the civil courts. John, Lord Fleming, Chamberlain of Scotland under the regency of the Duke of Albany, in the minority of James V., relying, no doubt, upon his great power and influence, withheld for seven years payment of the tithes of his lands in Kirkintilloch, which amounted to thirty-three bolls of meal and three bolls of barley yearly. He was prosecuted at the instance of the community in 1523, and made a composition for bygone arrears at the rate of eight shillings four pennies Scots per boll. Much about the same time the feuers and tenants of Kilmarnock were prosecuted for the tithes of their lands, which amounted to a large quantity of victual yearly (Chartulary). "Two priories belonged to the abbacy-that of Insula Sancti Colmoci, situated upon a small island in the loch of Monteith in Perthshire, and that of Rosneath, in the It appears, however, that often there was no worship in these churches at all. "Privileges and other casualities belonging to the monastery. [Twenty-two are enumerated.] The monastery of Cambuskenneth had a strong spur to agriculture, which, in all probability, extended likewise to other religious communities. The lands which they rendered arable at their own expense were exempted from paying tithes to any cathedral or parish church. Add to this, that church-lands were generally let at moderate rents to tenants who were seldom ejected when the lease expired, but received a new one. These tenants meeting with so great encouragement, and, moreover, being exempted from military services, and other burdens to which the tenants of laymen were subjected, applied themselves to the cultivation of their farms, of which they considered themselves as in some manner pro"Much civil as well as sacred business was transacted prietors. "Several abbots conformed to the reformed reliin religious houses. In 1308 Sir Niel Campbell, Sir Gilbert Hay, with other barons, having met at Cambus-gion, and kept possession of their revenues; nor were kenneth, entered into an association to defend the liberty those who did not conform immediately ejected, but of their country, and the title of Robert Bruce to the continued to enjoy some parts of the benefice during crown, against all enemies of whatever nation; to which life, if they did not incur a forfeiture for misdemeanours. they not only affixed their subscriptions and seals, but which pertained to them were, for the most part, either At the death or forfeiture of the abbots, the possessions bestowed in pensions upon favourites at court, or erected into temporal lordships. The private monks had also an allotment during life, which was often so ill paid that many of them were reduced to great want." D. WHYTE. shire of Dumbarton. swore upon the great altar. "The Scottish kings transacted business almost as often in monasteries as in palaces. Many charters are still extant which were granted by different sovereigns at Cambuskenneth; it was also the place of meeting of sundry conventions of parliaments. In 1326 the whole clergy, earls, and barons, with a great number of an inferior rank, having convened in the abbacy, swore fealty to David Bruce, as heir apparent to the crown, in presence of Robert his father, &c. "During the wars with England, in the reign of David Bruce, the monastery was pillaged of all its most valuable furniture. The books, vestments, cups, and ornaments of the altar were carried off. In order to the reparation of that loss, William Delandel, Bishop of St. Andrews, made a grant to the community of the vicarage of Clackmannan (Chartulary). "In 1559 the monastery was spoiled, and a great part IRISH PARLIAMENTS. historical record of the Irish Parliament from its I shall be glad to be referred to a history or commencement, or from any later period, to the close of 1800, when it ceased to exist as a separate legislative body. By the fourth article of the Articles of Union between Great Britain and Ireland it was enacted, inter alia, that of the fabric cast down by the reformers, who, though "One hundred commoners (two for each county of their views were laudable, yet in several instances pro- Ireland, two for the city of Cork, two for the city of ceeded to the execution of them in a tumultuous manner Dublin, one for the University of Trinity College, and -a circumstance almost unavoidable in every revolution. one for each of the thirty-one most considerable cities, Several of the monks embraced the reformation, but, on towns, and boroughs) should be the number to sit and that account, had their portions prohibited by the Queen-vote on the part of Ireland in the House of Commons of regent (Spottiswood, Knox). the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." "Monasteries were places of such general resort that they were often the stage of mercantile transactions as well as of those that were sacred. The great concourse of people that usually assembled around religious houses upon holy days required provisions for their refreshment. This suggested the idea of a gainful trade to traffickers, who repaired thither, not only with victuals and drink, but also brought along with them different articles of merchandise, which they disposed of amongst the crowd. This was the original of fairs. Hence feria, which originally signified a festival, came also to signify a fair; and the old fairs have generally their name from some saint, near who e festival they were held. "Lands once belonging to the Abbacy of Cambuskenneth. [An enumeration of twenty-seven different properties or lots is given.] Churches which, with their tithes and pertinents, belonged to it. [A list of fifteen is given.] The patronage of many of these churches likewise belenged to the abbacy. When a church was granted to a monastery, the community drew all the tithes and other emoluments, and appointed a vicar to serve the cure, who had an allowance out of the small tithes for his maintenance. able cities, towns, and boroughs" are not enumerated The names of these "thirty-one most considereither in the Articles of Union, which are embodied in the Statute Book as 39 & 40 Geo. III., cap. 67, or in the Acts and Statutes passed by the Irish Parliament, but we know that the following were selected: Belfast, Carrickfergus, Lisburn, Armagh, Catherlogh [Carlow], Ennis, Youghal, Bandonbridge, Kinsale, Mallow, Newry, Downpatrick, Enniskillen, Galway, Tralee, Kilkenny, Limerick, Londonderry, Coleraine, Drogheda, Dundalk, Portarlington, Sligo, Clonmel, Cashel, Dungannon, Waterford, Dungarvan, Athlone, Wexford, New Ross. Can any one state (1) by what authority these corporations were selected for the privilege of returning members to the Imperial Parliament out of the large number of cities and boroughs which returned members to the Irish House of Commons, and (2) in what manner the representatives sent from Ireland to the House of Commons of the Imperial Parliament, at its first meeting on January 22, 1801, were elected or nominated? Neither the English nor the Irish Parliament appears to have been dissolved for the purpose. By a royal proclamation dated November 5, 1800, the members of the existing Parliament of Great Britain were declared to be the members of the respective Houses of the first Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland on the part of Great Britain, but I have been unable to ascertain how the changes in regard to the Irish portion of the representation were carried out. I imagined that the members of the existing Irish House of Commons were also simply transferred from St. Stephen's Green to Westminster, the members for the discontinued boroughs only being turned off; but, if this was so, how was the fusion effected in the case of the boroughs which returned two members to the Irish House, but which were limited to one member by the Act of Union? A complete list of the members sent from Ireland to the first Imperial House of Commons may be worthy of a permanent record in "N. & Q.": Antrim-Rt. Hon. John Staples, Edm. Alex. McNaghten. Armagh Hon. Archibald Acheson, Robert Camden Coke. Catherlogh [Carlow]-Sir Richard Butler, Bart., William Catherlogh Town-Hon. Henry Sadleir Prittie. Cork-Henry, Viscount Boyle, Robert Uniacke Fitzgerald. Bandonbridge-Sir Brodrick Chinnery, Bart. Mallow-John Longfield. Jones. Leitrim-Nathaniel, Lord Clements, Rt. Hon. Theophilus Londonderry City-Henry Alexander. Mayo-Rt. Hon. Denis Browne, George Jackson. Clonmel-Vacant. Tyrone-Somerset, Viscount Corry, James Stewart. Waterford City-William Congreve Alcock. Athlone-William Handcock. Wexford-John, Viscount Loftus, Abel Ram. SHAKSPEARIANA. "TO MAKE A MAN." this fish painted, not a holiday fool there but would give a piece of silver: there would this monster make a man; any strange beast there makes a man: when they will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar they will lay out "Were I in England now (as once I was), and had but Cork City-Mountiford Longfield, Hon. John Hely-ten to see a dead Indian."-Tempest, ii. 2. Hutchinson. Donegal-Henry Vaughan Brooke, Arthur Saunders, Down-Robert, Viscount Castlereagh, Francis Savage. Dublin-Hans Hamilton, Frederick John Falkiner. Dublin University-Hon. George Knox, LL.D. Fermanagh-John Willoughby, Viscount Cole, Mervyn Archdall. Enniskillen-Hon. Arthur Cole-Hamilton. Kerry-Rt. Hon. Maurice Fitzgerald, James Crosbie. Kildare-Maurice B. St. Leger Keatinge, John Latouche. I have not met with any explanation of this phrase. In my youth, to "make a man" meant in the West of England to endow him with wealth or honour. One who had obtained a valuable appointment, or who had come into the possession of a large amount of property, was said to be a "made man. The meaning of the passage seems to be that any strange beast there will bring a man "Made" is used with a similar much wealth. meaning in the following passages :— "He hath given her his monumental ring, and thinks himself made in the unchaste composition."-All's Well, &c., iv. 3. "Go to: thou art made, if thou desirest to be so." Twelfth Night, iii. 4. "You're a made old man; if the sins of your youth are forgiven you, you 're well to live. Gold! all gold !"Winter's Tale, iii. 3. J. D. Belsize Square. THE CRUX OF SONNET CXVI.-Several more or less unsatisfactory attempts have been made to remove the obvious corruption which mars the beauty of this fine sonnet : "Love is not love ten. We also find Skt. daçat, meaning an aggre- "Whose worth's unknowne, although his higth be taken." I propose to transpose one letter, and read :— "Whose worth's unknown, although his hight be taken." Hight I take to be a survival in substantive form of the old English verb hight, as used by Chaucer and revived by Spenser (Anglo-Saxon hatan). Coles's Dictionary, 1685, gives the word as still used in Cumberland, and defines it "to "ROMISH," "ROMANIST," &c.—I observe in promise or vow," with a reference to the old trans-"N. & Q." of June 14, on p. 474, that some one lation of Psalm cxvi. verse 14, which in the is said to have been buried" with Romish rites"; authorized translation reads: "I will pay my also, on p. 476, "Romanists in Mapledurham." vows unto the Lord now in the presence of all his I beg, in the interest of letters, to object to such people." It is even possible that the word, like language. "Romish" is neither English nor Gerseveral other archaisms, may have survived as part man. No one hears the emperors of the West of the technical maritime vocabulary. Captain called "Romish emperors." Nor do the personally John Smith, in his Generall Historie of Virginia, conducted tours which we see advertised-let us &c., Lond., 1626, writes: "The pilots about noone hope never to be seen otherwise-arrive at made themselves Southwards of the Iles twelve "Romish" hotels. But "Römisch" is German. leagues, and demanded of the Captaine their wine And the German Lutheran word, mutilated and of hight as out of all danger." Spenser in one ill pronounced, was sent over here for the purpose passage of the Fairy Queen seems to use the word of affronting Catholics. In that, notwithstanding in the sense of to command or direct :the blundering and stupidity of its use, it has had a long and gracious success. Similarly "Romanist" is an English home coinage, translated from a Latin one-" Romanensis." No one ever I submit that hight supplies the necessary anti-heard Horace or Cicero called a "Romanist." The thesis in the last line, and that the entire metaphor word had, and has, the same purpose as "Romish,” thus restored is not less congruous than many which occur in the sonnets. BIBLIOTHECARY. "But the sad steele seiz'd not where it was hight Upon the childe, but somewhat short did fall." V. xi. 8. HUNDRED.-Mr. Wedgwood explains the hundin hundred " as a docked form of taihun, ten"; the suffix -red being equivalent to A.-S. red, with the sense of "rate." This is very nearly right, but we may approach a little closer still. The Gothic taihun-tehund, a hundred, is equivalent to tententh, and hund is a docked form of tehund, tenth, the ordinal, not the cardinal number. It is equivalent, in fact, to the -enth in tenth, and to the -ithe in tithe. It is worth noting that the word is similarly docked in other languages. Thus, Lat. centum is short for decentum, tenth, an old ordinal form from decem, ten; the suffix -tum answering to E. -th by Grimm's law. Gk. Ekaтóv is short for ἑν-κατόν, where -κατόν is for δέκατον, tenth; and ev is one. The Skt. çata, a hundred, also appears in the form dacati, lit. tenth, from daçan, and some others. In "N. & Q." we meet as literary men, and, we can say with great truth, women. If I were to use a vocabulary as displeasing to the majority of readers as the words which I have quoted are displeasing to a large minority, I presume that my note would be rejected. I am avoiding any appearance of reprisals; they would be easily made. But my wish, and I think the general wish, is to see in "N. & Q." a complete abstinence from all terms giving offence to any one of the discordant elements of which English life, "literary men, general readers, &c.," is composed. D. P. Stuarts Lodge, Malvern Wells. ENLIGHTENING PUBLIC OPINION.-Even before the first Parliamentary Reform Bill it was necessary for the minister in power to take steps for enlightening public opinion, or what, in some cases, may be more correctly described as exciting it. Newspapers were few, and commanded no great amount of influence. They could not be altogether relied on to produce the effect desired. Such, at least, was the case during the French revolutionary war, when the younger Pitt was at the helm of affairs; and I have not forgotten my mother telling me of what to the men of to-day must appear to be a strange expedient. She died, aged eighty-four, a few years since, and well remembered when she was a girl being surprised at discovering one Sunday morning, in the pews of her parish church, a description of the horrors of war as practised by the French troops during the repeated invasions of German territory. War being made to feed war by the Emperor Napoleon, even the non-combatants of invaded districts were shamefully plundered, and too often these outrages did not stop at the abstraction of property and the despoiling or destruction of dwellings. Some of the most heinous crimes of the military were described in forcible terms in the papers in question, which certainly had the intended effect on the mind of my venerable informant at least, for to her dying day she always held in detestation soldiers in general, and French soldiers in particular. The fact no doubt was that, as William Pitt found himself involved in a contest that taxed the country's ability to the utmost, the only way of reconciling the nation to the sacrifices that the war made necessary was to excite in it a sentiment of hostility to the French as a people. To bring this about he devised the clever expedient of transmitting to every parish in the kingdom copies of a carefully prepared and highly coloured description of the military excesses of the French armies, just as the heads of the English Church sometimes transmit forms of prayer, though the latter, except in special cases, have to be paid for by those who desire to use them. That our ecclesiastical organization should thus have been made available for the spread of political information is a curious fact, but I do not remember to have seen it stated in print. G. H. W. Bath. HIRELING PREACHERS. It may be worth making a note on this subject, as evidenced in a curious old pamphlet, a curate's letter addressed to the then Bishop of London. After narrating the details of his examination for ordination; his rebuke to Dr. Hind; his being "attested" with others "like a party of recruits for the footguards"; his attendance at the king's chapel, "the fee of half-a-crown demanded for use of a dirty surplice"; his being fleeced by the secretary for fees, and sent pennyless into the country "to preach the gospel of peace,"- -a full description is given of the first ecclesiastical registry office, kept by a Mr. Hawkshaw, a tailor and parish clerk of Christ Church, Newgate Street. Then, after a conversation recited at length, the table of fees is given for London and Westminster, viz., reading and preaching, 10s. 6d., office fee, 1s. ; preaching, 7s. 6d., fee, 9d.; reading on Sundays, 5s., fee, Gd.; on week days, 2s. 6d., fee, 3d.; a burying, 1s., fee, 14d.; sick visit, ls., fee, 14d. The office equipped some of the clergy for this, and this bishop is charged with supporting such institutions, thereby "depriving honest curates of bread," and letting a set of miscreants thrive." The date asserted is a few years previous to the publication of the tract, which is dated 1772. C. GOLDING. Romford. THE HORNERS' COMPANY AND HORN FAIR."Among the many trades or mysteries which in the early history of our country held a quasi-corporate existence for the protection of native industry, that of horners, or buyers of horns and manufacturers of horn wares, is one of the most ancient. Though we do not find any special mention of this trade until the reign of King Henry III., it must have then become an im portant branch of industry, for we find that that king in the fifty-third year of his reign (A.D. 1268) granted an annual fair to Charlton, in Kent, for three days at the eve, the day, and morrow of the Trinity. The time for holding this fair was afterwards changed to St. Luke's Day (October 18th). Philipott, who wrote in 1659, speaks of this fair as kept yearly on that day, and called Horn horns and cups and other vessels of horn there bought Fair 'by reason of the great plenty of all sorts of winding and sold.' This fair, retaining the same name, continued until its abolition in 1872 under the provisions of the Fairs Abolition Acts (1871). It was formerly celebrated by a burlesque procession, which passed from Deptford, through Greenwich, to Charlton, each person wearing some ornament of horn upon his head. The procession has been discontinued since 1768. It is said to have owed its origin to a compulsive grant made by King John or some other of our kings when detected in an adventure of gallantry, being then resident at Eltham Palace. City of London, though not incorporated by charter, were "In the reign of King Edward III. the Horners of the classed among the forty-eight mysteries of the City. In the fiftieth year of that king's reign a controversy arose between the king and the Corporation as to whether the Common Council of the City was to be elected by the wards or the mysteries of the City. This led to an ordinance being made by the City, with the consent of the king, that the election was to be by the mysteries, pursuant to which ordinance forty-eight mysteries deputed members to the Common Council; the Horners, ranking in the third class, or smaller mysteries. were deputed to send two members."-City Press, July 2, 1879. H. Y. N. ANN LYNE.-A short time since in "N. & Q." you gave lists of persons who in the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth suffered for their religion, such being extracted from a work entitled The History of the Gunpowder Plot, &c., by Jas. Caulfield, Lond., "1601, April 3/13, Brussels. Advices sent to Thos. Phelippes.... The Scots say that the Earl of Marr's embassy to England is to demand from the Queen, both by fair means and threats, a declaration of his master's title; and if she refuse his master will do, yea marry will he.' It is a shrewd Scotch trick, in such a time of general discontent in England, to send a solemn embassy, with a train of such crafty-headed fellows. If it were to congratulate the Queen on her escape from the Earl of Essex's dangerous conspiracy he would have used but a private gentleman. as the Queen did to him after the Gowrie matter. But he had some further reach, and means to take his opportunity in the general aversion which he finds in all estates of the present Government. "It is evident the late plot was laid by the Puritans. The principal actors were zealous in that profession. The earl showed it at his arraignment, yet some in authority, whose throats those furious spirits would have cut had they prevailed, seem to clear the guilty, and impose the crime upon the innocent Catholics. Thereupon they have executed three or four poor priests (one condemned four or five years ago) and Ann Lyne, a Catholic gentlewoman, only for harbouring priests. It is true Sir Chris. Blount, after living all his life in seclusion, died a Catholic, but so might others who now stand at the helm, if past hope of life, and in fear of further peril than the last stroke of death; but these proceedings have not been the first against us, nor are they the last we must suffer.... "An Irishman recounts that masses are said openly in Waterford, and the friars go a-begging as openly as in times past, but this present persecution of Catholics in England and extraordinary liberty in Ireland hang not together." motto to Lovel's dream in the Green Room, has always been printed without a reference, and so often thought to be an Old Play" motto. But I have just found the lines in Cowley's Davideis, ii. 789. C. F. S. WARREN, M.A. Farnborough, Banbury. CHRISTIAN NAMES.-I send you some unusual Christian names which I have met with during the last few months: Jubal, Easter, Chastity, Virtue, Nimrod, Omega, Jason, Temperance, Providence, Suffrina, Cassandra, Hannibal, Madonna, Plato, Doctor, Phoenix, Belissa, Neva, Esmeralda, Ruby cella. Bexley Heath, Kent. JONATHAN BOUCHIER. CURIOUS BAPTISMAL ENTRY.-Searching the registers of Glen Magna Church, co. Leicester, a few days since I came across the following quaint piece of business: "1761. William (so called thro' ye mistake of ye midwife), ye daughter of William Gimson Jun" & Mary his wife, w's baptized Jan. ye 19th." I regret to add that in former times these registers were most shamefully cared for, those for no less than 150 years being now lost. The oldest book dates from 1687. F. D. Nottingham. PARALLEL PASSAGE.-An equivalent to the well-known saying of Lord Beaconsfield, 66 The unexpected always happens," may be found in Plautus, Mostellaria, i. iii. 40, "Insperata accidunt magis sæpe, quam quæ speres.” 12, Monteith Row, Glasgow. FRANCIS ANDERSON. LUTHER. It is curious to find Luther occurring I should be glad to have any particulars of as a surname in England in the reign of Henry VIII., the Ann Lyne referred to ? but so it is. See Archæologia, xliii. 214. ROBERT EDWIN LYNE. ENVELOPES. On the introduction of the penny postage, envelopes, though they had been known before, came first into common use. While they were yet uncommon it was the practice for persons to have cardboard models of them and cut and fold them for themselves. My memory of this fact has been refreshed by reading in Laman Blanchard's Life and Literary Remains of L. E. L. a letter written about that time, in which she requests that "slate pencils, a quire or so of small coloured note-paper, and a pasteboard pattern of the letter envelopes" may be sent to her (i. 205). ANON. SCOTT'S MOTTO TO LOVEL'S DREAM IN THE GREEN ROOM.— "Sometimes he thinks that Heaven the vision sent, Queries. ΑΝΟΝ. [We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest, to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct.] ORIGIN OF TOASTMASTERS.-In the City Press of June 4, 1879, appeared the following, which up to this time has not elicited any reply in that journal. The subject is one of interest, and may perhaps receive some light through your columns : Mr. "I recently heard, when dining in the City, that the origin of the custom of having toastmasters at City banquets was something as follows. It is said that at one of the banquets of the old East India Company the Duke of Cambridge (father of the present duke), who was always partial to dining in the City, had to speak. Toole, who was one of the officials of the company, and a man by no means wanting in confidence, said, "Some of the gentlemen have some difficulty in hearing your Royal Highness; shall I give out what the toast is?' The practice was found so convenient that it was re |