Civil Calendar and Lunar Calendar in Ancient EgyptThis investigation is concerned with ancient Egyptian calendars. Its specific focus is one of the oldest problems of the study of these calendars: the so-called problem of the month names. This work's main purpose is to suggest an explanation for the Brugsch phenomenon. The Brugsch phenomenon is one of the two main aspects of the problem of the month names. The other is the Gardiner phenomenon. No new theory is presented for the Gardiner phenomenon. As a problem, the Brugsch phenomenon is slightly older than the Gardiner Phenomenon. It has occupied center stage in the study of ancient Egyptian calendars since the early days of this endeavor. In 1870, Heinrich Brugsch, the great pioneer in this subject, wrote about the phenomenon, "Here we encounter all at once the most curious contradiction." Just recently, Rolf Krauss has described the contradiction as still "unsolved". The Brugsch phenomenon concerns the indisputable fact that the last or twelfth month of the Egyptian civil year can be named as if it were the first. Two month names are involved. The first is wp rnpt. Its meaning "opener of the year," refers to a beginning. The second month name is mswt r' "birth of Re" in hieroglyphic Egyptian, Mesore in Aramaic, Greek and Coptic. Both can otherwise also refer to New Year's Day, the quintessential calendrical beginning. |
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Page ix
... Phenomena Used for Measuring Time . 2.3 . The Making of Calendars in Geometrical Terms : Three Levels of Abstraction .. 2.3.1 . A First Abstraction : Units of Time as Circles or Cycles . 2.3 ... Phenomenon and the Gardiner Phenomenon 61 2.1.
... Phenomena Used for Measuring Time . 2.3 . The Making of Calendars in Geometrical Terms : Three Levels of Abstraction .. 2.3.1 . A First Abstraction : Units of Time as Circles or Cycles . 2.3 ... Phenomenon and the Gardiner Phenomenon 61 2.1.
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Leo Depuydt. 2. The Brugsch Phenomenon and the Gardiner Phenomenon 61 2.1 . Two Old and Related Problems Pertaining to the Egyptian Month Names .. 2.2 . The Brugsch Phenomenon . 2.3 . The Gardiner Phenomenon 866 61 61 63 2.4 . Relations ...
Leo Depuydt. 2. The Brugsch Phenomenon and the Gardiner Phenomenon 61 2.1 . Two Old and Related Problems Pertaining to the Egyptian Month Names .. 2.2 . The Brugsch Phenomenon . 2.3 . The Gardiner Phenomenon 866 61 61 63 2.4 . Relations ...
Page xiii
... Gardiner's Criticism ( 1955 ) of Parker ( 1950 ) . 240 3. Krauẞ's Criticism ( 1992 ) of Parker ( 1950 ) 241 INTERLUDE . 242 14. The Gardiner Phenomenon . . 243 14.1 . Parker's TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII.
... Gardiner's Criticism ( 1955 ) of Parker ( 1950 ) . 240 3. Krauẞ's Criticism ( 1992 ) of Parker ( 1950 ) 241 INTERLUDE . 242 14. The Gardiner Phenomenon . . 243 14.1 . Parker's TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII.
Page xiv
... Gardiner Phenomenon as a Contradiction in Its Own Right 14.3 . A Comparison of the Brugsch Contradiction and the Gardiner Contradiction .. 14.3.1 . Difference and Similarity . 14.3.2 . The Two Types of Differences . 14.3.3 . Descriptive ...
... Gardiner Phenomenon as a Contradiction in Its Own Right 14.3 . A Comparison of the Brugsch Contradiction and the Gardiner Contradiction .. 14.3.1 . Difference and Similarity . 14.3.2 . The Two Types of Differences . 14.3.3 . Descriptive ...
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Contents
PREFACE | 1 |
222 | 17 |
INTERLUDE | 46 |
The Civil Month Names in Ancient Egypt | 57 |
The Sources for the Brugsch Phenomenon | 83 |
INTERLUDE | 98 |
Outline of the Argument | 105 |
Names Pertaining to Months | 116 |
INTERLUDE | 168 |
Intervals Reckoned by the Moon in Temple Records and Two Double | 177 |
The Civilbased Lunar Calendar and Its Relation to the Civil Cal | 187 |
The Causes of the Brugsch Phenomenon | 217 |
INTERLUDE | 242 |
The Gardiner Phenomenon | 243 |
EPILOGUE | 249 |
263 | |
Common terms and phrases
according ancient ancient Egypt appears argument associated assumed astronomical beginning Borchardt Brugsch phenomenon called century certain circle civil calendar civil day civil month civil month name civil set civil-based lunar calendar complex cycles conjunction considered count denote derived described discussed distinct documents double dates Edfu Egypt Egyptian calendars event evidence example exhibit existence explanation fact falls feast fixed follows four Gardiner phenomenon Greek hand hwt hr instances interpretation involves IV šmw k3 hr k3 lacking later lunar day lunar month means Mesore month names moon mswt nature noted observation occurred Papyrus Parker period pertaining phenomena position possible present probably problem refer regard relation seasonal seems sense sequence single šmw solar sources straddle month structure temple term theophoric set theory third transfer wp rnpt