are, according to Gmelin, nearly 200 species, distinguished, 1. into those whose shells are red or yellow, with black dots: 2. shells red, with yellow dots: 3. shells red or yellow, spotted with white: 4. shells yellow, spotted with red. They all feed, both in their larva and complete state, on the aphides or plant-lice, and are very serviceable in purifying vegetables of the myriads with which they are often infested.

COCCOCYPSELUM, in botany, a genus of the Tetrandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Stellatæ. Rubiaceæ, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx four-parted, superior; corolla funnel-form; berry inflated, two-celled, many seeded. There is but one species; viz. C. repens, a native of Jamaica.

COCCOLITE, in mineralogy, a species of the flint genus, of a green colour; occurs in large, coarse, and small granular distinct concretions; it is hard, scratches glass, and gives sparks with steel; specific gravity 3.3; it is infusible without addition; with carbonate of soda it melts into an olive green, vesicular, slaggy glass; and, with borax, into a pale yel low, semi-transparent glass; its constituent parts are,

COCCOLOBA, in botany, a genus of the Octandria Trigynia class and order. Natural order of Holoracex. Polygonex, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx fiveparted, coloured; corolla none; berry calycine, one seeded; drupe. There are fourteen species.

COCCULUS indicus, the name of a poisonous berry, supposed to be used by brewers in their malt liquors; particularly in porter, to give it an intoxicating qua lity. But as the use of it is forbidden by the laws of the land, it would be unfair to impute the practice of it to any respectable house.

COCCUS, in natural history, a genus of insects of the order Hemiptera. Generic character: snout pectoral; abdomen bristled behind wings two, upright in the males: females wingless. There are about fifty species; extremely fertile and troublesome in hot-houses and green

houses; the male is very active; the fe male has a body nearly globular, and is slow, inactive, and fixed to different parts of plants. The most important species is the coccus cacti, or cochineal coccus, celebrated for the beauty of the colour it yields when properly prepared. It is a native of South Amerca, and feeds on the cactus opuntia. The female, or officinal cochineal insect, in its full grown or torpid state, swells or grows to such a size, in proportion to that of its first or creeping state, that the legs, antennæ, and proboscis are so small, with respect to the rest of the animal, as hardly to be discovered, except by a good eye, or with the assistance of a glass; so that on a general view it bears as great a resemblance to a seed or berry as to an animal.

When the female cochineal insect is arrived at its full size, it fixes to the surface of the leaf, and envelopes itself in a white cottony matter, which it is supposed to spin or draw through its proboscis, in a continued double filament, it being observed, that two filaments are frequently seen proceeding from the tip of the proboscis in the full grown insect. The male is a small and rather slender dipterous fly, about the size of a flea, with jointed antennæ, and large white wings in proportion to the body, which is of a red colour, with two long filaments proceeding from the tail. It is an active, lively animal, and is dispersed in small numbers among the females, in the proportion of one male to 150 females. When the female has discharged all its eggs, it becomes a mere husk, and dies: so that great care is taken to kill the insects before that time, to prevent the young from escaping, and thus disappointing the proprietor of the beautiful colour. The insects, when picked or brushed off the plants, are killed by the and then dried, in which state they are fumes of heated vinegar, or by smoke, imported into Europe. It is said the Spanish government is annually more enriched by the profit of the cochineal trade, than by the produce of all its gold mines. Cochineal is used in the large scale by dyers, and it is the fine colour so much esteemed in painting, known by the name of carmine: when properly mixed with hair-powder, it is what ladies use as rouge.

C. ilicis, or kermes, is a species adhering, in its advanced or pregnant state, to the shoots of the quercus coccifera, under the form of smooth reddish-brown grains or balls, of the size of small peas. The tree or shrub grows plentifully in

cutor.

So that a codicil is a less solemn will, of one that dies either testate or intestate, without the appointment of an heir; testate, when he that hath made his codicil hath either before or afterwards made his testament, on which that codicil depends, or to which it refers: intestate, when one leaves behind him only a codicil without a testament, wherein he gives legacies only to be paid by the heir at law, and not by any heir instituted by will or testament. A codicil, as well as a will, may be either written, or nuncupative. Some authors call a testament a great will; and a codicil a little one. But there is this further difference between a codicil and a testament, that a codicil cannot contain the institution of an heir; and that in a codicil, a man is not obliged to observe strict ly all the formalities prescribed by law for solemn testaments.

CODON, in botany, a genus of the Decandria Monogynia class and order. Essential character: calyx ten-parted, permanent; leaflets alternately shorter; corolla bell-shaped, ten-cleft; nectary ten-celled, composed of ten scales; pericarpium two-celled, containing several seeds. There is but one species, viz. C. royeni.

CŒECUM, in anatomy, the first of the three large intestines, called intestina

crassa.

COEFFICIENTS, in algebra, such numbers, or given quantities, as are put before letters, or unknown quantities, into which letters they are supposed to be multiplied; thus, in 3 a, or b x, or cxx; 3 is the co-efficient of 3 a, b of b x. and c of c xx. When no number is prefixed, unit is supposed to be the coefficient; thus 1 is the co-efficient of a or of b.

COELESTIAL globe. See GLOBE. CŒLIAC artery, that artery which is sues from the aorta, just below the diaphragm. See ANATOMY.

CELIAC passion, in medicine, a kind of flux, or diarrhoea, wherein the aliments, either wholly changed, or only in part, pass off by stool.

COMETERY, or CEMETERY, a place set apart or consecrated for the burial of the dead. Antiently, none were buried in churches or church-yards: it was even unlawful to inter in cities: instead of which they had cœmeteries without the walls. These were held in great veneration among the primitive christians

COFFEA, in botany, in France, caffe,

so named from Caffa in Africa, where it grows abundantly; a genus of the Pentandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Stellata. Rubiaceæ, Jussieu. Essential character: corolla salvershaped; stamens upon the tube; berry inferior, two-seeded; seeds arilled. There are ten species, of which C. arabica, Eastern Coffee-tree, is seldom more than . eighteen feet high in its native country, or more than twelve in Europe. The main stem grows upright, and is covered with a light brown bark; branches horizontal, opposite, bracinate at every point; leaves opposite; when fully grown, they are nearly five inches long, and an inch and half broad in the middle, ovate lanceolate. They generally continue three years. The flowers are produced in clusters at the base of the leaves, sitting close to the branches; they are of a pure white, with a very grateful odour, but of short duration; they are succeeded by berries which are well known, as well as the use of them. This species of coffee is greatly superior to the C. occidentalis, Western Coffee-tree, which rarely exceeds six feet in height; the corolla is white and sweet scented; it is a native of Domingo, about Cape Francois, where it flowers in December. As the Coffee-tree is an evergreen, it makes a beautiful appearance at every season in the stove, and particularly when in flower, and also when the berries are red, which is generally in the winter; as they continue a long time in that state, there is scarcely any plant that deserves a place more than this.

COFFER, in fortification, a hollow lodgment athwart a dry moat, from six to seven feet deep, and from sixteen to eighteen broad, the upper part being made of pieces of timber, raised two feet above the level of that moat, which little elevation has hurdles, laden with earth, for its covering, and serves as a parapet with embrasures.

COFFERER of the King's household, a principal officer in the court, next under the Comptroller, who, in the compting-house, and elsewhere at other times, has a special charge and oversight of other officers of the house, for their good demeanor and charge of their offices, to all which he pays their wages.

COFFIN, the case in which a dead body is interred; usually made of elm, or oak. It consists of a bottom, two ends, and two sides; the latter being sawed half through, at right angles with

their length, so as to give a pliancy to the boards; whereby the shoulder bend is made to suit the corps: the lid is afterwards screwed down. Coffins are sometimes plain, but generally are covered with black serge, &c. and ornamented with white, or yellow escutcheons and handles. It is necessary, that, whatever cloth is used, not only in lining and covering the coffin, but in the shroud, &c. it should be of woollen: this is done for the benefit of our manufacturers. Persons of property are sometimes cased in lead, well soldered, and afterwards put into richly ornamented coffins, for the purpose of laying in state, or for being deposited in vaults. We have, among other ingenious inventions, patent coffins, which effectually preclude the depredations of that abominable crew, that obtain a livelihood by robbing cemeteries. The security of this contrivance arises chiefly from making the coffin so very strong, as to resist the instruments usually employed by what are termed "Resurrectionmen," and by making the lid to fit on with spring plugs, fitting into hitched sockets; so that being once closed, they never can be severed, except by breaking the coffin to pieces. It is to be lamented, that such practices are considered to be at all necessary, under the plea of the bodies being subjects for dissection, and considerably aiding to anatomical and pathological researches. Were all who suffer under the sentence of the law to be devoted to that purpose, many good effects might arise, and the obnoxious resource, now referred to, be discontinued. Our ancestors generally used stone coffins. The nations of Asia, Africa, and America, as well as the Turks in general, do not use any case for the interment of their dead. It is, how ever, to be tcmembered, that the shroud used by the Musselmans, both in Europe and throughout Asia, is called "Kauffin;" whence we may be led to conjecture that to have been the origin of our designation.

Coffins are by no means to be recommended; they cause a long continuance of that fermentation which is the parent of putrefaction, aiding the retention of infectious diseases for many months, and debarring the access of the surrounding soil, whereby the noxious particles would be absorbed and neutralized. Every coffin ought to be filled up with quick lime, whence the put refaction would be accelerated, and the danger of infection be, at least, lessened. The Emperor of GerVOL. III.

many, about 30 years back, prohibited coffins, and caused quick lime to be immediately used. Strange to say, such was the offence given to his superstitious and bigoted subjects, that this regulation, in itself wise, and intended for their safety, was the cause of very serious discontents, and, to prevent insurrection, was shortly after repealed.

COGNIZANCE, in law, has divers significations; sometimes it is an acknowledgment of a fine, or confession of something done; sometimes the hearing of a matter judicially, as to take cognizance of a cause; and sometimes a particular jurisdiction, as cognizance of pleas is an authority to call a cause or plea out of another court, which no person can do but the King, except he can shew a charter for it. This cognizance is a privilege granted to a city or town, to hold pleas of all contracts, &c. within the liberty; and if any one is impleaded for such matters in the Courts at Westminster, the Mayor, &c. of such franchise may demand cognizance of the plea, and that it be determined before them.

In a military sense, it implies the investigation to which any person or ac tion is liable. During the suspension of civil authority, every offence comes under military cognizance, is subject to military law, and may be proceeded upon according to the summary spirit of its regulation. The strongest instance of military cognizance is a drum-head court martial.

COHESION, one of the species of attraction, denoting that force by which the parts of bodies stick together.

This power was first considered by Sir Isaac Newton as one of the properties essential to all matter, and the cause of all that variety observed in the texture of different terrestrial bodies. He did not, however, absolutely determine that the power of cohesion was an immaterial one, but that it might possibly arise, as well as that of gravitation, from the action of another. His doctrine of cohesion is thus expressed: "The particles of all hard homogeneous bodies, which touch one another, cohere with a great force; to account for which, some philosophers have recourse to a kind of hooked atoms, which in effect is nothing else but to beg the thing in question. Others imagine that the particles of bodies are connected by rest, i. e. in effect, by nothing at all; and others by conspiring motions, G g