are served with this water and the average daily consumption was estimated to be about 20,000 gallons.

The upper reservoir is said to be about 7 acres in area and to have an average depth of 42 feet and a capacity of about 10,000,000 gallons. The lower reservoir is constructed on a comparatively level tract of land east of the brook and about one-half mile from the upper reservoir. It is said to be about 8 acres in area and have an average depth of about 42 feet and a capacity of about 11,000,000 gallons. The upper reservoir has a watershed of about 90 acres and the lower reservoir a watershed of about 20 acres. At the upper end of the upper reservoir there is a swamp of considerable

area.

There is one house upon each watershed with a total population of about corresponding to a population per square mile of about 30. The houses are well removed from the watercourses and it is not probable that any direct pollution is received from them. The land adjacent to the reservoir is, however, used for pasture and some pollution may be received from this source.

At the time of the inspection a sample of the water was obtained from a tap in the village and the results of the analysis of this sample together with others previously made by the Division of Laboratories and Research will be found in the appended table.

From the results of these analyses it will be seen that the water is colored, turbid at times and hard. The figures for free ammonia are apparently high at times and these results together with the high figures for albuminoid ammonia and oxygen consumed probably indicate the presence of vegetable organic matter from the swamps. The figures for chlorine at times are somewhat above normal for this section of the country, due probably to the pasturing of cattle upon the watershed. The results of the bacterial analyses show the total counts to be moderate, although organisms of the B. Coli group have been found in 10 c.c. inoculations in 50 per cent of the analyses made.

As a result of this investigation and of the analyses the following conclusions may be made:

1. That the water supply of Central Bridge is subject to incidental, accidental or wilful pollution from persons passing over the watershed and from the cattle pasturing upon the watershed.

2. That the physical quality of the supply is somewhat unsatisfactory due to its rather high color and the occasional turbidity after heavy rains.

In view of the above conclusions, I would make the following recommendations:

1. That the Central Bridge Water Company endeavor to maintain the supply and its sources free from possibility of contamination.

2. That cattle be excluded from access to the reservoirs or their immediate vicinity.

3. That proper signs be posted around the reservoirs warning against pollution of the water thereof.

Should it be desired to improve the physical quality of the supply and at the same time secure better protection of its sanitary quality it might be found advisable to install, under competent engineering advice, a filtration plant of proper design and construction.

In conclusion I would recommend that copies of this report be transmitted to the Central Bridge Water Company, to the health officer and to the sanitary supervisor of the district.

Respectfully submitted,

THEODORE HORTON,
Chief Engineer

ALBANY, N. Y., March 21, 1917

Results are expressed in parts per million.

+ Present.

Absent.

Abbreviations used to describe odors of water; 0, none; 1, very faint; 2, faint; 3, distinct; 4, decided; 5, strong; 6, very strong; a, aromatic; d, disagreeable; e, earthy; f, fishy; g, grassy; m, musty; v, vegetable.

CHAFFEE

HERMANN M. BIGGS, M. D., State Commissioner of Health:

I beg to submit the following report upon an investigation of the public water supply of Chaffee made by Mr. C. M. Baker, assistant engineer, on September 6, 1917.

Chaffee is an unincorporated village of about 150 inhabitants, located in the southeastern corner of Erie county on the Olean-Buffalo Division of the Pennsylvania railroad, about 33 miles southeast of Buffalo. No sewer system is provided in the village, the houses being served by privies, cesspools, etc.

The water supply is owned and operated by the Chaffee Water Works Company of which Mr. A. J. Odell is president and Mr. J. C. Carlin superintendent. The supply was first put into operation in 1897 or 1898 and is derived from wells located in the village from which the water is pumped through the distribution distribution system into a standpipe. Since the original installation a second well has been constructed and the original storage tank which was constructed of wood has been replaced by a steel standpipe. About 90 per cent of the population is served with the water, there being in all about three-fourths of a mile of mains ranging in size from 2 inches to 4 inches in diameter. The pressure is approximately 25 pounds per square inch. No hydrants are provided, however, for fire protection. Definite information regarding the amount of water used could not be obtained at the time of the inspection.

The present standpipe is constructed of steel, is 8 feet in diameter by 45 feet high and has a capacity of about 17,000 gallons. It is located in the center of the village. The pumping equipment consists of plunger pumps and gasoline engines located at each of the wells, the pumps having capacities of 50 or 60 gallons per minute. One engine is a 3%-horse power gasoline engine while the other is a 4-horse power gasoline engine.

VOL. II — 10

The wells, two in number, from which the supply is derived are located in the southwestern portion of the village. They consist of 3-inch casings driven through gravel to depths of 21 and 28 feet respectively. A privy, barn and manure pile are located about 50 feet from the easterly or old well. There are also some 5 houses 100 to 500 feet distant and probably 7 or 8 houses 500 to 1.000 feet distant. There appears, however, to be no opportunity for pollution by surface wash. A privy and house are located about 150 feet from the westerly or new well, there being 4 or 5 houses 100 to 500 feet distant and 6 or 7 houses 500 to 1,000 feet distant. Due to the lack of containers, samples of the water could not be collected at the time of the inspection. Later, however, samples were collected by the health officer and sent to the Division of Laboratories and Research for analyses, the results of which together with those of previous analyses are recorded in the appended table.

މ

The results of these analyses show a water satisfactory in physical qualities with respect to color and turbidity but a water high in hardness. The figures for nitrogen in the form of free and albuminoid ammonia and nitrites are moderate but those for nitrates and chlorine are at times high. The bacterial counts are at times high which may be due in part at least to delays in transit, because of uncertain express connections between the village and the laboratory. Colon bacilli have in no case been found present. The high nitrates and chlorine indicate that pollution finds its way into the ground water tributary to the supply, but the absence of colon bacilli indicates that this pollution has been rendered inactive by the natural processes of purification. This pollution is probably caused by the privies and insanitary conditions in the vicinity of the wells and it is quite possible, that under different hydrostatic conditions of the ground water active contamination from the sources might find its way into the supply.

As a result of this investigation, it may be concluded that the water supply of Chaffee is derived from wells, which, although not actively contaminated at the time of the inspection, are located in close proximity to privies and buildings from which active contamination might reach the supply.

In view of the above, I beg to recommend that all privies and cesspools within 500 feet of the wells be provided with watertight containers and the contents from them be properly disposed of at regular intervals and that satisfactory sanitary conditions be maintained in the vicinity of the wells.

Finally I would recommend that copies of this report be sent to the water company, to the local health officer and to the sanitary supervisor of the district.

Respectfully submitted,

ALBANY, N. Y., December 18, 1917

THEODORE HORTON,
Chief Engineer

RESULTS OF WATER ANALYSES

CHATEAUGAY

HERMANN M. BIGGS, M. D., State Commissioner of Health:

I beg to submit the following report upon an investigation of the public water supply of the village of Chateaugay made on May 3, 1917, by Mr. M. F. Sanborn, assistant engineer in this Department, who was assisted by Olin Johnson, superintendent and Dr. L. P. Sprague, health officer.

Chateaugay is an incorporated village with a population of about 1,100, located in the northeastern part of Franklin county on the Rutland railroad and the Chateaugay river. About 90 per cent of the houses are connected with private or public sewers discharging into the Chateaugay river, the remaining houses are served by privies and cesspools.

The public water supply is derived from a large spring located about 11⁄2 miles southeast of the village. The waterworks are owned and operated by the Chateaugay Water Works Company, which designed and constructed the water system in 1876.

Practically the entire population of the village is served by this supply with a daily consumption of approximately 110,000 gallons. There are approximately 250 service taps, none of which are metered. The supply is distributed by gravity with an average pressure in the village of about 60 pounds per square inch.

The spring from which the supply is obtained was developed by the construction of a concrete basin at the foot of a rocky cliff at the point where the spring was found to issue. The basin surrounding this spring is approximately 30 by 86 feet in plan with a depth ranging from 3 to 5 feet and a capacity of approximately 77,000 gallons. The entire basin is covered by a

frame roof.

Near the spring is a brook which makes an abrupt turn and steep fall just above the spring. It is possible that the water from the spring has in part its original source from this brook. The brook itself flows through a pasture land but is otherwise subject to only a small amount of pollution by surface wash.

At the time of the inspection a sample of water was collected from a tap in the village and the results of the analysis of this sample together with others made in the past by the Division of Laboratories and Research will be found in the appended table.

The results of these analyses show a water clear, colorless and moderately soft. The figures for nitrogen in its various forms are low, indicating the presence of a moderate amount only of decomposing or decomposable viganic matter. The bacterial counts are comparatively low and organisms of the B .Coli type have been found only occasionally in 10 c.c. inoculations. In view of the above facts the following conclusions may be drawn:

1. That the public water supply of Chateaugay is derived from a spring which, if at all times properly protected from contamination, should furnish a supply of satisfactory physical and sanitary quality.

2. That there is some possibility of the water from this spring having its source originally from the nearby brook which is to some extent polluted by drainage from pasture land.

In view of the above conclusions the following recommendations may be made:

1. That the Chateaugay Water Company take every precaution to maintain the spring and its surroundings in a proper sanitary condition. 2. That, in view of the possibility of the brook near the springs being an original source of the supply, the watershed of this brook above the springs be maintained in a sanitary condition.

I would further recommend that copies of this report be sent to the Chateaugay Water Company, to the local health officer and to the sanitary supervisor of the district.

Respectfully submitted,

ALBANY, N. Y., July 27, 1917

THEODORE HORTON,
Chief Engineer