ftrangers, and the grief of his own fubjects; who become an exile in Holland, deprived of his patrimony, together with his regal and electoral dignities; and reduced to great neceffities, from which it never was his fortune to get free. In his fate his wife and children were involved, and confequently he was an object of great compaffion.-Let us now fee how his father-inlaw behaved towards him in these circumftances. No fooner had Frederick accepted the crown of Bohemia, but he fhewed his diflike of it, and would never fuffer the title of king to be given him in his prefence, (f) Yea, (ƒ) Rufhhe ordered his ambaffador, Sir Henry Wotton to make it worth, Vol. known" to all princes, whom it might any way con66 cern, that in the election of his fon-in-law to the "crown of Bohemia, he had no part by any precedent "counsel or practice." (g) And in pursuance of his inftructions, the faid Sir Henry Wotton affured the em- Wottoniana peror, "that his majefty had not given the title of king P. 496. I. p. 12. (g) Reliquæ to his fon-in-law, or of queen to his daughter, in any "letter either public or private; nor had permitted the "fame title, in any fermons within his kingdom." (b) (b) Id. p. Indeed he declared, that "though he was refolved to 5o3. "fufpend his judgment about the differences between "the emperor and the Bohemians, yet he found himself "tied both by nature and by reason, not to leave the ❝ patrimonial inheritance of his own defcendants, that "is, neither the inferior, nor fuperior Palatinate in the hands of any alien ufurper." (i) Accordingly (i) Id. p. when Spinola was about to march into the Palatinate 516. with thirty thousand men, he one regiment thither under the command of Sir Horatio Vere, for its defence, who performed good service. (k) But even this he (*) Rushmeanly apologized for to the emperor, and declared that worth, Vol. "the troops fent towards the Palatinate, were meerly "voluntaries, without his majefties contribution, and "defenfively intended, before any noife of the invafion." After Frederick's misfortune before (1) Reliquæ fion."()Prague, and when his own territories began to be Wottonianz feized, James fent the princes of the union thirty thousand I. p. 14. P. 518. (m) Rufhworth, Vol. I. p. 18. who most readily and willingly would have affifted thousand pound to keep them in arms, but withal refolved at the fame time to treat of peace. (m) In short, tho' an order of council was made for raifing money by way of free gift, for the fupport of the Palatinate, and afterwards the parliament gave a fupply for the recovery of it; and the people were difpofed zealoufly to engage in its behalf; yet James contented himfelf with fending embaffies to recover it when it was attacked on all fides; and weakly imagined that princes flushed with victory, would hearken to his intreaties, or perfuafions. Doncafter, Wotton, Digby, Wefton and others were fent from time to time, who though men of fenfe, and able negotiators, could prevail nothing: the Palatinate was taken while they were treating, and they had the mortification of finding themselves laughed at, and contemned, as well as their mafter who fent them.That I have not exaggerated matters will appear from the following extracts from James's own letters. In a letter to the earl of Bristol, dated October 3, 1622, he writes thus: "There is none knows better than yourself how "we have laboured, ever fince the beginning of these "unfortunate troubles of the empire, notwithstanding "all oppofition to the contrary, to merit well of our "dear brother the king of Spain, and the whole house "of Auftria, by a long and lingering patience, ground"ed ftill upon his friendship, and promises that care "fhould be had of our honor, and of our children, pa"trimony, and inheritance. We have acquainted you "alfo, from time to time, fince the beginning of the "treaty of Bruxels, how crossly things there have pro"ceeded, notwithstanding the fair profeffions made "unto us, both by the king of Spain, the Infanta, and "all his ministers, and the letters written by him unto "the emperor, and them effectually, (at the leaft, as "they endeavoured to make us believe.) But what "fruits have we of these, other than difhonor and "fcorn? whilst we are treating, the town and caftle of "Heidelbergh taken by force, our garrifon put to the "fword, affifted them with all their power. Yea fo ftrongly fword, Manheim befieged, and all the hoftility used "that is within the power of an enemy." (n) And in (") Cabala, a letter to the emperor Ferdinand, dated November 12, 1621, he complains" that whilft treaty was in hand, ❝his fon-in law was wholly defpoiled and robbed of his "hereditary patrimony that remained unto him, ex"cepting the lower Palatinate, which was all, fays he, by commandment of your imperial majefty, taken and poffeffed by the duke of Bavaria, according as "himself confeffed, with ftrong hand and force of arms, "and that for fuch reasons as are meerly new, and fuch as the like were never hitherto once heard of." He further represents unto him," that notwithstanding it "plainly appeared, by the answer given to his ambaffa"dor, that his Imperial majefty had caufed the fufpenfion "of the bann or profcription in those countries, yet he "permitted the taking of arms again in hand, whereby "there had been raised a moft cruel war, and most part of the country taken in by the Spaniards power"ful strength." (a) And as James complained, fo did (o) Id. pe his ambaffadors likewife; "whilft things (fays Sir 260. "Dudley Carleton to the duke of Buckingham, in a let"ter dated Dec. 13, 1623,) have been held fometimes ❝in terms, always in talk of accommodation, the elec"toral is given to Bavaria by the emperor, and avowed "by a congratulatory embaffage from Bruxels: the up-• per Palatinate is fettled in his poffeffion, with fome " portion to Newburg, for his contentation and engageA principal part of the lower Palatinate is given to the elector of Mentz, with the consent of "thofe of Bruxels, where he (was lately in person to "obtain it) though they grofsly diffemble it, and pro ❝ment. mifes of parts of the reft are made to other princes." (p) (P) Cabala, And Sir Richard Wefton, in a letter from Bruxels to 192. Buckingham, dated Sept. 3, 1622, has the following expreffions. "Notwithstanding his majefty hath followed them in all their defires, and the prince elec❝tor hath conformed himself to what was demanded; (7) Cabala, ftrongly was this difpofition to peace rooted within "that the count Mansfelt, and duke of Brunswick, the "pretended obftacles of the treaty, are now, with "all their forces removed; no face of an enemy in the "Palatinate, but his majesty's power in the garrifons; "all other places repoffeffed which Mansfelt had taken; "no cause of continuing any war now, nor any cause of 66 jealousy or fear, for the future, confidering his ma"jefty's fair and honourable offers; yet are they fo far "from a ceffation, that they are fallen upon Heidel"bergh, and either want the will or power to remove "the fiege. And all I can get, is two letters of in"treaty from her highness to the chiefs of the emperor, "to proceed no further; and after fome eighteen days "fince, I made my propofition for the ceffation, I have 66 yet no answer; fo that being able to raise no more "doubts, they make use of delays. I have faid, and ❝ done, and used all diligencies within my power to bring forth better effects, and can go no further; and "therefore, I humbly befeech your lordship that I may "have leave to return, when I shall hear that they will "not remove the fiege at Heidelbergh. For their pre"tending to reftore all, when all is taken, is a poor "comfort to me, and as little honour to his majesty: "and how far they are to be believed in that, is to be "examined, more exactly than by writing, by weigh"ing, how the weak hopes given me here, agree with "the ftrong affurances given by my lord Digby out of "Spain." (q)- -Thus was James treated, as he himself fays, with fcorn and difhonour; but yet he made no efforts to avenge himself or his family, till the breaking off the match with Spain, when twelve regiments were rofe, and put under the command of the gallant Mansfield: but thefe, by an unaccountable weakness or neglect, having had no paffage ftipulated for them through France or Holland, through famine and pestilence mouldered away, and the defign of recovering the Palatinate came to nothing (r)Thus did James worth, Vol. fuffer his fon-in-law, his daughter, and his grandchildren to be driven out from their dominions, without af P. 402. (r) Rush I. p. 154. fording within him, that though he met with fcorn, and derifion from those with whom he treated about the Reftitution of the Palatinate, and found himself deceived by the emperor, Spaniards, and arch-dukes, he still went on to rendon Vol. I. P. 18. fording them that relief, and affiftance which were neceffary. Strange conduct! unheard of behaviour! but James dreaded war, and would fubmit to any thing rather than engage in it. For even the breaking off the Spanish match, and the raifing the regiments under the command of Mansfield, were things greatly difpleafing to him, and brought about contrary to his inclinations by his Son, and his great favourite Buckingham (s). And, then he was outwitted (3) See Cla by the Spaniards, who made him believe that notwith- Vol. I. ftanding Frederick was overcome, and his affairs in a p. 24. very defperate condition, yet he need but fignify his pleasure about his reftitution, and he should be obeyed. (t) Nor did fames in the leaft fufpect, but that upon (1) Rushthe conclufion of the marriage of his fon with the Infanta worth, of Spain, the reftitution of the Palatinate would follow, though he had made no terms in that treaty about it. (u) () Id. p.91. "The count de Gondomor, the Spanish ambaffador, "who had an abfolute afcendant over him, gave him to “understand, that the king of Spain being on the point "of giving his daughter to the prince of Wales," (which, by the way, he never intended, though his fucceffor probably was fincere in the treaty for the match) "would look on the intereft of the Palatine prince as "his own, and not fuffer him to lose the Palatinate, "that even though the emperor fhould be mafter of that 66 country, there was a good way for both fides to come "off with honor; for, by favour of the marriage, the emperor might make a prefent of the Palatinate to "the Infanta, who would give it the prince her huf"band, and then the prince might reftore it to his "brother-in-law. James took all this to be gofpel, as "if indeed he had had a pofitive promife from the em 65 |