Æthelbert, of Kent, extent of his empire, | Boroughs, see Towns.
13; accepts Christianity, 15.
Aids, 77.
Alfred the Great, state of England during
his reign, 30 ff.; seeks learned men,
31; Asser in his service, 32; develop-
ment of English prose under, 33; and
the Chronicle, 35.
Anglo-Saxon Conquest, importance of
exaggerated, 1; theories of, 2; argu-
ment for Teutonic theory of, 3; process
of, 8; results of, 10; completion of, 12.
Anglo-Saxons, contrasted with Franks,
7; civilization of, 10; contests among,
12 ff.; conversion of, 13 ff.
Ashley, on the mediæval gilds, 169 ff.
Asser, invited by Alfred to Wessex, 32;
labors at Alfred's court, 33.
Augustine, landing in England, 13-14.
Australia, land and people of, 645 ff.;
position of the state in Constitution of,
649 ff.; federal legislature in, 653 ff.;
federal executive in, 657; the federal
high court of, 658 ff.
Bæda, his life, 23, 24: work, 24, 25;
Alfred's translations, 36.
Bagehot, on the Cabinet, 594 ff.
Becket, as archbishop, 96 ff.; first dis-
pute with Henry II, 98; and the
Church-State dispute, 99; and the Con-
stitutions of Clarendon, 99, 101; flight
of, 101; return to England and death,
106 ff.
Bengal, British in, 447.
Berlin Decree, 528.
Bible, Wycliffe and the, 230; Puritanism
Bishops, dioceses of, created, 21; pri-
macy of Canterbury, 22; election of,
206.
Britain, Roman villa in, 3; contrasted
with Gaul, 6; effects of Roman rule
on, 7-9.
Britons, contest with German invaders,
3-8; contrasted with Gauls, 7.
Bryce, on the Australian Constitution,
645 ff.
Cabinet, prime minister in, 594; princi-
pal features of, 596; compared with
presidential system, 598; relation to
political education of the nation, 600;
relation to the press, 602; compared
with weakness of presidential system,
602 ff.
Calcutta, Black Hole of, 447.
Calvinism, contrasted with Lutheranism,
308; and Puritanism, 325.
Canada, relative strength of French in,
452; Montcalm in, 453; Pitt's scheme
for the conquest of, 456; arrival of
Wolfe in, 457; Wolfe's campaign in,
Capitalists, rise of, 513; philosophy of,
515, 614.
Catholics, on the Continent in the six-
teenth century, 310; James I and, 335;
disabilities of, 399 ff.; James II and,
406 ff.; relation of, to colonization, 426.
Charles I, signs Petition of Right, 347;
contest with Parliament, 347 ff.; dis-
solution of Parliament in 1629, 353:
and the Declaration of Sports, 362;
personal government of, 364; breaks
with the Long Parliament, 371; trial
and condemnation of, 373 ff.; char-
acter of, 375 ff.
Christianity, in Britain, 8, 9; introduc-
tion into England, 12, 15; conversion
of Northumberland, 15; work of the
the Senate, being a nominated and not a representative body, holds
an entirely secondary place. The ministry may disregard a vote
of want of confidence passed by it, just as in England they disregard
an adverse vote of the House of Lords. In Australia, however,
things will be quite different. There the Senate has been con-
stituted as a representative body, elected by the peoples of the
States; and as the protector of the rights and interests of the States
it holds functions of the highest importance. Its powers (save in
one point to be presently mentioned) are the same as those of the
House. In whom, then, does the power of making and unmaking
ministries reside? Wherever one finds two assemblies, one finds
them naturally tending to differ; and this will be particularly
likely to occur where, as in Australia, they are constructed by
different modes of election. Suppose a vote of no confidence in a
particular ministry is carried in one house and followed by a vote
of confidence passed in the other. Is the ministry to resign be-
cause one house will not support it? It retains the confidence
of the other; and if it does resign, and a new ministry comes in,
the house which supported it may pass a vote of no confidence in
those who have succeeded it.
The problem is one which cannot arise either under the English
or under the American system. Not under the English, because
the two houses are not coördinate, the House of Commons being
much the stronger. Not under the American, because, although
the houses are coördinate, neither house has the power of dis-
placing the President or his ministers. It is therefore a new prob-
lem, and one which directly results from the attempt to combine
features of both schemes, the Cabinet system of England and the
coördinate Senate, strong because it represents the States, which
a federal system prescribes.
Jenks, History of the Australasian Colonies. Turner, A History of the
Colony of Victoria. Beach, The Australian Federal Constitution, in the
Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XIV, pp. 663 ff.
Æthelbert, of Kent, extent of his empire, | Boroughs, see Towns.
13; accepts Christianity, 15.
Aids, 77.
Alfred the Great, state of England during
his reign, 30 ff.; seeks learned men,
31; Asser in his service, 32; develop-
ment of English prose under, 33; and
the Chronicle, 35.
Anglo-Saxon Conquest, importance of
exaggerated, 1; theories of, 2; argu-
ment for Teutonic theory of, 3; process
of, 8; results of, 10; completion of, 12.
Anglo-Saxons, contrasted with Franks,
7; civilization of, 10; contests among,
12 ff.; conversion of, 13 ff.
Ashley, on the mediaval gilds, 169 ff.
Asser, invited by Alfred to Wessex, 32;
labors at Alfred's court, 33.
Augustine, landing in England, 13-14.
Australia, land and people of, 645 ff.;
position of the state in Constitution of,
649 ff.; federal legislature in, 653 ff.;
federal executive in, 657; the federal
high court of, 658 ff.
Bæda, his life, 23, 24: work, 24, 25:
Alfred's translations, 36.
Bagehot, on the Cabinet, 594 ff.
Becket, as archbishop, 96 ff.; first dis-
pute with Henry II, 98; and the
Church-State dispute, 99; and the Con-
stitutions of Clarendon, 99, 101; flight
of, 101; return to England and death,
106 ff.
Bengal, British in, 447.
Berlin Decree, 528.
Bible, Wycliffe and the, 230; Puritanism
Bishops, dioceses of, created, 21; pri-
macy of Canterbury, 22; election of,
206.
Britain, Roman villa in, 3; contrasted
with Gaul, 6; effects of Roman rule
on, 7-9.
Britons, contest with German invaders,
3-8; contrasted with Gauls, 7.
Bryce, on the Australian Constitution,
645 ff.
Cabinet, prime minister in, 594; princi-
pal features of, 596; compared with
presidential system, 598; relation to
political education of the nation, 600;
relation to the press, 602; compared
with weakness of presidential system,
602 ff.
Calcutta, Black Hole of, 447.
Calvinism, contrasted with Lutheranism,
308; and Puritanism, 325.
Canada, relative strength of French in,
452; Montcalm in, 453; Pitt's scheme
for the conquest of, 456; arrival of
Wolfe in, 457; Wolfe's campaign in,
459.
Capitalists, rise of, 513; philosophy of,
515, 614.
Catholics, on the Continent in the six-
teenth century, 310; James I and, 335;
disabilities of, 399 ff.; James II and,
406 ff.; relation of, to colonization, 426.
Charles I, signs Petition of Right, 347;
contest with Parliament, 347 ff.; dis-
solution of Parliament in 1629, 353:
and the Declaration of Sports, 362;
personal government of, 364; breaks
with the Long Parliament, 371; trial
and condemnation of, 373 ff.; char-
acter of, 375 ff.
Christianity, in Britain, 8, 9; introduc-
tion into England, 12, 15; conversion
of Northumberland, 15; work of the
the Senate, being a nominated and not a representative body, holds
an entirely secondary place. The ministry may disregard a vote
of want of confidence passed by it, just as in England they disregard
an adverse vote of the House of Lords. In Australia, however,
things will be quite different. There the Senate has been con-
stituted as a representative body, elected by the peoples of the
States; and as the protector of the rights and interests of the States
it holds functions of the highest importance. Its powers (save it
one point to be presently mentioned) are the same as those of the
House. In whom, then, does the power of making and unmakin
ministries reside? Wherever one finds two assemblies, one find
them naturally tending to differ; and this will be particular
likely to occur where, as in Australia, they are constructed
Suppose a vote of no confidence in
different modes of election.
particular ministry is carried in one house and followed by a r
of confidence passed in the other. Is the ministry to resign
cause one house will not support it? It retains the confider
of the other; and if it does resign, and a new ministry comes
the house which supported it may pass a vote of no confidence
those who have succeeded it.
The problem is one which cannot arise either under the E
or under the American system. Not under the English, bec
of
the two houses are not coördinate, the House of Commons
much the stronger. Not under the American, because, alth
the houses are coördinate, neither house has the power
placing the President or his ministers. It is therefore a new
lem, and one which directly results from the attempt to cor
features of both schemes, the Cabinet system of England &
coördinate Senate, strong because it represents the States,
a federal system prescribes.
Jenks, History of the Australasian Colonies. Turner, A Hist
Colony of Victoria. Beach, The Australian Federal Constitutun
Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XIV, pp. 663 ff.
Æthelbert, of Kent, extent of his empire, Boroughs, see Towns.
13; accepts Christianity, 15.
Aids, 77.
Alfred the Great, state of England during
his reign, 30 ff.; seeks learned men,
31; Asser in his service, 32; develop-
ment of English prose under, 33; and
the Chronicle, 35.
Anglo-Saxon Conquest, importance of
exaggerated, 1; theories of, 2; argu-
ment for Teutonic theory of, 3; process
of, 8; results of, 10; completion of, 12.
Anglo-Saxons, contrasted with Franks,
7; civilization of, 10; contests among,
12 ff.; conversion of, 13 ff.
Ashley, on the medieval gilds, 169 ff.
Asser, invited by Alfred to Wessex, 32;
labors at Alfred's court, 33.
Augustine, landing in England, 13-14.
Australia, land and people of, 645 ff.;
position of the state in Constitution of,
649 ff.; federal legislature in, 653 ff.;
federal executive in, 657; the federal
high court of, 658 ff.
![[blocks in formation]](https://books.google.co.nz/books/content?id=200NAAAAIAAJ&output=html_text&pg=PA662-IA5&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&q=editions:HARVARD32044015532245&cds=1&sig=ACfU3U3aArfrfilL8t_Ts6EYiFEKVRud6g&edge=0&edge=stretch&ci=19,1107,434,431)
Britain, Roman villa in, 3; contrasted
with Gaul, 6; effects of Roman rule
on, 7-9.
Britons, contest with German invaders,
3-8; contrasted with Gauls, 7.
Bryce, on the Australian Constitution,
645 ff.
Cabinet, prime minister in, 594; princi-
pal features of, 596; compared with
presidential system, 598; relation to
political education of the nation, 600;
relation to the press, 602; compared
with weakness of presidential system,
602 ff.
Calcutta, Black Hole of, 447.
Calvinism, contrasted with Lutheranism,
308; and Puritanism, 325.
Canada, relative strength of French in,
452; Montcalm in, 453; Pitt's scheme
for the conquest of, 456; arrival of
Wolfe in, 457; Wolfe's campaign in,
459.
Capitalists, rise of, 513; philosophy of,
515, 614.
Catholics, on the Continent in the six-
teenth century, 310; James I and, 335:
disabilities of, 399 ff.; James II and,
406 ff.; relation of, to colonization, 426.
Charles I, signs Petition of Right, 347;
contest with Parliament, 347 ff.; dis-
solution of Parliament in 1629, 353:
and the Declaration of Sports, 362;
personal government of, 364; breaks
with the Long Parliament, 371; trial
and condemnation of, 373 ff.; char-
acter of, 375 ff.
Christianity, in Britain, 8, 9; introduc-
tion into England, 12, 15; conversion
of Northumberland, 15; work of the
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