patrick;tions of geology among the educated in 1854 received the honour of knight- classes; and with this view delivered hood; and in 1862 the University of a series of lectures, which were well Dublin conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. medicine at Halle, he was encouraged by Professor Nitzch to follow the study of zoology, and particularly that of entomology. Becoming a doctor in 1829, he made his first appearance as an author in the domain of natural history, with a "Treatise on Natural History" (Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Halle, 1830). On the death of Nitzch, in 1842, he replaced him in the chair of zoology in the University of Halle. His earlier works were designed as introductions to the study of natural science, which they did much to popularize. Among others, his "Sketches of Natural History: have passed through many editions. On zoological subjects he has written numerous articles in the scientific journals of Germany, and has attended. They were collected and published in two works: "The HisBURKE, PETER, Serjeant-at-law, tory of Creation," Leipsic, 1843, 4th only brother of Sir Bernard Burke, edition, 1851; and "Geological Picwas born about the year 1813, and tures of the History of the Earth and was educated at Caen College. Having its Inhabitants" (1851), both of which been called to the English Bar in 1839 have been well received. At the time by the Society of the Inner Temple of the events of 1848, Burmeister was he joined the Northern Circuit and known for his liberalism, and the the Manchester and Lancashire Ses- facility with which he expressed his sions, and is a Parliamentary counsel political principles. He was in conpractising in the House of Lords; he sequence sent by the city of Halle, as was made a Q.C. of the Co. Palatine Deputy, to the National Assembly, of Lancaster in 1858, and a Serjeant- and subsequently by the town of at-law in 1859. He is the author of Liegnitz, to the first Prussian Chamvarious legal works, particularly on ber. He took his place on the left, the law of copyright and the criminal and remained until the end of the law; also of The Romance of the session; and then, his health being Forum," "Celebrated Trials connected compromised by incessant activity, he with the Aristocracy and the Upper was obliged to demand a leave of Classes," and of a "Life of the Right absence, which he turned to account Hon. Edmund Burke." by two years' travel in the Brazils. BURMEISTER, HERMANN, a Ger- In consequence of this voyage, he pubman naturalist, was born at Stralsund, lished "The Animals of the Brazils" Prussia, in 1807. While a student of (Uebersicht der Thiere Braziliens. 1854-56). On his return to Europe | don with only a few shillings in his he re-entered his former duties in the University of Halle. pocket, and a single impression from a plate for Cooke's Novelist, as a BURNET, JOHN, Painter, Engraver, specimen of his art. Having sought and Art-Critic, was born at Fisher out Wilkie, who had preceded him Row, near Edinburgh, on the 20th some twelve months in visiting LonMarch, 1784. His father was a native don, and who was then engaged on of Borrowstoness, near Edinburgh, the picture of "The Blind Fiddler," and was descended from Dr. Thomas he was received with great cordiality. Burnet, the friend of Newton, and His first engravings were for books, author of the "Sacred Theory of the but, longing to try his hand upon a Earth," and brother of Bishop Burnet. plate of larger dimensions, he asked Young Burnet was educated by Mr. Wilkie to allow him to engrave "The Leeshman, the schoolmaster of Sir Jew's Harp," which he executed the Walter Scott; but his passion for same size as the painting. This drawing, derived from both his pa- was the first of the series of prints rents, at a very early period so engraved from Wilkie's works by entirely absorbed his thoughts and various eminent engravers. The plate occupied every moment that he could of "The Jew's Harp" introduced steal from his studies, that his father Burnet to Sharp, the historical en placed him with Mr. Robert Scott, a graver. It was published in 1809, landscape engraver of Edinburgh, at a guinea, and proofs have since from whom he learned the practical been sold for twelve, and in one inpart of etching and engraving. Whilst stance for twenty guineas. After under his tuition he also attended the "The Blind Fiddler," Mr. Burnet's Trustees' Academy under Mr. John other plates from Wilkie were,Graham, where he acquired, along "Reading the Will," the "Chelsea with Wilkie and Allan, who were his Pensioners reading the Gazette of the fellow-students, a knowledge of draw- Battle of Waterloo," the "Rabbit on ing from the study of the antique. the Wall," the "Letter of Introduc During his service to Scott, to whom tion," the "Death of Tippoo Saib," he had been apprenticed for seven and the "Village School." After the years, he was chiefly engaged in peace of 1815 Mr. Burnet visited engraving; and the hours of labour Paris, for the purpose of studying in being from seven in the morning the Louvre. He wrote and published until eight in the evening, there was about this period his "Practical Hints little time for the cultivation of the on Painting," and other elementary art of design beyond those hours works. A member of the body of during which he was engaged in the engravers who produced the wellTrustees' Academy. Being more known collection of prints from the devoted to figure than landscape en- National Gallery, Mr. Burnet engraved graving, his style was formed chiefly the "Jew," the "Nativity," and the on small prints from the burin of "Crucifixion," all after Rembrandt, James Heath, whose book-illustra- for that work. He had also protions were then held (as they well duced several plates for Forster's deserved to be) in great estimation. "British Gallery." The following In all works of a larger size his fa- engravings were from his own pic vourite master was Cornelius Vischer. tures. Of these the principal were, "The Village Politicians" had created —“The Greenwich Pensioners," the such a sensation that the young en- original painting of which was pur graver grew impatient for a similar chased by the duke of Wellington; chance, and having completed every "Feeding the Young Bird;" engagement, in 1806, set sail for the "Draught Players;" and the "Mouse." southern metropolis in a Leith and He has also published "Hints on Por Berwick smack, and arrived at Lon-trait Painting," "Landscape Painting "the BURNS. in Oil," Lives of Rembrandt and Tur- | sner, and other works, including an "Essay on the Education of the Eye." The whole of his works on art are illustrated by etchings by himself. In 1860 he received a pension, on the recommendation of Lord Palmerston. BURNS, THE REV. JABEZ, D.D., was born in 1805, at Oldham, near Manchester, where his parents were members of the Methodist body. He was educated first at Chester, and afterwards at Oldham Grammar School. Having aided his father for a time as a medical practitioner, and acted as assistant in a draperyestablishment, he joined the Methodist New Connection. In 1826 he removed to London, and soon afterwards commenced his career as a writer on religious subjects. His first two works, "The Christian Sketch Book," and the "Spiritual Cabinet," published in 1828 and 1829, respectively gained great celebrity. In the latter year Dr. Burns removed to Scotland, and early in 1830 became minister of the United Christian Church at Perth, where he remained for five years, and successfully advocated temperance principles. While in Scotland he published a volume of religious anecdotes, as well as a sermon on "The Harmony of Scriptural Election with the Universal Love of God to the World;" and he also edited a periodical devoted to Christian union. Dr. Burns commenced his ministerial duties in London in the year 1835, having accepted a unanimous invitation to the pulpit of the General Baptist Congregation assembling in New Church-street Chapel, Marylebone. His congregation increased so considerably, that twice during the first twenty-five years of his pastorate was it found necessary to enlarge his chapel. In 1836 Dr. Burns published his second series of the "Christian Sketch Book;" shortly afterwards he produced "The Christian's Daily Portion; or, Exercises on the Person, Work, and Grace of the Redeemer." Then followed the series of "Sketches and Skeletons of Sermons," for the aid of clergymen, 135 ministers, and students, and which have extended to fifteen volumes, several of which have gone through as many as fourteen editions. Afterwards he wrote "Christian Philosophy; or, Materials for Thought," a work which has been more than once described as a "book of ideas." Then followed at short intervals," Youthful Piety," "Youthful Christian," "Mothers of the Wise and Good," "Sermons for Families," "Fifty-two Discourses for Village Worship," "Light for the Sick-room: a Book for the Afflicted," and "Light for the House of Mourning: a Book for the Bereaved." These works were followed by "Discourses on various Forms of Religion," "Deathbed Triumphs," "Missionary Enterprises," &c. In 1839 Dr. Jabez Burns became editor of the Temperance Journal. About this time he established The Preachers' Magazine, which extended to six volumes. Dr. Burns, though a Baptist, adopts the most liberal church polity, and was one of the earliest members of the Evangelical Alliance, and took his place in the first conferences held in Liverpool, London, Birmingham, and Edinburgh. In 1847 he was appointed by the Annual Association of General Baptists as one of the deputation to the Triennial Conference of the Free Will Baptists, held at Vermont, United States. He has been elected several times as moderator and one of the preachers of the Annual Assembly, and has filled the office of chairman or president on more than one occasion. Dr. Burns, in addition to his own pulpit labours, has lectured in almost all the towns of the United Kingdom on "Temperance," "The Prohibition of the Liquor Traffic," "Peace," "Abolition of Death Penalty," or for Christian Young Men's Associations. Dr. Burns's other literary productions include "Christian Exercises for Every Lord's Day in the Year," " Marriage Gift Book," "None but Jesus," "Life of Mrs. Fletcher," "Tracts and Small Treatises on Baptism," "Hints to Church Members," "A Few Words to Religious In 136 BURNSIDE-BURRITT. quirers," and several juvenile books | and other points along the coast of of rhymes on "Christian Missions," North Carolina is also accredited to "Temperance," &c. His religious works have had an immense circulation in the United States of America, especially "The Pulpit Cyclopædia," soon after the publication of which, in 1846, the author received the degree of D.D. from the Wesleyan University of Middleton, Connecticut. the skill of Burnside in carrying out General M'Clellan's plans. Burnside was then transferred to the army of the Potomac as commander of the 9th Army Corps. With M'Clellan's troops he was further transferred to aid the forces in front of the capital, and was engaged during part of the various contests in that region. He next served in Maryland, and distinguished himself at Antietam. When M'Clellan again advanced into Virginia, Burn side had charge of half his army. On the 5th of November he was appointed to succeed M'Clellan in command of the army of the Potomac, and made a rapid march upon Fredericksburg; and having made a rash attempt to storm the heights, was defeated with terrible loss in the following month. He was relieved, at his own request, of the command of that army in January, 1863, and was afterwards BURNSIDE, AMBROSE EVERITT, a Major-General in the U. S. army, was born May 23, 1824, at Liberty Union county, Indiana, from which State he was appointed a cadet to West Point Academy in 1843. On the 8th Sept., 1847, he was commissioned second lieutenant of the 3rd Artillery. In Dec., 1851, he was promoted to a first lieutenancy, but resigned his connection with the regular service on the 2nd of October, 1853. He was then engaged as treasurer of the Illinois Central Railroad, the same line of which M'Clellan was president and engineer-in-employed in the movements round chief. This position he held at the breaking out of the civil war. The "call" of the President for troops to defend the capital brought Burnside from his private position, and at the head of the 1st Regt. of Rhode Island Volunteers, a corps of 1,300 men, he made his way to the capital on the 27th of April, 1861, within twelve days of the issuing of the proclamation. When the army of North-Eastern Virginia was organized under General M'Dowell, Colonel Burnside was appointed commander of the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division, and on the return of his regiment home, in August, 1861, Burnside was commissioned as brigadier-general of volunteers. He next was appointed to the command of the so-called Burnside expedition. His success on the coast of North Carolina with this force gave prominence to his name. For his victory at Roanoke Island he was made a major-general of volunteers, and in testimony of his services on that occasion the State of Rhode Island presented him with a valuable sword. The capture of Fort Macon Chattanooga, in conjunction with Rosecranz. He was subsequently transferred to the West, and on the re-opening of the campaign in Vir ginia, in the spring of 1861, he commanded a corps of reserve in General Grant's army, having a large force of negro troops under him. The aid of that corps was seriously required at the sanguinary contest of the Wilder ness, and more recently its services were chiefly relied upon to secure the advantage Grant hoped to gain through springing a mine near Petersburg. Owing, however, to some "blunder" the attack failed, and the Federals were repulsed with great slaughter. An inquiry as to the cause of this failure ensued, and led to Burnside being superseded in his command. BURRITT, ALEXANDER M an American jurist, was born in New York, about 1807, and received his education at Columbia College, where he graduated in 1824. Four years later he was admitted to the Bar in the State of New York, where he has since practised with distin guished success. In 1840 he pub |