scarlet fever, or scarlatina anginosa. Measles are epidemic, but not attended with any particular mortality. Influenza is a serious and frequent epidemic. That of 1807, which broke out in New York in August, reached Charleston early in September; and, in the course of a few weeks, 14,000 persons, about half of the population of Charleston, were afflicted with this disease; of whom forty-five died-thirteen white persons, and thirty-two negroes; the former were generally advanced in years. The mortality was greater in Georgetown and Beaufort. The hooping-cough rages more or less every year. In 1804, it proved fatal to sixty-four children in Charleston. Tetanus is more common than in colder countries. Twenty-one cases, most of which were fatal, were reported to the Medical Society between September 1791 and August 1795. Gravel and nephritic complaints are rare. Only three operations for the stone had been performed in 1809 at Charleston, while seventeen had been performed at Philadelphia by Dr Bond, sixty at New York by Dr Jones, and 200 in Connecticut by Dr Turner. Chronical diseases are much less common than in the northern states; acute diseases more com

mon.

Manners and Character.-The Carolinians are distinguished by their elegant manners, their politeness and hospitality to strangers. Travellers, with or without letters of introduction, are always well received at the plantations of private gentlemen. The disposition to relieve indigence is general at Charleston; and, though private contributions are frequent, the public D d

VOL. II.

charitable institutions of that city expend annually more than 30,000 dollars. The Carolinians are remarkable for propriety of behaviour, and for a nice feeling of honour, which often gives rise to duels. Against this, evil particular laws have been at different times proposed, but never passed; and, though duellists may be prosecuted for murder, the jury never fail to bring in a verdict of manslaughter, and the penalty of marking the hand with a hot iron is always remitted. The free use of spirituous liquors is increased by the influence of a warm climate, and by the want of occupation; and a disposition to contract debts is encouraged by the peculiar privileges which insolvent debtors enjoy. When arrested, they are allowed to live at large in a privileged part of the city, on giving security to remain there; and, on petition, and a surrender of all their effects to their creditors, they regain their liberty, without being subject to any claim on their future earnings. Horse races, which generally take place in the month of February, are a favourite amusement. Hunting is so common, that boys, ten years old, are taught to shoot a deer, while seated on horseback. Dancing is another recreation in which the young people excel. Great attention is also paid to music. Ball-playing, and shooting with a rifle gun, are much practised in the interior parts, where it is customary to shoot for a fat ox, the best marksman getting the choicest piece. A good rifleman seldom misses a deer or wild turkey at the distance of 150 yards.

At the close of the Revolution, the Carolinians acted

with great moderation towards the adherents of the royal government, most of whom were permitted to return by an act of the legislature, in virtue of which, confiscated property was restored to the amount of nearly half a million of pounds sterling. The exiles were divided into three classes; the first, thirty in number, were fully restored to their property and citizenship; the second, consisting of thirty-three persons, who were disqualified from holding any place of trust within the state for the space of seven years; the third class, embracing the second, and sixty-two other persons, were relieved from confiscation on paying twelve per cent. on the equitable value of their property.

Indians.-Carolina, when first discovered, was occupied by twenty-eight tribes, of whom the most formidable were the Cherokees, Yamasees, and Catawbas. The two first, weakened by the use of spirituous liquors, by the small-pox, and another disease equally destructive, were beaten in several engagements with the whites, to whom they were at last obliged to cede their country, and retire beyond the mountains. The Catawbas still live within the state, occupying a tract of fifteen miles square, or 144,000 acres, on each side of the river of the same name, near the line of boundary with North Carolina; but of late years their numbers have rapidly diminished.

History.-Carolina was discovered in 1512 by the Spanish governor of Porto Rico, who gave the name of Florida to this and the adjacent countries. The first attempt to colonize it was made in 1562 by a party of French Protestants, followers of Admiral Ca

ligny, who having been sent out by the government in two ships of war, formed a settlement at the mouth of Albemarle river, and raised a fort for its protection. The settlers, however, having quarrelled with their governor and put him to death, embarked again for France, but after being almost starved on their voyage, they were met by an English ship which carried them to England, where they told the story of their adventures. A second party of French was sent out in 1564, and a third in 1565, under Ribaut, who conducted the first expedition. The Spaniards, in the mean time, jealous of these establishments, sent out a considerable force, which occupied a position near Cape May. The French commander determined

to reduce this post, but on his way to the place his ships were wrecked, and 600 of his people, who escaped to the shore, were inhumanly butchered by the Spaniards, after having voluntarily surrendered prisoners. The other French settlers shared the same fate, except a few who escaped to France. The French court took no notice of this outrage, but Domingo de Gourges, a spirited French gentleman, indignant at the insult offered to his nation, equipped three ships, and took out 200 soldiers at his own expence. With this force he took the Spanish fort, put the garrison, consisting of 400 men, to the sword, and returned in triumph to France. From this time no farther attempts were made to colonize the country, till some English families having fled thither after the massacre in Virginia by the Indians, formed a settlement near the outlet of the river May. This attracted the at

tention of the English government, and in 1663 the whole country, between the 31st and 36th degrees of latitude, was granted to eight noblemen of the court, the King reserving the right of homage, and onefourth of the produce of any gold or silver mines that might be found. A plan of government was afterwards drawn up for the colony, by the celebrated Locke. By this constitution the eldest proprietor was to be governor of the colony, under the title of Palatine; the other seven proprietors were to hold the seven great offices of state; admiral, chancellor, treasurer, &c. The country was divided into counties, in each of which there was to be a landgrave, and two caciques. There was a palatine court, consisting of the palatine and proprietors, and seven proprietory courts, presided over by the proprietors severally. The parliament, which consisted of one house only, was composed of the lords proprietors, landgraves, caciques, and deputies from the free inhabitants, holding heritable property. This plan of government produced nothing but anarchy and discord. Its aristocratical spirit was adverse to the habits and situation of the colonists, and encouraged the proprietors to many violent and arbitrary proceedings. Of these none produced so much mischief as the act giving Episcopalians a legal establishment, and excluding persons holding other opinions from the legislature. The dissensions occasioned by this intolerant measure put a complete bar to the progress of the colony for some time. The obnoxious act was, however, annulled by the British government, upon a remonstrance from