The water supply is controlled by the municipality and is derived from a spring at the head of a small brook about 1 mile west of the village, from the brook itself, and also from a well located in the western edge of the village. The water flows from the spring and the brook to a small impounding reservoir, whence it flows by gravity to the village. The well supply is pumped directly into the distribution system. About 90 per cent of the population is served with the water, there being in all some 300 service taps, only 13 of which are metered. There are about 3 miles of mains ranging in size from 4 to 8 inches in diameter. The water consumption is estimated to be about 105,000 gallons daily during the winter and 125,000 gallons per day during the summer. The pressure in the village averages about 95 pounds per

square inch.

The spring is located in the bed of the stream near the head of the brook and is protected by means of concrete walls above and below it and perpendicular to the course of the stream also by a concrete channel which passes directly over it to carry the brook water at times of freshet. There was no water in the brook above the spring, however, at the time of the inspection. From the spring the water is connected by tile pipe into the small impounding reservoir located about 1,000 feet below. It is said that during storm the spring water remains clear. Just above the reservoir is a small concrete intake basin protected by a half-inch mesh screen. A 3-inch pipe discharges from this intake through a funnel into a cast-iron pipe which in turn discharges into the reservoir. An embankment or dam diverts the main flow of the stream from its natural channel around the reservoir; furthermore, the 3-inch pipe may be plugged in case of storm so that all of the brook water may be diverted. It should be pointed out, however, that to close this pipe a man from the village, about half a mile distant, must visit the intake. It is probable therefore that the brook water is not always shut off in case of storm. The reservoir is formed by a small dam across the natural channel of the brook and has a capacity of about 300,000 gallons, or about 3 days' consumption.

The well is located on a flat near the railroad just northwest of the village. The upper portion of it is 10 by 18 feet in plan by 12 or 14 feet deep. In the bottom of this basin some 8 or 10 small wells are drilled to a total depth of 20 or 22 feet. The strata consist of gravel to a depth of 18 or 20 feet, then about 18 inches of clay, below which lies a water-bearing gravel, which is the principal source of supply. From this well the water is pumped into the distribution system, the pumping equipment consisting of a 20 and a 25 horsepower motor, 1 Demming pump with a capacity of 240 gallons per minute and a Gould pump with a capacity of 208 gallons per minute.

The area of the watershed tributary to the brook supply is 40 or 50 acres. It is uninhabited and is used principally for pasture land. Several acres of land in the vicinity of the spring and reservoir are owned by the village and are enclosed by a fence. The spring, however, is at the upper edge of this area, the fence being only about 10 feet distant. Beyond the fence and above is pasture land. The supply undoubtedly receives pollution from pasture land, although no sources of pollution of human origin were apparent. The spring, while fairly well protected from surface wash, may at times receive pollution, due to the rapid infiltration of surface water through the gravel forming the bed of the stream.

Within about 50 feet of the well is the railroad, just beyond which is located a small roundhouse operated in connection with the Newburgh, Dutchess and Connecticut railroad. The general sanitary conditions in the immediate vicinity of the well, however, were satisfactory at the time of the inspection.

Samples of the water were collected at the time of the inspection and sent to the Division of Laboratories and Research for analyses, the results of which together with those of previous analyses are recorded in the appended table. The results of these analyses show a water usually satisfactory in physical qualities with respect to color and turbidity but a water that is very hard. The figures for nitrogen in the form of free and albuminoid ammonia are.

moderate. Those for nitrates and chlorine, however, appear to be above normal, thus indicating that pollution finds its way into the supply. The bacterial counts are at times very high and colon bacilli are prevalent in the 10 c.c. inoculations and occasionally present in 1 c.c. inoculations of samples collected from taps in the village, thus indicating the presence of active contamination. Colon bacilli were also found present in 10 c.c. and 1 c.c. inoculations of the well water collected at the time of this inspection. As a result of this investigation, it may be concluded:

1. That the Millerton water supply is subject to some pollution due to surface wash which finds its way into the storage reservoir from pasture land.

2. That although recent analyses indicate the presence of active contamination of the well supply, the sanitary surroundings appeared to be satisfactory at the time of the inspection, and it is possible, therefore, that this pollution is due to some local contamination due to repairs on the pumps which had been made a short time prior to the inspection. In view of the above, I beg to offer the following recommendations to be acted upon by the village authorities:

1. That regarding the brook and spring supply:

(a) The village purchase or secure control of additional land in the vicinity of the stream above the spring.

(b) Consideration be given to the development of an automatic device for diverting all of the brook supply in case of storm.

2. That sanitary conditions in the vicinity of the well be at all times carefully maintained and that analyses of this water be made occasionally during the year to detect any active contamination which may occur and thus determine whether the contamination indicated by the analyses in connection with this investigation is temporary or of a permanent character.

In conclusion, I would recommend that copies of this report be sent to the village officials and the sanitary supervisor of the district.

Respectfully submitted,

ALBANY, N. Y., March 8, 1917

THEODORE HORTON,
Chief Engineer.

RESULTS OF WATER ANALYSES

HERMANN M. BIGGS, M.D., State Commissioner of Health:

I beg to submit the following report on an investigation of the public water supply of Mohawk made by Mr. C. M. Baker, assistant engineer, on October 27, 1916.

Mohawk is an incorporated village of about 2,600 inhabitants located in Herkimer county on the south bank of the Mohawk river. It is on the West Shore railroad about 12 miles east of Utica. The village may also be reached by the New York Central line via Herkimer, trolley accommodations being provided between the two villages. Mohawk is the center of an industrious manufacturing center. The village is provided with a system of sewers which discharges without treatment into the Mohawk river.

The water supply is owned by the village and was first put into operation in 1895. It is derived from a covered dug well located at the northeastern edge of the village between the Erie canal and the West Shore railroad. From the well the water is pumped through the distribution system into a standpipe located in a hill just east of the village. About 90 per cent of the population is served with the water, there being in all about 600 service taps, one-third of which are metered. The pressure in the village averages about 75 pounds per square inch. Six and one-half miles of 4 to 8-inch cast-iron pipe constitute the distribution system. The water consumption averages about 300,000 gallons daily with a maximum of possibly 375,000 gallons, which corresponds to per capita rates of 120 and 150 gallons respectively.

The pumping equipment is housed in a brick building located near the well and consists of two 800,000-gallon motor-driven Rumsey pumps and one 45,000gallon Dean steam pump. The standpipe is constructed of steel, is 18 feet in diameter by 50 feet high and has a capacity of approximately 95,000 gallons, which is equivalent to 7 or 8 hours' consumption.

The well from which the supply is derived, as stated above, is located between the West Shore railroad and the Erie canal, being about 50 feet from the former and 200 feet from the latter. It is 12 feet in diameter and is dug through 14 feet of sand and gravel, the walls being of masonry and the roof of wood. The water of the canal is at a higher elevation than that of the well, possibly 6 or 8 feet, and is 3 or 4 feet higher than the ground about the well. No insanitary conditions were observed in the vicinity at the time of the inspection, the nearest house being across the canal 400 or 500 feet distant. Beyond 500 feet and within 1,000 feet of the well there are approximately 40 houses.

Samples of the water were collected at the time of the inspection and sent to the Division of Laboratories and Research for analyses, the results of which together with those of previous analyses are recorded in the appended table. The results of these analyses show a water satisfactory in physical qualities with respect to color and turbidity but a water that is very hard. The figures for nitrogen in the form of free and albuminoid ammonia and nitrites are low, but for nitrates and chlorine appear to be above normal, thus indicating that pollution finds its way into the ground water tributary to the supply. The low bacterial counts, however, and the absence of colon bacilli indicate that this pollution is rendered inactive by the natural processes of purification.

As a result of this investigation, it may be concluded that the water supply of Mohawk is derived from a source which should furnish water of satisfactory quality if the wells are at all times adequately protected from pollution. In view of the above, it seems necessary to recommend at this time only that the village authorities continue their careful supervision of the supply in order to prevent the possibility of pollution finding its way into the water at any time.

Respectfully submitted,

THEODORE HORTON,
Chief Engineer

ALBANY, N. Y., January 25, 1917

RESULTS OF WATER ANALYSES

PHYSICAL

CHEMICAL (PARTS PER MILLION)

BACTERIOLOGICAL

230