12-15]

ADSIDUO RUPTAE LECTORE.

93

Pers. citing Herod. vII 27 § 3. Xen. Hell. vir 1 § 38. Phylarchus in Ath. 539 d. Plin. XXXIII § 137. Tzetz. chil. Iv 546. cf. Aristid. panathen. I 129 Jebb). Among the patriotic acts of Kimon it is recorded that he planted the ȧyopa with planes Plut. 13 § 11. praec. ger. reip. 24 § 8; cf. Aristoph. yewpyoí fr. 14 Mein. Sokrates enjoyed the tree's shade and beauty (Plat. Phaedr. 230 B. cf. Cic. de or. 1 § 28) and swore by it Lucian vit. auct. 16. Philostr. Apoll. vi 19 § 6. In the time of Theophrastus (h. pl. iv 5 § 6) planes were scarce in Italy; those in the gymnasium at Rhegium, planted by the elder Dionysius, did not thrive. The shade (Plin. XVII 90 iucunda et platani [umbra] quamquam crassa. licet gramini credere, non soli, haut alia laetius operiente toros) was as grateful to the philosophers of the academy (Plin. xII § 9 the locus classicus) as to idlers over their wine (Hor. c. 1111 13. Verg. g. 11 146; hence in Ov. met. x 95 genialis). It even shared the feast (Plin. § 8 docuimusque etiam arbores vina potare. cf. Macrob. III 13 § 3 on the extravagant passion of Hortensius for a plane. Gron. obs. 1 5. Plin. xvi § 242). Still utilitarianism complained Plin. xII § 6 quis non iure miretur arborem umbrae gratia tantum ex alieno petitam orbe? Mart. III 58 3 vidua. Hor. c. II 15 4 caelebs. Verg. g. II 70 sterilis. Pliny 12 calls evergreen planes portenta terrarum, and says of dwarf planes (chamaeplatani § 13) arborum etiam abortus invenimus, hoc quoque ergo in genere pumilionum infelicitas dicta erit. See Prop. 11 32 (= 30) 13. Petron. 126 Burm. Mart. Ix 62 Rader. HSt. λaтávioтos, Tλáravos etc. ind. to Plin. MARMORA Statues and marbles inlaid in the walls xi 175 n. 13 ADSIDUO LECTORE ['in such cases the adjective seems to me to make all the difference: you could not possibly say ruptae lectore; but ads. lec. seems to me to =adsidua opera lectorum, T lectore adsiduo, so to say: thus iudice laudatus Caesare iudicio Caesaris: in the same way I explain Hor. ep. 1 1 94 inaequali tonsore and the like: so Hor. coniuge barbara Turpis maritus Bapẞápw тŷ aλóxw, 'degraded by the fact of a barbarian for his wife' so Verg. ecl. IV 8 nascenti puero, quo vivoμévų тŶ παidí, 'the birth of the child', quo by which birth': so I explain Iuv. Ix 150 effugit remige surdo, i. e. surditate remigum; and III 240 ingenti Liburno (if the reading is right, as I incline to think it) to be exactly like vi 351 ingenti vehitur cervice Syrorum: vi 29 qua Tisiphone I take to be simply 'quibus furiis', the qua making a preposition almost inadmissible: comp. Horace Marte coli populata nostro, Marte Poenos proteret altero: Marte= bello: 1 91 quo marito: the Latins, when talking of irrational things, always allow the simple ablative. Then Ovid met. 1 747 linigera colitur turba, with a collective noun like turba you may always have a simple abl.: so Sallust Iug. 84 § 1 cupientissima plebe consul factus: Ovid her. v 75 deserta coniuge seems on the analogy of vidua, privata coniuge; and perhaps XII 161 deseror coniuge is only an imitation of the other passage by an imitator of Ovid.' H.A.J.M.] See Iuv. VII 64. XIII 124. Verg. Aen. I 312. Hor. c. 1 6 2. Tac. Agric. 40. Madvig 254 n. 3. Hand 1 25. Plin. ep. I 19 § 6 n. RUPTAE VII 86 fregit subsellia versu. Verg. g. 111 328 cantu querulae rumpent arbusta cicadae. Polyb. xv 32 § 9 κατερρήγνυτο πᾶς ὁ τόπος ὑπὸ τοῦ κρότου καὶ τῆς κραυγῆς. Casaub. on Suet. Dom. 4. 14 SUMMO MINIMOQUE VI 349. XI 36. Hor. ep. II 1 117 scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim.

=

15-18 Since then it is vain to be wise in a world of madmen, I too have flinched from the cane of the grammaticus (15. vII 215-243. Quintil. 1) I too in the school of rhetoric (16. vii 150-214. Quintil. 11) have urged

94

MAGISTRORUM FERULAE.

[I 15

Sulla to abdicate. Hor. a. p. 414—5 qui Pythia cantat | tibicen, didicit prius extimuitque magistrum. In the grammar school the poets were studied. 15 ET NOS... ET NOS II 82, 127. xv 7. vI 457 nil ... nil. cf. XIV 139, 239. This epanalepsis, whereby the same word begins and ends the verse, is in Theokr. 1 80. xv 1. Verg. g. III. 358 nec сит ... пес сит. Other exx. from Verg., Hor. ep. 1 1 25, Prop., Tibull., Stat. in Herm. Fritzsche zu Theokrit u. Virgil (Leipz. 1860) 6, 7. MANUM Timokles ap. Ath. xIII 571 a. Colum. x 21 nec manibus mites ferulas. Fulgent. mythol. 1 p. 608 Stav. scholaribus rudimentis tumidas ferulis gestaveram palmas. Plut. Caes. 61 § 1 The women at the Lupercalia παρέχουσιν ὥσπερ ἐν διδασκάλου τῶ χεῖρε Taîs Tλnyaîs. Lucian Cronosolon 16 fin. Aug. solil. II § 20 R. Quid ipsa grammatica? ... numquidnam magister noster nolebat nos credere quae docebat et nosse? A. Immo vero vehementer ut nossemus instabat. R. Numquid aliquando institit ut Daedalum volasse crederemus? A. Hoc quidem numquam: sed plane nisi teneremus fabulam, vix nos posse aliquid manibus tenere faciebat. FERULAE Aristotle

...

probl. 1x 8 explains why the strokes of the vápeng are more painful than those of harder wood. Gorgias replied to a captious question Philostr. soph. I pr. § 6 'That I leave to you to investigate; of one thing I have long been sure, ὅτι ἡ γῆ τοὺς νάρθηκας ἐπὶ τοὺς τοιούτους φύει. Suet. (see also below on ver. 44) gramm. 9 fuit autem naturae acerbae in discipulos, ut et Horatius significat (ep. 11 1 70) plagosum eum appellans et Domitius Marsus scribens: si quos Orbilius ferula scuticaque cecidit. Colum. x 118 minaces. Mart. x 62 10 ferulaeque tristes, sceptra paedagogorum. XIV 80 invisae nimium pueris grataeque magistris. Apul. flor. II 12 the parrot is struck on the head with an iron rod, when it is forced to imitate human speech; haec discenti ferula est.' id. metam. Ix 28 cl. Lucian de morte Peregr. 17. Auson. idyll. Iv 24―30. epist. Iv 1 Ausonius, cuius ferulam nunc sceptra verentur. Sidon. ep. v 5 post ferulas lectionis Maronianae. Aug. conf. 1 § 23 legibus Tuis, Deus, legibus Tuis a magistrorum ferulis usque ad temptationes martyrum. See the whole bk. I for the grammar school, and bk. III for the school of rhetoric. id. tr. in Io. 1 § 14 dicamus ergo [sanguina], non timeamus ferulas grammaticorum. id. c. Faust. xxI 10 neminem grammaticum aut rhetorem audierant, nec inter lacrimas ferularum atque virgarum [Iuv. vII 210] ista didicerant. id. de civ. Dei XXII 22 § 2 quid enim sibi volunt multimodae formidines, quae cohibendis parvulorum vanitatibus adhibentur? quid paedagogi, quid magistri, quid ferulae, quid lora, quid virgae? Prudent. cathem. pr. 7-9 aetas prima crepantibus flevit sub ferulis: mox docuit toga [in the school of rhetoric] infectum vitiis falsa loqui. Isid. XVII 9 derives ferula from ferire; Etym. magn. and schol. Eur. Orest. 1481 vápeng from veapovs Onye, because it gives an edge to the youthful intellect! See more in Brisson, de verb. sign. Cresoll. theatr. rhet. v 6, 7. Marquardt v (1) 96, 115. HSt. ναρθηκισμός. For Greek proverbs in praise of the rod and other exx. see Herm. Privatalt. 34 14, Plaut. Bacch. III 3 30 and Phi, lostr. soph. 1 25 § 12. Sen. de clem. 1 16, Quintil. 1 3 § 14 seq., Plut. educ. 12 all condemn corporal punishment in schools. The ferula was also employed upon slaves (Iuv. vi 479. Hor. s. 1 3 119 Kirchner), upon boys too young to be tortured (Dig. xxIx 5 1 § 33), and upon monks (Ducange). So malvae were used for walking-sticks (Plin. xIx § 62 from Theophr. h. pl. 1 3-5 § 2) and for rods (Lucian adv. indoct. 3. fugit. 33). Also the lash (iuás, scutica) Liban. ep. 829. K. F. Hermann ib. 13.

15 16]

CONTROVERSIAE AND SUASORIAE.

95

SUBDUXIMUS 'have flinched from' (Dobree). Hieronym. s. Rufin. I § 17 audire grammaticum, ferulae manum subtrahere, et inter parvulos 'A Onvoyépwv artem loquendi discere. id. ep. 57 ad Pammach. § 12 ergo frustra tanto tempore studuimus, et saepe manum ferulae subduximus. cf. ep. 50 ad Domnion. § 2. Macrob. 11 10 § 2. Sidon. ep. II 10. 16 On the unpractical character of the rhetorical theses see vir 150-70. x 85, 167. Pers. III 45. Tac. dial. 35. CONSILIUM DEDIMUS Quintil. III 8 § 30 saepe vero et utilitatem despiciendam esse dicimus, ut honesta faciamus, ut cum illis Opiterginis damus consilium, ne se hostibus dedant, quamquam perituri sint, nisi fecerint; et utilia honestis praeferimus, ut cum suade mus, ut bello Punico servi armentur. § 46 Ciceroni dabimus consilium ut Antonium roget, vel Philippicas.... exurat. § 47 C. Caesari suadentes regnum, affirmabimus. Sen. suas. 6 Deliberat [Iuv. VII 162 n.] Cicero an Antonium deprecetur. Philostr. soph. 1. 24 § 1 a suasoria of Marcus a Spartan advising (vußovλevwv) the Lacedaemonians not to spare those who lost their shields at Sphakteria. The declamations were a suasoriae (such as this, or Cato's dying speech in Persius) generally on historical (Quintil. II 4 § 25. III 5 § 8) or legendary subjects; these, as not requiring technical knowledge, were first practised (indeed Quintil. II 1 § 2 complains that grammatici... ad prosopopoeias usque et suasorias, in quibus onus dicendi vel maximum est, irrumpunt cf. § 8); these belonged (Isid. rhet. 4 § 4. Quintil. III 8 §§ 6, 25, 26, 33, 34, 55-62) to the deliberativum genus (BovλEUTIKÒV YÉVOS); b controversiae, in which legal questions were handled, belonged to the iudiciale genus (dikavikòv yévos). Tac. dial. 35 duo genera materiarum apud rhetoras tractantur, suasoriae et controversiae. ex his suasoriae quidem, tamquam plane leviores et minus prudentiae exigentes, pueris delegantur, controversiae robustioribus adsignantur, quales, per fidem, et quam incredibiliter compositae!...sic fit ut tyrannicidarum [Iuv. VII 151 n.] praemia aut vitiatarum electiones aut incesta matrum aut quidquid in schola cotidie agitur, in foro vel raro vel numquam, ingentibus verbis persequantur. In Greece the praise or blame of laws belonged to controversiae, in Rome to suasoriae Quintil. 11 4 § 33 apud Graecos enim lator earum ad iudicem vocabatur, Romanis pro contione suadere et dissuadere moris fuit. So suasoriae )( iudiciales materiae 10 § 1. XI 1 § 48 where both )( demonstrativae i. e. ¿mideɩktikal. vII 1 § 24 (a suasoria) deliberat Numa, an regnum offerentibus Romanis recipiat similiter in controversiis. Optet enim vir fortis alienam uxorem. Petron. 6 ingens scholasticorum turba in porticum venit...ab extemporali declamatione nescio cuius, qui Agamemnonis suasoriam exceperat. dum ergo iuvenes sententias rident ordinemque totius dictionis infamant. See Bonnell lex. Quintil. and Ernesti lex. technol. controversia, suasoria. Bernhardy ed. 4 § 53. Westermann röm. Beredsamk. 81. W. A. Schmidt Gesch. d. Denk- u. Glaubensfreiheit (Berl. 1847) 409 seq. The 7 suasoriae, 35 controversiae and 10 books of excerpta controv. of M. Seneca, ed. Bursian, Lips. 1857, are well worth reading. SULLAE Quintil. 111 8 § 53 neque ignoro, plerumque exercitationis gratia poni et poeticas et historicas [personas], ut Priami verba [facientis] apud Achillem aut Sullae dictaturum deponentis, in contione. v. 10 § 71 non dominationis causa Sullam arma sumpsisse, argumentum est dictatura deposita. Lucan 1 334-5 to Caesar ex hoc iam te, improbe, regno | ille tuus saltem doceat descendere Sulla. cf. Caesar's jest Suet. 77 Sullam nescisse litteras, qui dictaturam deposuerit.

96

PERITURAE CHARTAE. AURUNCA.

[I 16-21

PRIVATUS IV 66. vi 114. xir 107. x 41. Lucan

ALTUM

Iuv. II 28. Sil. XIII 858. Iv 188 Caesar generum privatus amabit. Hor. s. 1 3 142. DORMIRET III 107. xiv 295 n. a cognate accus.a. somnum d. So torvum clamat, perfidum ridens. Many exx. in Ruddim. II 159, 304, Haase on Reisig 684; for the thought Hor. c. II 16 15. Luc. v 505—6 in quorum pectora somno dat vires fortuna minor. 17 CLEMENTIA.. PARCERE

Hor. c. III 11 46 viro clemens misero peperci. UBIQUE in the forum and the bath (Hor. s. 1 4 74 seq. Petron. 91), standing, sitting, running, in the thermae and in the swimming bath Mart. III 44 10—13. ib. 1-9, 14-18 occurrit tibi nemo quod libenter, | quod, quacumque venis, fuga est et ingens | circa te, Ligurine, solitudo, | quid sit, scire cupis? nimis poeta es. | hoc valde vitium periculosum est. [non tigris catulis citata raptis, | non dipsas medio perusta sole, nec sic scorpius improbus timetur. | nam tantos, rogo, quis ferat labores? ad cenam

propero, tenes euntem. ad cenam venio, fugas edentem. | lassus dormio, suscitas iacentem. | vis, quantum facias mali videre? | vir iustus, probus, innocens timeris. Cf. ib. 45. 50. VII 50. Hor. a. p. 474-6 indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus; quem vero arripuit, tenet occiditque legendo, non missura cutem, nisi plena cruoris, hirudo. 18 VATIBUS satirical VII 53 n.

OCCURRAS V 54 n. PERITURAE VII 101. XI 17. If I do not waste it, some other bard (vates) will. Dryden do my best to make as much waste paper as the rest. Mart. 1 1 3,4 at nunc succincti quae sint bona nosce libelli: | hoc primum est, brevior quod mihi charta perit. vI 64 22-23 audes praeterea, quos nullus noverit, in me | scribere versiculos, miseras et perdere chartas. For the destiny of paper thus wasted see Jahn on Pers. 1 43. Mart. XIII 1 1-3 ne toga cordylis, ne paenula desit olivis, | aut inopem metuat sordida blatta famem, perdite Nilíacas, Musae, mea damna papyros. Auson. epigr. 34 1,2 si tineas cariemque pati te, charta, necesse est, incipe versiculis ante perire meis. Ennod. carm. 1. 7 praef. ad Faustum (Sirmond. op. 1 1099 cf. Gron. obs. II 22) ad Camenalem ignominiam, quibus numquam Cluvienus [luv. 1 80] deest, versus adieci et periturae ut dictum est, chartae prodigus non peperci. Plin. ep. vII 2 § 1 are you not inconsistent with yourself, when you say that you are incessantly occupied, and yet beg for a copy of my writings, which can scarce induce even men of leisure to spend on them any portion of the time which they would otherwise throw away (perituri)?

19-21 Juvenal having thus resolved to write poetry, states his reasons for following in the track of Lucilius.

19 DECURRERE Ov. fasti II 360. Hor. s. II 1 30-34 of Lucilius ille velut fidis arcana sodalibus olim | credebat libris, neque, si male cesserat, usquam decurrens alio, neque si bene. quo fit, ut omnis | votiva pateat veluti descripta tabella | vita senis. CAMPO See Forc. 20 EQUOS FLEXIT Hence

and Bonnell lex. Quintil.

Sidon. ep. Ix 13 sed tu per Calabri tramitis aggerem | vis ut nostra dehinc cursitet orbita, | qua Flaccus lyricos Pindaricum ad melos | frenis flexit equos plectripotentibus. cf. Öv. fasti Iv 10.

AURUNCAE ALUMNUS 165 n. Suessa (now Sessa) in Latium, between Minturnae and Teanum, received the name of Aurunca from the Aurunci, who settled there B.C. 337 Liv. VIII 15 § 4; it became a Roman colony B. C. 313 ib. IX 28 § 7. Vell. I 14 § 4. Abeken, sopra il sito e gli avanzi dell' antica Aurunca, Rome 1839. Auson. epist. 15 9 rudes Camenas qui Suessae praevenis. 21 SI VACAT OV. ex Ponto 1 1 3,4 si vacat, hospitio peregrinos, Brute, libellos excipe. III 3 1 si

21-23]

WOMEN AS GLADIATORS.

97

vacat exiguum profugo dare tempus amico. It was Pliny's experience that very few at Rome had leisure to listen to recitations ep. I 18 § 4 cited on III 9. EDAM XIV 317.

22-80 The follies and crimes which move the poet's wrath are introduced (22, 24, 27, 32, 37, 46, 55, 58, 64) generally by the causal cum; the conclusion is still: 'tis hard not to write satire, I must be stark iron to refrain (30, 31); in the heat of a just rage (45), I must needs leave idle romance to emulate the vigils of Horace (51 seq.); then and there, as the forger and the murderess pass by in state, I must perforce fill my tablets with the brimming record of their sins (63, seq.). If naiure could not, anger would indite, such woeful stuff as I or Shadwell write' (Dryden 79, 80).

22-30 As a eunuch weds,—as a virago spears boars in the amphitheatre, -as my quondam barber vies with Rome's whole nobility in his single wealth,- -as Crispinus, the spawn of Nile, flaunts it in a purple cloak, and daintily airs light summer rings,-'tis hard to hold. 22 TENER VI 383, 548. VIII 16. Ix 46. XII 39. Mollis also connotes infamy. SPADO See Dirksen and Forc. Where [) (eunuchus] it implied a natural defect, the spado might marry dig. xx111 3 39 § 1. Rein Privatrecht 158. Cf. Mart. v1 2 6. 45 3. Iuv. vi 366–378. MEVIA Cf. 11 53. VI 246-267. Mart. VII. 67. Women of equestrian and senatorian families fought in the arena under Nero, some against their will vIII 193, others of choice Dio LXI 17 § 3 és Tòv iπTódρоμov тÓ TE θέατρον τὸ κυνηγετικὸν [amphitheatre] ἐσῆλθον ὥσπερ οἱ ἀτιμότατοι... Kal Onpia ȧTÉKTELVαV. Tac. xv 32 feminarum illustrium senatorumque plures per harenam foedati sunt. Titus at the dedication of the Flavian amphitheatre ordered the slaughter of 9000 beasts, partly by women, but of low rank Dio LXVI 25 § 1 où μévtoɩ èπɩpaveîs. Domitian forced into the arena not only men of rank IV 99. seq., but women also (Dio LXVII 8 § 4. cf. Suet. 4), amid the applause of his laureats Stat. s. 1 6 46-56 et tu quin etiam (quis hoc rogare, | quis promittere possit hoc deorum?) | nobiscum socias dapes inisti. | iam se, quisquis is est inops, beatus convivam ducis esse gloriatur. | hos inter fremitus novosque luxus spectandi levis effugit voluptas. | stat sexus rudis insciusque ferri et pugnas capit improbus viriles. | credas ad Tanaim feramve Phasim Thermodontiacas calere turmas. Mart. spect. 6 Mars in arms is too little for Caesar, saevit et ipsa Venus. Let us hear no more of Hercules and his lion, nam post tua munera, Caesar, | haec iam feminea vidimus acta manu. Nicol. Damasc. in Ath. 154 a some [Romans] have ordered in their wills that their comeliest slaves (γυναῖκας εὐπρεπεστάτας) should fight as gladiators. The scandal occasioned by these furies led to the abolition of the practice by Severus A.D. 200 Dio LXXV 16 § 1. Augustus on the other hand Suet. 44 confined women even as spectators of gladiators to the upper benches, and forbad their appearance at boxing matches. TUSCUM Mart. vII 27 1. xii 14 9. Stat.

8. IV 6 10 cur Tuscus aper generosior Umbro. IRN 7146. 23 APRUM 141 n. NUDA MAMMA In the hunting costume of Diana and the Amazons cf. Stat. above. Verg. Aen. XI 649 Heyne. Sil. II 78, 79. XII 715. VENABULA Varr. ap. Non. s. v. Cic. ad fam. VII 1 § 3 of the games of Pompeius reliquae sunt venationes... magnificae-nemo negat-sed quae potest homini esse polito delectatio, cum aut homo imbecillus a valentissima bestia laniatur aut praeclara bestia venabulo transverberatur? Cic. Verr. v § 7 does not venture to condemn L. Domitius for crucifying a slave who had killed a boar