perature, and the state of vegetation for instance, in the word Germinal, his imagination will easily conceive, by the termination of the word, that the spring commences; by the construction of the word, that the elementary agents are busied; and by the signification of the word, that the buds unfold themselves.

As to the names of the days of the week, or decade of ten days each, which they have adopted instead of seven, as these bear the stamp of judicial astrology and heathen mythology, they are simply called from the first ten numbers: thus,

In the almanac, or annual calendar, instead of the multitude of saints, one for each day in the year, as in the Popish calendars, they annex to every day the name of some animal, or utensil, or work, or fruit, or flower, or vegetable, &c. appropriate and most proper to the times.

CALENDAR, astronomical, an instrument engraved upon copper plates, printed on paper, and pasted on board, with a brass slider which carries a hair, and shows by inspection, the sun's meridian altitude, right ascension, declination, rising, setting, amplitude, &c. to a greater exactness than our common globes will shew.

CALENDAR of prisoners, a list of the names of the prisoners in the custody of the respective sheriff's of counties.

CALENDARIUM flore, among botanists, a calendar, containing an exact register of the respective times, in which the plants of any given province, or climate, germinate, expand, and shed their leaves and flowers, and ripen and disperse seeds.

CALENDER, a machine used in manufactories, to press certain woollen and silken stuffs and linens, to make them even, smooth and glossy, or to give them waves, or water them, as may be seen in mohairs and tabbies. This instrument is composed of two thick cylinders, or rollers, of very hard and polished wood, round which the stuffs to be calendered are wound: these rollers are placed crossways between two very thick boards, the lower serving as a fixed base, and the upper moveable, by means of a thick screw, with a rope fastened to a spindle,

which makes its axis: the uppermost board is loaded with large stones cemented together, weighing 20,000lbs. or more. It is this weight that gives the polish, and makes the waves on the stuffs about the rollers, by means of a shallow indenture or engraving cut in it.

CALENDS, a Roman chronology, the first day of each month, so called from the Greek xaλy, to proclaim; it being customary on those days to proclaim the number of holy-days in each month. The calends were reckoned backwards, or in a retrograde order: thus the first of May begins the calends of May; the 30th of April was the second of the calends of May; the 29th, the 3d, &c. to the 13th, where the ides commence; which are also numbered in a retrograde order to the 5th, where the nones begin; and these are numbered after the same manner to the first of the month, which is the calends of April.

CALENDULA, in botany, the mari gold, a genus of the Syngenesia Polygamia Necessaria class and order. Natural order of Compositæ. Corymbiferæ, Jussieu : receptacle naked, flat; calyx many-leaved, nearly equal; seeds of the disk membranaceous. According to Martyn there are fourteen species, but Gmelin enumerates twenty-five. The flowers are commonly solitary and terminating. Many of the species are herbaceous, and natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Of the garden marigold there are the following varieties, viz. The single. The common double flowering. The largest very double flowering. The double lemon-coloured, and the greater and smaller childing marigold.

CALENTES, in logic, a sort of syllogism in the fourth, commonly called galenical, figure, wherein the major proposition is universal and affirmative; and the second or minor, as well as the conclusion, universal and negative.

This is intimated by the letters it is composed of, where the A signifies an universal affirmative, and the two E's as many universal negatives. Ex. gr.

CA. Every affliction in this world is
only for a time.

En. No affliction, which is only for a
time, ought to disturb us.
tEs. No affliction ought to disturb us,

which happens in this world.

The Aristotelians, not allowing the fourth figure of syllogisms, turn this word into CEIAntEs, and make it only an indirect mood of the first figure.

CALENTURE, in medicine, a feverish disorder incident to sailors in hot climates; the principal symptom of which is, their imagining the sea to be green fields: hence, attempting to walk abroad in these imaginary places of delight, they are frequently lost.

CALIBER, or CALIPER, properly denotes the diameter of any body; thus we say, two columns of the same caliber, the caliber of the bore of a gun, the caliber of a bullet, &c.

CALIBER, compasses, the name of an instrument, made either of wood, iron, steel, or brass: that used for measuring bullets consists of two branches bending inwards, with a tongue fixed to one of them, and the other graduated in such a manner, that if the bullet be compressed by the ends of the two branches, and the tongue be applied to the graduated branch, it will shew the weight of the

bullet.

On these rulers are a variety of scales, tables, proportions, &c. which are reckoned very useful to gunners. On the best caliber compasses we have the measure of convex and concave diameters in inches. 2. The weight of iron shot from given diameters. 3. The weight of iron shot from given gun bores. 4. The degrees of a semi-circle. 5. The proportion of troy and avoirdupois weight. 6. The proportion of English and French feet and pounds. 7. Factors used in circular and spherical figures. 8. Tables of the specific gravities and weights of bodies. 9. Tables of the quantity of powder necessary for proof and service of brass and iron guns. 10. Rules for computing the number of shot or shells in a finished pile. 11. Rules concerning the fall of heavy bodies. 12. Rules for raising water and for firing artillery and mortars. 13. A line of inches. 14. Logarithmic scales of numbers, sines, versed sines, and tangents. 15. A sectoral line of equal parts, or the line of lines. 16. A sectoral line of planes and superficies. 17. A sectoral line of solids.

CALIBER also signifies an instrument used by carpenters, joiners, and bricklayers, to see whether their work be well squared.

CALICO, a species of cloth of cotton thread, manufactured formerly in the East Indies; but now we have in this country established manufactories which equal those in the East. It is said that in this business, and in the printing of calicoes, there are 150,000 persons employed. Cotton, in its raw state, is im

ported into this country, but calicoes are prohibited under the severest penalties.

:

CALICO printing the art of cloth-printing or calico-printing: in other words, of dyeing in certain colours particular spots of the cloth, or figures impressed on it, while the ground shall be of a different colour or entirely white, affords perhaps the most direct and obvious illustration of the application of these principles. The mordant which is principally used in this process is the acetate of argil. It is prepared by dissolving 3lbs. of alum and 1lb. of acetate of lead in 8/bs. of warm water. An exchange of the principles of these salts takes place: the sulphuric acid of the alum combines with the oxide of lead, and the compound thus formed being insoluble is precipitated, the acetic acid remains united with the argil of the alum in solution. There are added at the same time two ounces of the potash of commerce, and two ounces of chalk; the principal use of which appears to be, to neutralize the excess of acid that might act on the colouring matter, and alter its shade.

The superiority of this acetate of argil as a mordant to the cheaper sulphate of argil of alum arises principally from two circumstances,-from the affinity between its principles being weaker, in consequence of which the argil more easily se parates from the acid, and unites with the cloth and the colouring matter: and 2dly, from the acetic acid disengaged in the process not acting with the same force on the colouring matter as the sulphuric acid would do. The acetate being also very soluble, and having little tendency to crystallize, can be more equally mixed and applied. The discovery of this mordant, so essential in the art of calico-printing, was altogether accidental, or rather empirical. The recipes of the calico-printers were at one time very complicated: different articles were from time to time omitted or changed, until at length the simple mixture of alum and acetate of lead was found to answer as a mordant, equally with compositions more complicated; and even after its discovery, its operation for a time was far from being understood by the artist. The mordant thus prepared is thickened with gum or starch; or in this country, within these few years, with the mucilage prepared from lichens scalded and boiled with a little potash. It is applied by wooden blocks, or stamps, to the parts of the cloth on which the figures cut in

the stamp are designed to be impressed, or by a pencil, if more delicate lines are to be traced. The cloth is afterwards dried thoroughly, is washed in warm water to remove the mucilage and the superfluous mordant, and is then dipped in the dye colour, supposed to be an infusion of madder; the whole is dyed, but the parts which have been impregnated with the mordant receive a brighter colour than the part which has not: the colour too of the former is permanent, while that of the latter is fugitive. It is discharged by subsequent boiling with substances having a weak attraction to the colouring matter, principally with bran, and by exposure on the field, repeating these alternately. The ground of the cloth is thus at length rendered white, while the colours of the parts on which the mordant has been impressed, representing of course the design on the stamp, remain with little or no alteration.

Sometimes, after the whole cloth has been permanently dyed, by having been impregnated with the mordant, the colour is discharged from certain parts, by stamping these with a weak acid liquor: after being washed, these are again stamped, either with the same or with a different mordant, and dyed with different materials; and thus the most difficult kind of cloth printing is effected, where the ground is coloured, and at the same time impressed with a design in different colours. By combining these methods too, and by dexterously applying to different parts of the cloth different mordants, by stamps adapted to each other, so as to form a regular design, different colours are impressed, either on a white or coloured ground.

CALK, a genus of minerals, which is divided into twenty species. 1. Rockmilk, denominated, by Werner, bergmilch. 2. Chalk, denominated kreide, or creta alba: external characters: colour white: occurs massive disseminated, and as a crust covering flint; fragments indeterminately angular, blunt edged; opaque; soils; writes; easily frangible; specific gravity according to Kirwan 2.3, but bishop Watson takes it at 2.6; various specimens will no doubt account for this and other differences of the same kind. It effervesces strongly with acids, and is found to consist almost entirely of lime and carbonic acid. It constitutes a peculiar kind of formation; contains numerous flinty petrifactions; and is even remarkable for being the most general

repository of flint. It is found chiefly on sea-coasts, as at Calais and Dover, and several of the Danish islands in the Baltic, as Rugen and Zealand: it occurs also in Poland; and several great tracts of country in the south of England are com posed of it. In some parts of Kent a chalk pit is no contemptible estate, producing from one to five hundred per annum and upwards. In the manufac tures it is used for polishing and cleansing metals, glass, &c. and when burnt into lime, it is of great importance in building. 3. Lime-stone; denominated kalkstein, which is divided into four subspecies, viz. compact-limestone; foliated lime-stone; fibrous limestone; peastone. The first is of a greyish colour, composed chiefly of lime and carbonic acid, with small portions of iron, alumina, and inflammable matter; and is found in the sandstone and coal formations of Saxony, Bohemia, Bavaria, Sweden, France, England, Scotland, &c. It is used as mortar, when deprived of its carbonic acid, and in this state also it is employed in the manufacture of soap, in tanning, and other processes. It is likewise used as a flux, in the reduction of such ores as are difficultly fusible, by means of its silica and alumina. The Florentine arborescent marble, a variety of this species, is, according to Jameson, very valuable for the purposes of ornament; and the limestone of Pappenheim serves for pav ing, grave-stones, and sometimes for polishing plate-glass. Of the foliated limestone, the granular is the most important variety: this is purer than common limestone, is found peculiarly beautiful at Carrava in Italy, where it is quarried, and from thence distributed over Europe, for the purposes of statuary. The white marble of Paros has been long celebrated for its fitness for sculpture, and other useful purposes. Calc-spar is another variety, of which many of its most beautiful and rare crystallizations are found in Derbyshire, in Ireland, and many parts of the continent. The fibrous limestone occurs only in small veins: the satin spar of Derbyshire belongs to this kind. The calc-sinter is a variety of the fibrous limestone, of which there is a striking instance in the grotto of Anteparos : when it occurs in large masses, it is used by the statuary for many of the purposes of marble. The alabaster of the ancients is calk-sinter. It was brought from Arabia in considerable quantities, and used principally for the drapery of marble statues. Peastone is found in

great masses in the vicinity of the hot springs at Carlesbad in Bohemia. Particles of sand appear to be raised in the water by means of air-bubbles, and become covered with calcareous earth, which is deposited around them in lamellar concretions of the size of a pea; hence the name. 4. Schaum earth, or foaming earth, found in the neighbourhood of Gera, in the forest of Thuringia; also in the north of Ireland: it is called by Werner Schaumerde, and is thought by him to be nearly allied to slate spar, which is another species, composed almost entirely of carbonate of lime. The remaining species we pass over as of less interest.

CALKING, any kind of military drawing upon paper, &c. It is performed by covering the backside of the drawing with a black or red colour, and fixing the side so covered upon a piece of paper, waxed plate, &c. This being done, every line in the drawing is to be traced over with a point, by which means all the outlines will be transferred to the paper or plate, &c.

CALL, among fowlers, means the noise or cry of a bird, especially to its young, or its mate in coupling time.

The call of a bird, says the honourable Daines Barrington, is that sound which it is able to make when about a month old: it is, he says, in most instances, a repetition of one and the same note, is retained by the bird as long as it lives, and is common, generally, both to the cock and hen. One method of catching partridges is, by the natural call of a hen trained for the purpose, which drawing the cocks to her, gives opportunity for entangling them in a net.

CALLS are also a sort of artificial pipes, made to catch several sorts of birds, by imitating their notes. Different birds require different sorts of artificial calls; but they are most of them composed of a pipe or reed, with a little leathern bag or purse, somewhat in form of a bellows, which, by the motion given thereto, yields a noise like that of the species of bird to be taken. The call for partridges is formed like a boat, bored through, and fitted with a pipe or swan's quill, &c. to be blown with the mouth, to make the noise of the cock partridge, which is very different from the call of the hen. Calls for quails, &c. are made of a leathern purse, in shape like a pear, stuffed with horse hair, and fitted at the end with the bone of a cat's, hare's, or coney's leg, formed like a flageolet: they are played by squeezing the purse in the palm of the

hand, at the same time striking on the flageolet part with the thumb, to counterfeit the call of the hen quail.

CALL, in sea-language, a sort of whistle or pipe, of silver or brass, used by the boatswain and his mates to summon the sailors to their duty, and direct them in their several employments. It is sounded to various strains, adapted to the dif ferent exercises, as hoisting, heaving, &c. and the piping of it serves the same purposes among sailors as the beat of the drum among soldiers.

CALL of the house, in a parliamentary sense, has been sometimes practised, to discover whether there be any in the house not returned by the clerk of the crown; but more frequently to discover what members are absent without leave of the house, or just cause. In the former case, the names of the members being called over, every person answers to his name, and departs out of the house, in the order wherein he is called. In the latter, each person stands up uncovered at the mention of his name.

CALLA, in botany, a genus of the Gynandria Polyandria class and order. Natural order of Piperitæ. Aroideæ, Jussieu. Essential character: spathe flat; spadix covered with floscules; calyx and petals none; berries many-seeded. There are four species, of which C. æthiopica, Ethiopian calla, is a plant which grows naturally at the Cape, but has long been an inhabitant in the English gardens.

CALLICARPA, in botany, a genus of the Tetrandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Dumosa. Vitices, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx four cleft; corolla four cleft; berry four seeded. There are seven species, of which C. Americana, American callicarpa, is a shrub from four to six feet in height; calyx cylindric; corolla funnel form; germ superior. Native of North America; also of Cochinchina, which shows the impropriety of the trivial name.

CALLIGONUM, in botany, a genus of the Dodecandria Tetragynia class and order. Natural order of Holoraceæ. Polygoneæ, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx five-parted; corolla none; filaments about sixteen, slightly united at the base; germ superior, four-sided; nut one-celled, with a crust that has several wings, or many bristles. There are three species. The first is a native of America, the second of Egypt and Barbary, and the third of Cochinchina.

CALLIONYMUS, in natural history, dragonet, a genus of fishes of the order

Jugulares. Generic character: eyes ver. tical, approximated; gill-covers shut, with a small aperture on each side the neck: gill-membrane six-rayed; body naked; ventral fins very remote. There are seven species, of which we shall notice C. lyra, or gemmeous dragonet, so called from the peculiar form of its first dorsal fin, the shape of which bears a fancied resemblance to that of an ancient lyre or harp. It is a native of the Mediterranean and Northern Seas, and measures about 12 inches in length. Like most other fishes, the dragonet varies slightly in colour in different individuals, and at different seasons of the year. Mr. Pennant describes the pupils of the eyes to be of a rich sapphirine blue; the irides fine fiery carbuncle; the pectoral fins light brown; the side-line straight; the colours of the fish yellow, blue, and white, making a beautiful appearance when fresh taken. The blue is of inexpressible splendor; the richest cærulean, glow ing with a gemmeous brilliancy; the throat black. C. dracunculus, or sordid dragonet, is nearly allied to the preceding; a native of the Mediterranean and Northern Seas; both are numbered with the edible fishes, and are supposed to live principally on worms and sea-insects.

CALLISIA, in botany, a genus of the Triandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Ensatæ. Junci, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx three-leaved; petals three; anthers double; capsule two-celled. There is but one species, viz. C. repens, creeping callisia. It is a native of the West Indies, in low, moist, shady places. Here it flowers in June and July.

CALLITRICHE, in botany, a genus of the Monandria Digynia. Natural order of Holoraceæ. Naiades, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx none; petals two; capsule two celled, four-seeded. There are two species, viz. C. verna, vernal starwort, or star-headed water-chickweed; and C. autumnalis, autumnal star-wort. These are very common in ditches and standing water, and are sometimes so thickly matted together, that one may walk upon them without sinking.

CALLUS, or CALLOSITY, in a general sense, any cutaneous, corneous, or osseous hardness, whether natural or preternatural: but most frequently it means the callus generated about the edges of a fracture, provided by nature to preserve the fractured bones, or divided parts, in the situation in which they are replaced by the surgeon.

CALM, in sea-language, is when there is no wind stirring.

That tract of sea to the northward of

the equator, between 4° and 10° of latitude, lying between the meridians of Cape Verd and of the easternmost island of that name, seems to be a place condemned to perpetual calms, the winds that do exist being only some sudden uncertain gusts, of very small continuance, and less extent. The Atlantic Ocean, near the equator, is very much subject, nay, always attended with these calms.

A long calm is often more fatal to a ship than the severest tempest, for, if tight and in good condition, she may sustain the latter without much injury, whereas, in a long calm, the provision and water may be entirely consumed, without any oppor tunity of obtaining a fresh supply. Calms are never so great on the ocean as on the Mediterranean, because the flowing and ebbing of the former keep the water in continual agitation, even where there is no wind; whereas, there being no tides in the latter, the calm is sometimes so dead, that the surface of the water is as clear as a loooking glass; but such calms are generally the presages of an approaching storm. On the coast about Smyrna, a long calm is said to be prognostic of an earthquake.

CALODENDRUM, in botany, a genus of the Pentandria Monogynia class and order. Essential character: corolla spreading, five-petalled; nectary five-leaved; capsule five-celled. There is but one species, viz. C. capense, which is an evergreen. Flowers in terminating panicles, or opposite one flowered peduncles. Native of the Cape.

CALOMEL, in the materia medica, a name given to mercurius dulcis. See MERCURY.

CALOPHYLLUM, in botany, a genus of the Polyandria Monogynia class and order. Essential character: calyx fourleaved, coloured; corolla four-petalled; drupe globular. There are two species; viz. C. inophyllum and C. calaba, both natives of the East and West Indies. They are both lofty trees, ninety feet in height, and twelve in thickness: leaves like those of the water lily. In Java they plant these trees about their houses, for the elegance of the shade and the sweetness of the flowers.

CALOPUS, in natural history, a genus of insects of the order Coleoptera. Generic character: antennæ filiform; four feelers, the fore ones clavate, the hind ones filiform; thorax gibbous; shells li