15 9. Land, or Square Measure. [144 square inches make 9 square feet, 30 square yards, or 2724 square feet, 40 square rods, 4 square roods, [640 square acres, r} 1 square foot. I square rood. Measure. 1 solid foot. 1 ton or load. 1cord of wood. All solids, or things that have length, breadth and depth, are measured by this measure N. B. The wine gallon contains 231 solid or cubic iches, and the beer gallon to it, A bushel contains 215042 solid inches. 282. 60 seconds (S.) make 60 minutes, 24 hours, 7 days, 00, two given to 1 ainute, mo divide them into as tres each, reckoning from ing the first the period of e third billions the fourth 1 our, 1 ay, 1 <eek, er: 4 weeks, 1 month, 0125 and 13 months, 1 day and 6 hour, 1 Julia e, yr. Thirty days hath September, Apil, June, and November, February twenty-eight alone, allthest have thirty-one.. N. B. In bissextile, or leap year, February hath 29 days. 12 sigus, or 360 degrees, the whole great circle of the Zodiac. Explanation of Characters used in this Book, Equal to, as 12d. Is. signifies that 12 pence are equal to 1 shilling. +More, the sign of adlition, as 5+7-12, signifies that 5 and 7 added togeher, are equal to 12. Minus, or less, the sin of subtraction, as 6-2-4, signifies that 2 subtracted from 6, leaves 4. X Multiply, or with, the sign of Multiplication; as 4x3-12, signifies that 4multiplied by 3, is equal to The sign of Division; s 8+2=4, signifies that 8 livided by 2, is equal 14; or thus, 4, each of hich signify the same ting. 8 furlongs, in the middle of four numbers, denote S miles, portional to one another, by the rule A statute r4::8:6; that is, as 2 to 4, so is 8 to 160 degrees Prefixed to any numor, supposes that the square root of that number is required. Prefixed to any number, supposes the cube root of that number is required. Denotes the biquidrate root, or fourth power, &c. 15 ARITHMETIC. ARITHMETIC 18 the art of computing by numbers, and has five principal rules for its operation, viz. Numeration, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division. NUMERATION. Numeration is the art of numbering. It teaches to express the value of any proposed number by the following characters, or figures: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0—or cypher. Besides the simple value of figures, each has a local value, which depends upon the place it stands in, viz. any figure in the place of units, represents only its simple value, or so many ones, but in the second place, or NOTE. Although a cypher standing alone signifies nothing; yet when it is placed on the right hand of figures, it increases their value in a tenfold proportion, by throwing them into higher places. Thus 2 with a cypher annexed to it, becomes 20, twenty, and with two cyphers, thus, 200, two hundred. 2. When numbers consisting of many figures, are given to be read, it will be found convenient to divide them into as many periods as we can, of six figures each, reckoning from the right hand towards the left, calling the first the period of units, the second that of millions, the third billions, the fourth trillions, &c. as in the following number: 80 7 3 6 2 5 4 6 2 7 8 9 0 1 2 5 0 6 7 9 2 4. Period of S. Period of 2. Period of Trillions. 8073 Billions. 625462 Millions, 789012 1. Period of Units. 506792 The foregoing number is read thus-Eight thousand and seventy-three trillions; six hundred and twenty-five thousand, four hundred and sixty-two billions; seven hundred and eighty-nine thousand and twelve millions; five hundred and six thousand, seven hundred and ninety-two. N. B. Billions is substituted for millions of millions. Quatrillions for millions of millions of millions of millions &c. place of tens, it becomes so many tens, or ten times its simple value, and in the third place, or place of hundreds, it becomes an hundred times its simple value, and so on, as in the following 4.3 2 1 543 2-1 6 5 4 3 2 1 76.54 3 2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Four thousand 321. Fifty-four thousand 321. - 654 thousand 821. 7 million 654 thousand 321. 187 million 654 thousand 321. 1-987 million 654 thousand 321. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 million 456 thousand 789. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 48 - 987 million 654 thousand $48. To know the value of any number of figures. RULE. 1. Numerate from the right to the left hand, each fig ure in its proper place, by saying, units, tens, hundreds, &c. as in the Numeration Table. 2. To the simple value of each figure, join the name of its place, beginning at the left hand, and reading to the right. EXAMPLES. Read the following numbers. 365, Three hundred and sixty-five. 5461, Five thousand four hundred and sixty-one. 54026, Fifty-four thousand and twenty-six. 123461, One hundred and twenty-three thousand four hundred and sixty-one. 4666240, Four millions, six hundred and sixty-six thousand two hundred and forty. NOTE. For convenience in reading large numbers, they may be divided into periods of three figures each, as follows: 987, Nine hundred and eighty-seven. 987 000, Nine hundred and eighty-seven thousand. 987 000 000, Nine hundred and eighty-seven million. 987 654 $21, Nine hundred and eighty-seven million, six hundred and fifty-four thousand, three hundred and twenty-one. To write numbers. RULE. Begin on the right hand, write units in the units place, tens in the tens place, hundreds in the hundreds place, and so on, towards the left hand, writing each figure according to its proper value in numeration; taking care to supply those places of the natural order with cyphers which are omitted in the question. EXAMPLES. Write down in proper figures the following numbers: Thirty-six. Two hundred and seventy-nine. Thirty-seven thousand, five hundred and fourteen. Nine millions, seventy-two thousand and two hundred. Eight hundred millions, forty-four thousand and fifty five. Is SIMPLE ADDITION, putting together several smaller numbers, of the ame denomination, into one larger, equal to the whole r sum total; as 4 dollars and six dollars in one sum is 10 lollars |