Proverbs. 1. It is well not caly to seem pure; but, to be pure. 2. Aim at desert, rather than reward. 3. If you are in a thriving way, stick to it, and let well enough, alone. 4. Trifles-often de cide much-concerning the character of a person. 5. Believe yourself capable of learning what others have learned. 6. Avoid all extremes; and live, and act, in the golden medium. 7. The loaded always bends with its fruits; as virtvastoops beneath humility. 8. Without frugay, 9. The used key-is always bright. 10. Man is 3 none can be rich; and with it-few can be poor. being who makes bargains; one dog never exchanges bones with another dog. 11. You can də it, if you only think so, and try. 12. Quick believers-need broad shoulders. tree 278. INVOLUNTARY EFFORTS. Let no one imagine, that it is the design of this system to make arbitrary readers, and speakers; far from it: if the system were not founded in NATURE, such might be the result. By making use of the principles here developed, we return to truth and nature; provided we have wandered from them; consequently, the effort becomes involuntary: as was the case with the whistling of little Jimmy, in school; who, when his teacher was about to correct him, exclaimed, “No, no; it was not I that whistled, it whistled itself." No one can be a good reader, or speaker, till the effort be comes involuntary; he must will, and it shall be done. Unfortunately, some think they Anecdote. New Character. Lord Hardy, must do some great thing; whereas, they who was so much addicted to the bottle, as to have only to wash, and be clean. be always under the influence of liquor, pre279. EPIC, or heroic poetry, has for its sub-vious to a masquerade night, inquired of Foot, Ject the exploits of some hero, or heroes, of national celebrity; Lyric poetry is designed to be set to music, as psalms, hymns, odes and songs; Elegiac poetry involves solemn, or mournful subjects; Epitaphs are inscriptions on tomb-stones; Pastoral poetry treats of rural affairs, and the social affections; it is appropriate to shepherds; Didactic poetry is designed to convey instruction; Satyric poetry is for reproving the vices, errors and follies of the world, by holding them up to ridicule; Descriptive poetry describes interesting subjects, mental or natural; and Romantic poetry has for its subjects, tales, romances, and novels, probable, or supernat ural. 280. CAUSE AND EFFECT. Such are the defects of our education, that we are brought up almost as ignorant of our bodies and minds, as of the man in the moon: the consequence is, we are imposed upon by the shoe-maker, the tailor, the mantua-maker, the carpenter and joiner, the cabinet-maker, the miller and baker, the cook and the washer, and by almost every body else: we are a race of abusers of one another. When we get a pair of shoes, the first question is, how well do they look? So also of the coat and dress, the house, the chair, the flour, and bread, &c., &c. Oh, when shall we be wise, and understand the things that so nearly concern our temporal welfare? Having eyes, we see not aright; naving ears we hear wrong: our feelings, taste, and smell-betray us, because they are perverted. The enemy comes in upon us like a flood, and who will lift up a standard against him? GENERATIONS OF MAN. Like leaves on trees-the race of man is found, So flourish these, when those-are passed away. "what new character he ought to appear in ?" "New character," said the other," suppose you go sober, my lord." He took the hint of the comedian, and actually reformed. Industry. If industry is no more than habit, 'tis at least an excellent one. "If you ask me, which is the real hereditary sin of human nature, do you imagine I shall answer pride, or luxury, or ambition, or egotism? No; I shall say-indolence. Who conquers indolence, will conquer all the rest." Indeed, all good principles must stagnate, without mental activity. -was Varieties. 1. A prime minister - Let fools-the studious despise ; Whatever perils-nay alarm us, 6. Pure, and undefiled religion, is the sheet · There is a voice-I shall hear no more- They have gone-like the blush of a summer morn Proverbs. 1. We must submit to authority 2. Be not sat till we can discover, or see, reasons. isfied with the results and applications of know ledge; but search for its fountains. 3. Youth-1. not a time to cast away stones, but to gather them 4. Instead of naturalizing nature, we should nat uralize art. 5. The understanding—is a refining vessel, in which knowledge is purified. 6. En deavor to acquire such knowledge, as will enabl you to judge correctly yourself. 7. Time-ce stroys the speculations of man, but confirms the judgments of Nature. 8. No evil propensity is ac powerful, but that it may be subdued, by prope: 281. EMPHASIS. Words are emphatic, when opposition is expressed, or understood; that is, when our words are contrasted, and when we wish to enforce our ideas, so as to produce their desired effects. As, Oratoryinvolves feelings, thoughts and words; so, does it also involve ends, or purposes, causes, and effects; beyond which, human minds cannot travel. We may illustrate emphasis, by what is called lever-power; the resistance to be overcome, or the effect to be produced; the lever as a medium, and the weight: thus, I will, or desire, to accomplish a certain ob-means. 9. No one is so great, or so small, but ject here, is the region of ends, or purposes; then, I devise ways and means, and determine how it is to be done; here, is the region of causes: and, finally, I put the pur-ral one. 12. Immoderate sorrow-is a species of pose in operation, through the means, and thus accomplish my object; which, of course, is the region of effects. Here is the philosophy of oratory. that he is capable of giving, or receiving—venefits 10. Be civil-to the great,—but intimate-with the good. 11. No religion-is better than an unnatu suicide. 13. Pay what you owe. 14. Great thieves punish little ones. 15. The absent party is always faulty. lady, who afterwards became his wife, emigrated with him to Virginia, and, in 1732, became the mother-of General Washington Anecdote. If a private gentleman, in 282. EXAMPLES OF EMPHASIS BY STRESS. Cheshire England, about the year 1730, had 1. It is not so easy to hide our faults, as to con- not been overturned in his carriage; it is fess and avoid them. 2. Never attempt to possible, that the United States, instead of raise yourself, by depreciating the merits of being a free Republic, might have remained others. 3. As fools-make a mock at sin, so a dependent colony: that gentleman-was do the ignorant-often make a mock at Augustus Washington, who was thus thrown knowledge. 4. They are generally most ri-out of his carriage, into the company of a diculous themselves, who see most to ridicule in others. 5. Wherever education is neglected, depravity, and every kind of action, that degrades mankind, are most frequent. 6. The first three volumes; not, the three first volumes; there is only one-first. 7. The first three, and the last two verses; not, the three first, and two last. 8. To be trulyhappy, man must be good, and renounce such enjoyments as are grounded in the love of evil. 9. There is a natural body, and there Varieties. 1. Did mankind fall suddenis a spiritual body. 10. Flesh and blood-ly, or by degrees? 2. While freedom-is true cannot inherit the kingdom of God. Laconies. When we see birds, at the approach of rain, anointing their plumage with oil-to shield off the drops, should it not remind us, when the storms of contention threaten us, to apply the oil of for bearance, and thus-prevent the chilling drops from entering our hearts? to itself, every one becomes subject to it; and even its adversaries are instruments in its hands. 3. The preservation of health--depends, principally, on proper diet, early retiring, and early rising, temperance in eat 283. RULE. Emphasize the important word, or words, with such a degree and kind of stress, or expulsive prolongation of sound, as to convey the entire sense and feeling, in the best manner, and give each idea its rela-ing, and drinking, proper exercise, and pertive importance. Example and definition. "Emphasis is the index of my meaning, and shows more exactly, what I wish the hearers to attend to-particularly." Indeed, it is to the mind what the finger is to the eye: when we wish a person to see any thing, we naturally point to it: thus, are the manifestations of the mind made by the emphasis, or pointing of the voice. They are sleeping! Who are sleeping? Close for very weakness now: fect cleanliness. 4. By a vicious action, we injure our mind, as we should our body, by drinking poison, or inflicting a wound upon it. 5. What is liberty? Willing, thinking, speaking, and doing--what we understand provided, we violate no law, or principle 6. Mental pleasures--never cloy; unlike those of the body, they are increased by repe tition, approved by reason, and strengthene by enjoyment. 7. Evil action, contrivanc and speech, is but the manifestation of the nature of evil; and that it should be made manifest, is consistent with divine inten tions. Freedom-is The brilliant gift of heaven; 'tis reason's self. The kin-to Deity. UNIV. OF CALIFORNIA PRINCIPLES OF ELOCUTION. 284. EMPHASIS. There are only two ways Proverbs. 1. It is a fraud-to conceal fraud. 2. Never attempt to do two things-at once. 3. He, labors in vain, who endeavors to please every body. 4. To the resolute and persevering—notking is difficult. 5. Thieves-are game for the penitentiary, and often, for the gallows. 6. Kindness-begets kindness, and love-begets love. 7. The drop-hollows the stone, not by its force, but by falling often on the same spot. 8. A man who aspires to be an orator, must study by night, as well as by day. 9. There is no sauce equal to a good appetite. 10. To wicked persons-the vir tue of others-is always a subject of envy. 11. A man would not be alone, even in paradics. 12. Weigh right, if you sell dear. of making emphasis, but as many ways of exhibiting it, as there are pitches, qualities, and modifications of voice--in Speech and Song: all of which are very simple, and a knowledge of them easily acquired, by the persevering student. In every sentence, there is a word, or words, on which the sense deper.is, as the body on the heart; the voice and gestures, only, can exhibit it. Emphasis, not only illustrates, but often amplifies the sense of the author; and that is the best emphasis, which does this the most effectively; indeed, there are times when, through the emphasis, one may make words mean-more than they were designed to mean by the author. 285. EMPHASIS by expulsive stress. 1. He who cannot bear a joke-should never give one. 2. Avoid a slanderer, as you would a scorpion. 3. A wager-is a fool's argument. 4. He that is past shame, is past hope. 5. What is worth doing at all, is worth doing well. 6. Men of principle, ought to be principal men. 7. Aim at nothing higher, till you can read and speak, deliberately, clearly, and distinctly, and with proper emphasis: all other graces will follow. 8. The head, without the heart, is like a steam engine, without a boiler. 9. As love-thinks no evil, so envy -speaks no good. 10. Variety, delights; and perfection, delights in variety. Anecdote. Dr. Johnson· observed to Macklin, in a sneering manner, that literary men-should converse in the learned languages; and immediately addressed the dramatist in Latin; after which, Macklin―uttered a long sentence in Irish. The Doctor again returned to the English tongue, saying, "You may speak very good Greek; but I am not sufficiently versed in that dialect—to converse with you fluently." Of Dress, &c. A creature, who spends its time in dressing, gaming, prating, and gadding, is a being originally, indeed, of the rational make; but who has sunk itself beneath its rank, and is to be considered, at present, as nearly on a level with the monkey-species. 4. 286. MUSIC. The cultivation, and frequent Varieties. 1. What was the design of practice of music, in schools of every grade, will God, in making man? 2. How absurd, to have a strong, and decidedly beneficial influ-have half a dozen children, with different disence on the habits of the pupils. By using the same words, and singing the same pieces in concert, their thoughts will be directed in the same channel, and their affections elevated together; and they will naturally be led into closer association and sympathy with each other. Well chosen music may be made an efficient auxiliary, guiding and controlling the feelings and actions in the school-room, and contribute essentially, to the proper management of its concerns. It was in accordance with this principle, that a certain poet wisely said, "Let me make the songs of the nation, and I care not who makes its laws." 987. GEOGRAPHY-comprises a general description of the earth; and, especially of the Hations, by which it is inhabited, in reference to their position and extent; their productions and resources; their institutions and improvements; their manners and customs; including the subject of statistics, voyages, and travels. It is a term, that admits of almost indefinite extension; for in describing a nation, allusion must be made to its language, laws, religion, arts, and literature; and in treating of the earth, and its productons, we may include the whole range of the physical sciences. True love-is never idle. positions, and capabilities, and yet, give them Before the gate there sat, On either side, a formidable shape. The other shape, If shape it might be call'd, that shape had none, You think this cruel; take it for a rule, 285. Remember that Emphasis-is to Proverbs. 1. Wisdom-excelleth folly, as words, in a sentence, what accent is to letters much as light excels darkness. 2. Opinion is or syllables, in a word; and, as proper ac-free; and conduct alone amenable to the law. cent-on a right vowel, will impart an impe- 3. Some--affect to despise--what they do not untus to the voice, in going through the word; derstand. 4. In trying to avoid one danger, we so, true emphasis on the same, will give an sometimes fall into another. 5. Decency—is the impetus in delivering the sentence, so as to natural characteristic of virtue, and the dec ultimate the end you have in view. Again, tive coloring of vice. 6. Never despair; speak the length of long vowel sounds, in emphatic the commanding word, "I WILL," and it is done. words, is, to the same vowels, in accented 7. Never chase a lie; for if you keep quiet, truth words, what accented long ones are, to unac8. A punctual -will eventually overtake it. cented long ones: similar observations might be made in reference to force--on emphatic short vowels, and accented and unaccented short ones. 289. The various effects, produced hy changing the seat of Emphasis, from one word to another, may be seen in the following sentence, of emphatic memory; provided it be read according to the notation. "Will you ride to town to-day?" That is: will you ride, or will you not? "Will you ride to town to-day?" That is: will you ride, or will you send some one."Will you ride to town to-day?" That is: will you ride, or walk? "Will you ride to town to-day?" That is will you ride to town, or will you ride somewhere else? "Will you ride to town to-day?" That is: will you ride to town to-day, or to-morrow; or, next week? By using other modifications of voice, as many shades of meaning may be given, even to this short sentence, as there are letters in it. 290. APPLICATION. It is incredible, how much may be accomplished by diligence, and industry. The present state of the world, enlightened by the arts and sciences, is a living proof, that difficulties, seemingly insuperable, may finally be overcome. This consideration ought to stimulate us to industry and application. We do not know our own strength, till we try it; nor to what extent our abilities will carry us, till we put them to the test. Those who want resolution, often desist from useful enterprises, when they have more than half effected their purposes: they are discouraged by difficulties and disappointments, which ought rather to excite their ardor, and cause them to redouble their efforts to succeed. that Anecdote. While Athens-was governed by the thirty tyrants, Socrates, the philosopher, was ordered to assist in seizing one Leon, a man of rank and fortune, whom they determined to put out of the way, they might enjoy his estate; but Socrates positively refused: saying, "I will not wilingly assist in an unjust act." "Dost thou think," (said one of them,) "to talk in this high tone, and not to suffer ?" "Far from it," replied he; "I expect to suffer a thousand ills; but none so great-as to do unjustly. man, doubtful credit. 9. Persons of fashion, starve is rarely a poor man ; and never-a man of their happiness, to feed their vanity; and their love, to feed their pride. 10. There is a great difference--between repeating a maxim, or proverb, and a practical observance of it. 11. Diseases-are the interest of sensual pleasures. 12. The half is often better than the whole. 13. Justice-should rule over all. Bigots. Bigots, who are violent, positive, and intolerant, in their religious tenets, ought to feel very much humbled, when they reflect, that they would have been equally so for any other religion, had it been the religion of their parents, or of the country in which they had been born and educated. Varieties. 1. Why is a tale-bearer-like a brick-layer? Because he raises stories. 2. When you have nothing to say, say nothing; for a weak defence-strengthens your opponent: and silence-is better than a bad reply. 3. We might enjoy much peace, and happiness, if we would not busy ourselves, with what others say and do. 4 Never think of yourself, when reading, speaking, or singing; but of your subject; and avoid an artificial, and grandiloquent style of delivery 5. It is not enough-to be left to the tuition teaches. 6. Morals-too often come from of Nature, unless we know what lessons she the pulpit, in the cold abstract; but men smart under them when good lawyers are the preachers. 7. When we become perfect ly rational, and act wholly from ourselvesin consequence of it, we are accountable for all our actions, and they are then imputed to us, if evil,-but not before. Where the gentle streamlets flow, Roaring torrents, earthquake's shock, 291. EMPHASIS. If your articulation, Proverbs. 1. Temperance-ard intent erance and pronunciation, be clear and correct, and reward, and punish themselves. 2. Riches-are you are free from all unnatural tones, and servants to the wise,-but tyrants to fools. 3. None other bad habits, nothing can prevent your can be great, who have ceased to be virtuous. 4. succeeding in this important art, if you per-Money-does no good, till it is distributed. 5. If fect yourself in Emphasis: hence, the reason of dwelling on the subject so long, and of giving such a variety of examples. But remember, that books, rules, teachers, or all combined, cannot make orators of you, withcut you throw your whole heart and soul into the exercises, and let your zeal be according to knowledge. Become independent of your book, and speak from memory, as soon as possible; then, you will be left to the promptings and guidance of your own mind, and become free. 292. 1. Men live, and prosper, but in mutual trust, and confidence of one another's truth. 2. Those, who are teaching our youth -to read with science and effect, are doing much to increase the power, and extend the influence of standard authors. Peace-is the happy, natural state of man; To native genius-would you prove a friend! Let us Act with prudence, and with manly temper, you have one true friend, think yourself happy. 6. Silks, and satins, often put out the kitchen fire. 7. Hunger-looks into the working-man's house; but dare not enter. 8. When the well is dry, people man, as well as tires him. 10. For the evidence of truth, look at the truth itself. 11. Better go away longing, than loathing. 12. Of saving-cometh having. 13. God-never made a hypocrite. know the worth of water. 9. Business-makes a Reading, Writing, and Speaking. Habits of literary conversation, and still more, habits of extempore discussion in a popular assembly, are peculiarly useful in giving us a ready and practical command of our knowledge. There is much good sense in the following aphorism of Bacom: "Reading makes a full man, writing a correct man, and speaking a ready man." Varieties. 1. Through an affected contempt-for what some call little things, many remain ignorant-of what they might easily know. 2. A harmless hilarity, and buoyant cheerfulness—are not unfrequent concomi tants of genius; and we are never more de ceived, than when we mistake gravity-for greatness, solemnity-for science, and pom When most provoked, our reason-calm, and clear. posity for erudition. 3. It is better to have Notes. The ancients very properly called man a microem, or little world. But what were this world-without a sun, to impart to it light and heat? Of what use the body-without the soul? Of what use the house, without the inhabitant? and of what use words, without thought and feeling? And of what ase are all these, if they cannot be made manifest? The bodyis the mind's servant, and depends on its care, as the mind itself does on the Father of mind. Body, and soul-are best taken care of, when both are minded together. 293. ARCHITECTURE-teaches the art of building; and is one of the most useful, as well as ancient, of all the arts: it demands much more attention, than it has ever received; especially, in this country: and many -would save time, labor and moncy, and have better houses, as to comfort and appearance, if they would make themselves acquainted with this important art. Most persons will find it much to their benefit, to call upon an architect, when about to erect a building of importance. Anecdote. King James I., of England, went out of his way one day, to hear a noted preacher. The clergyman, seeing the king enter, left his text-to declaim against swearing; for which vile practice-the king was notorious. After service, the king thanked him for his sermon; and asked him, what connection swearing had with his text. The minister replied, "Since your majesty came out of your way, thro' curiosity, I could not, in compliance, do less than go out of mineto meet you." recourse to a quack, who can cure out dis- Tell me not, in mournful numbers, And the grave-is not its goal; With a heart for any fate; |