Civil Calendar and Lunar Calendar in Ancient EgyptThis investigation is concerned with ancient Egyptian calendars. Its specific focus is one of the oldest problems of the study of these calendars: the so-called problem of the month names. This work's main purpose is to suggest an explanation for the Brugsch phenomenon. The Brugsch phenomenon is one of the two main aspects of the problem of the month names. The other is the Gardiner phenomenon. No new theory is presented for the Gardiner phenomenon. As a problem, the Brugsch phenomenon is slightly older than the Gardiner Phenomenon. It has occupied center stage in the study of ancient Egyptian calendars since the early days of this endeavor. In 1870, Heinrich Brugsch, the great pioneer in this subject, wrote about the phenomenon, "Here we encounter all at once the most curious contradiction." Just recently, Rolf Krauss has described the contradiction as still "unsolved". The Brugsch phenomenon concerns the indisputable fact that the last or twelfth month of the Egyptian civil year can be named as if it were the first. Two month names are involved. The first is wp rnpt. Its meaning "opener of the year," refers to a beginning. The second month name is mswt r' "birth of Re" in hieroglyphic Egyptian, Mesore in Aramaic, Greek and Coptic. Both can otherwise also refer to New Year's Day, the quintessential calendrical beginning. |
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Page x
... Five General Characteristics of the Present Approach to the Brugsch Phenomenon . 103 6. Outline of the Argument 105 6.1 . Introductory Matters ( Chapters 1-5 ) 105 6.2 . Basic Data or Materials ( Chapters 7-12 ) . 106 6.3 . Explanation ...
... Five General Characteristics of the Present Approach to the Brugsch Phenomenon . 103 6. Outline of the Argument 105 6.1 . Introductory Matters ( Chapters 1-5 ) 105 6.2 . Basic Data or Materials ( Chapters 7-12 ) . 106 6.3 . Explanation ...
Page xi
... Five Additional Double Dates 172 10.3 . Calculation of the Five Additional Double Dates 173 11. Intervals Reckoned by the Moon in Temple Records and Two Double Dates Derived Thereof . . . . 177 11.1 . Survey .. 177 11.2 . Papyrus Berlin ...
... Five Additional Double Dates 172 10.3 . Calculation of the Five Additional Double Dates 173 11. Intervals Reckoned by the Moon in Temple Records and Two Double Dates Derived Thereof . . . . 177 11.1 . Survey .. 177 11.2 . Papyrus Berlin ...
Page xii
... Five Notes on Method ... 218 13.1.3 . Usage Spectrum of Wp rnpt and Mesore / Mswt r as Names of Months and Names of Days 219 13.2 . Civil and Lunar Double Dates from Edfu Dedicatory Inscrip- tions as Basic Evidence . . . 220 13.3 . A ...
... Five Notes on Method ... 218 13.1.3 . Usage Spectrum of Wp rnpt and Mesore / Mswt r as Names of Months and Names of Days 219 13.2 . Civil and Lunar Double Dates from Edfu Dedicatory Inscrip- tions as Basic Evidence . . . 220 13.3 . A ...
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Contents
PREFACE | 1 |
222 | 17 |
INTERLUDE | 46 |
The Civil Month Names in Ancient Egypt | 57 |
The Sources for the Brugsch Phenomenon | 83 |
INTERLUDE | 98 |
Outline of the Argument | 105 |
Names Pertaining to Months | 116 |
INTERLUDE | 168 |
Intervals Reckoned by the Moon in Temple Records and Two Double | 177 |
The Civilbased Lunar Calendar and Its Relation to the Civil Cal | 187 |
The Causes of the Brugsch Phenomenon | 217 |
INTERLUDE | 242 |
The Gardiner Phenomenon | 243 |
EPILOGUE | 249 |
263 | |
Common terms and phrases
according ancient ancient Egypt appears argument associated assumed astronomical beginning Borchardt Brugsch phenomenon called century certain circle civil calendar civil day civil month civil month name civil set civil-based lunar calendar complex cycles conjunction considered count denote derived described discussed distinct documents double dates Edfu Egypt Egyptian calendars event evidence example exhibit existence explanation fact falls feast fixed follows four Gardiner phenomenon Greek hand hwt hr instances interpretation involves IV šmw k3 hr k3 lacking later lunar day lunar month means Mesore month names moon mswt nature noted observation occurred Papyrus Parker period pertaining phenomena position possible present probably problem refer regard relation seasonal seems sense sequence single šmw solar sources straddle month structure temple term theophoric set theory third transfer wp rnpt