The results of these analyses show a water usually satisfactory in physical qualities with respect to color and turbidity, also a water low in hardness. The figures for nitrates and chlorine, however, appear to be above normal, thus indicating that pollution finds its way into the ground water tributary to the supply. The bacterial counts are at times high and colon bacilli have been found present in practically all the 10 c.c. inoculations, frequently in the 1 c.c. and occasionally in the 1/10 c.c. inoculations, thus indicating the presence of active and potentially dangerous contamination.

As a result of this investigation it may be concluded:

1. That the recommendations of the previous report have been only partially carried out.

2. That the public water supply of South Glens Falls is subject to pollution:

(a) From visitors and trespassers who frequent the vicinity of the reservoirs from which the supply is derived.

(b) From overflooding of the reservoirs by the Hudson river.

3. That in view of the proximity of the watershed to the village, and since the village owns no land adjacent to the reservoirs nor on the watershed, it is difficult to so control the sanitary conditions as to properly protect the supply.

In view of the above, I beg to offer the following recommendations to be acted upon by the village authorities:

1. That in order to protect the sanitary quality of the supply without unnecessary delay, apparatus he provided as soon as possible for sterilization of the supply with liquid chlorine.

2. That if the present supply is to be retained the following measures for improvement be taken:

(a) The purchase by the village of the watershed tributary to the supply, its enclosure with a suitable fence, and the posting of notices prohibiting all trespassing.

(b) Application be made to this Department for the enactment of rules and regulations protecting the sanitary quality of the supply. (c) The construction of suitable dikes to prevent overflooding of the reservoir by the Hudson river.

(d) The construction of a watertight drain from the catch basin in the state road just above the spring tributary to Baker brook, to conduct the road wash to some point beyond the watershed, and furthermore that the cesspool and catch basin be made watertight. 3. That if it seems impractical to carry out the above improvements a new supply be developed from some other adequate and satisfactory

source.

Finally, I would recommend that copies of this report be sent to the local officials, and to the sanitary supervisor of the district.

ALBANY, N. Y., August 27, 1917

Respectfully submitted,

THEODORE HORTON,
Chief Engineer

SOUTH NEW BERLIN

HERMANN M. BIGGS, M.D., State Commissioner of Health:

I beg to submit the following report upon an investigation of the public water supply of South New Berlin, made by Mr. C. M. Baker, assistant engineer, on July 25, 1917.

South New Berlin is an unincorporated village of about 500 inhabitants, located on the Unadilla river, that portion on the western bank of the stream being in Chenango county, and that on the eastern bank in Otsego county. The village is located in the town of New Berlin, Chenango county, and in the towns of Morris and Butternut, Otsego county. It is on the New Berlin branch of the New York, Ontario & Western Railroad. About one-half of the village is provided with private sewers, which discharge without purification into the river. A creamery also discharges its sewage into the river without purification.

The water supply is owned and controlled by the South New Berlin Water Company. The regular supply is derived from springs located on the hillside, about 2 mile east of the village. An auxiliary supply is derived from wells located in the village. The supply was first put into operation in 1900. Since this time, however, the auxiliary well supply has been added. Practically all of the population is served with the water, there being in all 94 service taps, only two of which are metered. Due to the lack of meters or other methods of measuring the water used, no definite information could be obtained regarding the consumption. There are in all about 4 miles of water mains, ranging in size from 1 inch to 6 inches in diameter. The pressure ranges from 50 to 60 pounds per square inch.

There are two groups of springs, known as the Owens and Grover springs, respectively. From the Owens springs the water flows into a collecting basin, thence into a main leading from a storage reservoir to the village. The water from the Grover springs, however, flows directly into this reservoir. From the reservoir the water is distributed by gravity through the distribution system. A pump is provided for pumping water from the auxiliary well supply directly into the distribution system. The reservoir is located on the hill just east of the village, is of masonry construction with a wooden roof, and is about 40 x 50 feet in plan. Its capacity is about 170,000 gallons.

The Owens springs are located in woods on the side of the hill about 1⁄2 mile northeast of the village. The springs are protected by a masonry box covered with a stone slab over which there is about 1 foot of soil. There appears to be no opportunity for direct surface wash. From these masonry boxes the water flows through an iron pipe for a distance of 150 or 200 feet to a collecting basin. The water from 2 or 3 smaller springs also enters this pipe before it reaches the collecting basin. The water company owns about three acres of land about these springs which is enclosed by a substantially constructed fence.

The Grover springs consist of 9 springs located on the side of the hill in pasture land. They are protected by masonry basins built up about 6 inches above the surface of the ground and provided with covers. A small area 6

or 8 feet square is enclosed about each of the springs by a fence. Although there appears to be no opportunity for direct surface wash, an insufficient area is enclosed about these springs to prevent possibility of pollution by the rapid infiltration of surface wash at times when cattle may frequent the vicinity. The company has the right to use these springs but owns no land about them.

Two wells may at times be used as auxiliary supplies, one owned by the water company and another bv Borden's Condensed Milk Company. These wells are located close together, however, and are practically the same in construction. Thev are 6 inches in diameter by about 255 feet deep. The strata consist of clay for a greater part of the wells' depth, below which is

a water-bearing gravel from which the supply is derived. The general sanitary conditions in the immediate vicinity of the wells appear to be fairly satisfactory. There are, however, about 4 houses within 100 feet, 10 houses 100 to 500 feet distant, and 20 houses 500 to 1,000 feet distant.

Samples of the water were collected at the time of the inspection and sent to the Division of Laboratories and Research for analyses, the results of which together with those of previous analyses are recorded in the appended table.

The results of these analyses show waters from all sources satisfactory in physical qualities with respect to color and turbidity. The water from the springs is low in hardness but that from the well is somewhat hard. The figures for nitrogen in the form of free and albuminoid ammonia and nitrates are low in all samples but those for nitrates and chlorine appear to be at times above normal. The high chlorine from the well supplies, however, is probably due, in part at least, to mineral deposits. The bacterial counts, although usually moderate, are at times high and colon bacilli are frequently found in 10 c.c. inoculations. Regarding the individual sources of supply as indicated by the samples collected at the time of the inspection, the bacterial counts were in all cases high, which, however, is probably due in part at least to the delay in transit, two days elapsing from the time the samples were collected until they were received at the laboratory. Colon bacilli, however, were found present in all of the 10 c.c. and 1 c.c. inoculations of the samples collected from the Grover springs, thus indicating the presence of active and potentially dangerous contamination in this source of supply. This pollution is probably due to the rapid infiltration of surface wash into the springs from the pasture land in which they are located, the possibility of which was pointed out above.

As a result of this investigation it may be concluded:

1. That with the exception of the Grover springs the water supply of South New Berlin is derived from sources which should furnish a satisfactory supply.

2. The supply from the Grover springs, however, is subject to pollution by the rapid infiltration of surface water from pasture land.

In view of the above, I beg to recommend that the water company enclose a sufficient area about each of the Grover springs to adequately protect them from pollution and that suitable drainage ditches be constructed to divert surface wash from the immediate vicinity of the springs.

In conclusion, I would recommend that copies of this report be sent to the water company, to the local officials of the town and to the sanitary supervisor of the district.

Respectfully submitted,

THEODORE HORTON,
Chief Engineer

ALBANY, N. Y., September 21, 1917

RESULTS OF WATER ANALYSES

SPRINGWATER

HERMANN M. BIGGS, M.D., State Commissioner of Health:

I beg to submit the following report upon an investigation of the public water supply of Springwater made by Mr. C. M. Baker, assistant engineer, on September 7, 1917.

Springwater is an unincorporated village of about 350 inhabitants located in the town of the same name in the southeast corner of Livingston county. It is one mile from the Springwater station on the Rochester branch of the Erie R. R., about 40 miles south of Rochester. Springwater creek, an inlet to Hemlock lake flows through the village. No sewer system is provided, the houses being served by privies, cesspools, etc.

The water supply is obtained from a small impounding reservoir located on a small brook about 1⁄2 mile east of the village. From the reservoir the water flows by gravity through the distribution system which consists of about 4 of a mile of pipe ranging from 2 to 3 inches in diameter. No hydrants are provided for fire protection. About 4 of the population of the village is served with the water, there being in all some 36 service taps, none of which are metered. The pressure averages approximately 80 pounds per square inch. Due to the lack of meters or other methods of measuring the water used, no definite information could be obtained regarding the consumption. It was stated that the water is not used generally for potable purposes, water for these purposes being obtained from private wells.

The reservoir is formed by the construction of a small masonry dam across the bed of the stream. It is triangular in shape, being approximately 20 feet wide at the dam by 25 feet long, and has a capacity of 6,000 or 7,000 gallons. The watershed tributary to the supply is about .3 of a square mile in area. The slopes are comparatively steep and the area is used mostly for pasture land. There are two houses on the watershed representing a total population of 10 persons or an equivalent of 33 per square mile.

One house is located near the head of the north branch of the brook. A hogpen and duck pond are located on the stream. A privy which is provided with an earth vault only is located about 100 feet distant and the barn about 20 feet distant from the brook. The general sanitary conditions about these premises were unsatisfactory. The second house is located well back from the stream and there appears to be little opportunity for direct pollution therefrom. The supply is, however, also subject to considerable pollution by surface wash from the pasture land mentioned above.

A sample of the water was collected at the time of the inspection and sent to the Division of Laboratories and Research for analyses, the results of which are recorded in the appended table.

The results of these analyses show a water somewhat colored and quite turbid. The figures for nitrogen in its various forms are moderate but those for chlorine are high. The bacterial count is high which, however, may be due in part to delay in transit, since 4 days elapsed from the time the samples were collected, until they were received at the laboratory. Colon bacilli were found present, however, in all three of the 10 c.c. and 1 c.c. inoculations, thus indicating the presence of considerable active and potentially dangerous contamination.

In view of the above it may be concluded that the public water supply of Springwater is derived from a source which is subject to considerable pollution and that consequently the supply is not satisfactory for domestic purposes.

In view of the above, I beg to offer the following recommendations to be acted upon by the water company:

1. That if the present supply is to be continued in use:
(a) Adequate purification of the supply be provided.

(b) That pending the installation of a purification plant apparatus be provided and the supply be sterilized with liquid chlorine or by other equivalent method.