History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852

W. Blackwood and sons, 1853 - Europe

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Page vii
... Spanish constitution , 110 122. General character of the revolutions of 1820 , ib . 123. What caused their speedy overthrow ,. 111 124. What should the military do in such circumstances ? 112 CHAPTER VIII . RUSSIA AND POLAND , FROM THE ...

Page xvi
... Spanish revolution , 2. Peculiar causes which augmented this divergence , 533 534 3. Character of Mr Canning , 535 4. His peculiar style of eloquence , 538 S Page 5. His defects , 539 6. Viscount Chateaubriand xvi CONTENTS OF CHAP . XI .

Page xviii
... Spanish bondholders , 8. Immense extent of the Spanish and South American loans , 9. Views of the Cabinet and Mr Canning on the subject , 10. Congress of Verona agreed on by all the powers , 619 620 · 621 622 623 11. Members of the ...

Page xix
... Spanish government , 31 , M. Hyde de Neuville's address in reply to the speech of the king , 32-39 . Speech on the war in the House of Commons by Mr Brougham , 40. Mr Canning adopts the principle of non - interference , 41-52 . M. de ...

Page xx
... Spanish revolution , 735 127. Great merit of the French expedition into Spain in 1823 , 128. It had nearly established the throne of the Restoration , 736 737 129. The French invasion of Spain was justifiable , • 738 130. Was the ...

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER	1

Important acquisition of Russia in the grandduchy of Warsaw 115	3

Statistics of the grandduchy of Warsaw 116	4

Establishment of the kingdom of Poland	5

Biography of the Grandduke Constantine	6

Tyrannical rule of old Spain over her colonies	7

His first acts of administration and training of the army	8

Great advantage to Poland from its union with Russia	9

Electoral law finally agreed on by the Government	287

Violent opposition of the Liberals	288

The Duke de Berri	289

His biography	290

Louvel his assassin	291

Assassination of the Duke de Berri	292

3536 His last moments 293294	294

His death	295

Great increase of its military strength	10

Failure of the representative system in Poland	11

Great influence of Russia	12

Important effect of the Romish faith	13

Their unity of purpose	14

its population	15

Great rapidity of increase of the Russian population	16

Great room for future increase in its inhabitants	17

Unity of feeling in the whole empire	18

State of the nobility	19

Unity of interest in the empire	20

General insufficiency of the schools to produce enlightenment	21

The clergy	22

the Tchinn	23

Great power given by the Tchinn	24

Caste of the nobles	25

Character of Ferdinand VII	26

their number and condition	27

Privileges and advantages they enjoy	28

its advantages and evils	29

Way in which it is carried into effect	30

Kings declaration in favour of freedom and promise to convoke a legal Cortes	31

Universal transports in Spain at this decree and the kings return	32

Madrid	33

Ferdinands despotic measures	34

Fear the universal principle of government in Russia	35

Discontent in various quarters 36 Revolt of Mina in Navarre Reestablishment of the Inquisition	36

Fresh arbitrary decree of Ferdinand	37

Further violent proceedings of the king and Porliers revolt	38

Its failure and his death	39

Invasion of France and retreat of the Spaniards Fresh tyrannical acts of the king	40

Strong imitative turn of the Russians	41

Change of ministers and policy at Madrid 42 Restoration of the Jesuits and other despotic measures	42

Double marriages of the royal families of Spain and Portugal	43

Creation of the kingdom of Brazil	44

Insurrection in Valencia	45

Abortive conspiracy in Barcelona and death of General Lacy	46

Papal bull regarding the contribution by the Spanish church	47

Treaty regarding the Queen of Etruria	48

Treaty for the limitation of the slavetrade	49

its army and navy 51 Extreme penury of the finances of Spain Decree April 3 1818	50

Death of Queen Maria Isabella of Spain	52

Disastrous fate of the first expedition to Lima	53

Fresh revolt at Valencia which is suppressed	54

Causes of the revolt in the Isle of Leon	55

Efforts of the Cadiz Liberals to promote	56

Insurrection at Cadiz	57

The conspiracy is at first arrested by dAbisbal	58

DAbisbal is deprived of the command of the expedition	59

Additional measures of severity on the part of the Government	60

Yellow fever at Cadiz	61

Sale of Florida to the Americans	62

Marriage of the king	63

Revolution attempted by Riego	64

Vigorous measures adopted against the insurgents	65

Capture of the arsenal and expedition of Riego into the interior	66

Its defeat and failure	67

Perilous position of Quiroga in the Isle of Leon	68

Insurrection at Corunna and in Navarre	69

the king accepts the constitution	70

Reflections on this revolution	71

Rapid advances of the revolution	72

Reception of the revolution at Barcelona Valencia and Cadiz	73

Massacre at Cadiz	74

New ministry at Madrid	75

First measures of the new government	76

Establishment of clubs in Madrid and other revolutionary measures	77

Financial measures	78

Tumult at Madrid and dismissal of Riego	79

Closing of the session and rupture with the king	80

Reception of the decree against the priests in Spain	81

Illegal appointment of General Carvajal by the king	82

Return of the king to Madrid	83

New society for execution of lynch law ib 94 Identity of recent history of Spain and Portugal	85

Revolution at Oporto	86

Which is followed by a revolution at Lisbon	87

Establishment of a joint regency at Lisbon	88

Return of Marshal Beresford who is forced to go to England	89

Effect of the banishment of the British	90

Reaction and adoption of more moderate measures ib 101 Commencement of reforms in Italy	91

Breach of the kings promise of a constitution	92

Progressive but slight reforms already introduced	93

Origin of secret societies	94

Their origin and previous history ib 106 Commencement of the Neapolitan revolution	95

Defection of General Pepe and the garrison of Naples	96

The king yields and swears to the constitution	97

Causes which prepared revolution in Sicily	99

Revolution in Palermo	100

Frightful massacre in Palermo ib 112 First measures of the new junta	101

Failure of the negotiations with Naples	102

Suppression of the insurrection in Palermo	103

Renewal of hostilities	104

Meeting of the Neapolitan parliament	105

Insurrection of the galley slaves in Civita Vecchia	106

Commencement of the revolution in Piedmont	107

Revolt in Alessandria and Turin	108

The king yields and accepts the constitution	109

General character of the revolutions of 1820 ib 123 What caused their speedy overthrow	111

What should the military do in such circumstances?	112

Military strength of Russia	115

Cause of the wretchedness of Ireland	116

Dreadful famine in the south and west of Ireland	122

395	139

The military colonies	155

The Cossacks	157

The admirable discipline and equipment of the army	158

Russian navy	159

Positions of the principal armies	160

General corruption in Russia	161

Enormous abuses which prevail	162

Striking instances of this corruption	163

Emigration in Russia is all internal	164

11	166

What is the destiny of Russia? ib 55 Two different people in Russia	168

Liberal ideas with which the troops returned from France and Germany	169

First steps of Alexander on his return to Russia in 1814	170

His beneficent measures	171

Incessant travels of Alexander from 1815 to 1825	172

Various beneficent measures introduced by him	173

His arrival at Warsaw in 1818	174

Alexanders memorable speech to the Diet	175

Journey of Alexander to his southern provinces ib 65 His efforts for the enfranchisement of the peasants	176

Transactions of 1819	177

Expulsion of the Jesuits	178

Great changes in the emperors mind from the revolution of 1820	179

Violent scene and dissolution of the Polish Diet	180

Congress of Troppau	181

its resolutions	182

Congress of Laybach	183

Reflections on the division among the allied powers	184

Limits of the right of intervention	185

What share had the Holy Alliance in this?	187

Attitude taken by England on the occasion ib 77 War declared against the revolution in Naples	188

Unresisted march of the Austrians towards Naples	189

Subjugation of Naples and return of the king	190

Movement of the insurgents in Piedmont	191

Meeting of the Allies and fresh revolution in Genoa	192

Increasing difficulties of the insurgents	193

Total defeat of the insurgents at Agogna	194

Submission of the capital and termination of the war	195

Violent reaction in Italy	196

Reaction in Piedmont and treaty with Austria	197

Revolt in a regiment of guards at St Petersburg	198

Alexander refuses to support the Greeks	199

Extension of the Russian empire in North America	200

Suppression of freemasons and other secret societies	202

General failure of the emperors philanthropic projects	203

Dreadful flood at St Petersburg ib 9394 Description of the situation of St Petersburg 204205	204

America	208

His departure from the cathedral	214

His failings	221

Account of the conspiracy against him	227

Heroic conduct of Nicholas on the occasion	234

Seizure of the leaders of the conspiracy and generous conduct of Nicholas	240

Its suppression	246

Condition of the exiles in Siberia	251

Generous conduct of the emperor to the relatives of the convicts	252

Expiatory ceremony on the Place of the Senate	253

Great reforms in all departments introduced by the emperor	254

Great legal reforms of the emperor	255

Crime of the insurgents	257

Coronation of the emperor and empress at Moscow	258

Character of the Emperor Nicholas and parallel between him and Peter the Great	259

He is essentially Russian	260

His personal appearance and failings	261

CHAPTER IX	263

Rapid flow of prosperity which succeeded them in the next year	264

Brilliant appearance of Paris	265

Exports imports and revenue of France during this period ib 5 Thorough establishment of representative institutions in France	266

Which have no effect in conciliating the Liberal party	267

Popular acts of the new ministry ib 8 Return of Maret and many other of the proscribed to France	269

Increasing strength of the Liberals and resistance to the Government	270

Debate on the return of the proscribed persons	271

Speech of M de Serres on the subject	272

Immense sensation produced by this debate	273

Increasing violence and exasperation of the press	274

Budget of 1819	275

election of the Abbé Grégoire	276

Biography of the Abbé Grégoire	277

his biography	278

de Serres	279

His character ib 22 Conversation of Louis XVIII and the Count dArtois on the election	281

Change in the ministry	282

Violent attacks on the new ministry by the press	283

Kings speech at opening the session	284

Comparative strength of parties in the Chamber	285

Designs of the Liberals in Paris ib 28 New electoral law proposed by the Government	286

Immense sensation which it produced	296

Chateaubriands words on the occasion	297

General indignation against M Decazes	298

The king resolves to support him	299

He at length agrees to his dismissal	300

Resignation of M Decazes and the Duke de Richelieu sent for	301

The kings inclination for Platonic attachments	302

Her first interview with Louis which proves successful ib 47 Character of M Decazes	304

Merits of his measures as a statesman ib 49 Division of parties in the Assembly after M Decazes fall	306

Funeral of the Duke de Berri and execution of Louvel	307

5152 Ministerial measures of the session Argument against the first 308309	308

Answer by the Government	309

399	310

5455 Censorship of the press Argument against it by the Opposition	311

5657 Answer by the Ministerialists 312313	312

Result of the debate	314

Reflections on this subject	315

Alarming state of the country and defensive measures of Government	316

Denunciation of the secret government	317

Ministerial project of a new electoral law	318

6366 Argument against it by the Opposition 319321	319

6771 Answer by the Ministerialists 321324	321

CamilleJourdans amendment carried	325

The amendment of M Boin is carried by Government	326

Disturbances in Paris	327

Which become serious ib 76 Loud declamation on the subject in the Chamber of Deputies	328

The budget	330

Military conspiracy headed by Lafayette	331

Their designs and efforts to corrupt the troops	333

Which fails by accident	334

Lenity shown in the prosecutions ib 83 Birth of the Duke of Bordeaux	335

Universal transports in France	336

Congratulations from the European powers and promotions in France	338

Rupture with the Doctrinaires	339

Views of the Doctrinaires	340

Views of the Royalists ib 89 Disturbances in the provinces Internal measures of the Government	342

Changes in the household	343

Ordonnance regarding public instruction	345

Result of the elections favourable to the Royalists	347

Effect of the change in the Assembly	348

Accession of Villèle c to the ministry	349

Speech of the king and answer of the Chambers	350

Measures of the session fixing the boundaries of the electoral districts	351

Law for additional ecclesiastical endowments	352

Modifications in the cornlaws ib 101 Law for the indemnity of the Imperial donataries	353

Law regarding the censorship of the press	354

Speech of M Pasquier on the occasion	355

Increasing irritation of parties and difficulties of the ministry	356

Rupture with the Royalists and fall of the Richelieu ministry	358

The new ministry	359

Reflections on this event	360

Great effects of the change in the electoral law	361

Defects of the representative system in France	362

Undue ascendancy of the PartiPrêtre ib 111 Cause of the reaction against Liberal institutions	363

Death of Napoleon	364

Reflections on his captivity	365

Great exaggeration regarding the English treatment of him	366

Lamartines account of his exile	368

Irritation between him and Sir Hudson Lowe	369

All parties were wrong regarding his treatment at St Helena	370

Change on Napoleon before his death	371

His death	372

His funeral	373

Immense sensation it excited in Europe	374

He was the last of the men who rule their age	375

CHAPTER X	376

Difference in the causes which produced discontent in the two countries	377

Great effects of the change in the monetary laws	378

Mr Smiths views on this subject	379

Great effects of any variation in the value of the standard of value ib 6 Examples of this from former times	380

Discovery and wonderful effects of a paper currency	382

Advantages of a paper circulation duly limited	383

What is the standard of value?	384

Vast effect of variations in the currency	385

When this effect takes place	386

Vast importance of an inconvertible currency as a regulator of prices	387

404	404

Seditious meetings in other quarters	411

Augmentation of the Chelsea pensioners	412

Meeting of Parliament and measures of Government	414

Lord Sidmouths Acts of Parliament	415

Impression Lord Sidmouth and Lord Castlereagh made on the Radicals 37 Death of the Duke of Kent	416

VOL II	417

Design of the conspirators 46 Their final plans 38 Death of George III	419

423	423

Sentences on the conspirators	426

Disturbances in Scotland and north of England 429 50 Insurrection in Scotland	429

Death and character of Mr Grattan	432

His character as a statesman and orator	433

Increase of the yeomanry force	434

The budget for 1820	435

Difficulties of this subject and necessity of an assessment 59 Its difficulties and attempts at their solution 439	439

Probable mode of solving it 61 What is to be done with the educated classes?	440

Debates on foreign affairs	471

Agricultural committee reports and state of the consumption of articles	480

Funeral of the queen	487

Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act and Insurrection Act	499

Measures for the relief of the agricultural classes	505

Great reductions of taxation introduced by Ministers	516

Six acts relating to commerce and navigation	522

Political changes in progress from the resumption of cash payments	528

Their execution	531

Character of Mr Canning	535

S Page 5 His defects	539

Viscount Chateaubriand	540

His merits as an orator	544

His character as a statesman	545

de Villèle	546

His peculiar turn of mind and course of policy	548

de Corbière M Mathieu de Montmorency M de Peyronnet Victor	550

Law regarding the press	551

Its stringent provisions	552

Discussion on it	553

Rise of the Carbonari and secret societies in France	555

Rise of Carbonarism in France ib 18 Abortive conspiracy at Béfort	557

Bertons conspiracy at Thouars	558

Conspiracy at La Rochelle ib 21 Their trial and execution	560

Reflections on these events	561

Insurrection at Colmar Marseilles and Toulon	563

Budget of 1822	564

Favourable result of the elections to the Royalists	565

State of public opinion	566

Attempted restoration of the royal authority at Madrid	567

Opening of the Cortes and dismissal of the ministers	568

Conduct of the Cortes and appointment of a new Ministry	569

Effect produced in Spain by the crushing of the revolution in Italy	570

Extraordinary outbreak of revolutionary fury in the east of Spain ib 32 Revolutionary laws passed by the Cortes	571

Barbarous murder of the priest Vinuesa	572

Institution of the Order of the Hammer	573

Insurrection in Navarre and appointment of Murillo at Madrid	574

Proceedings of the Cortes	575

Deplorable state of the finances and measures regarding them	576

Fresh tumults in Madrid ib 39 Resignation of General Murillo	577

The secret societies or Communeros	578

Riegos plot at Saragossa and his arrest	579

Suppression of the tumults thence arising at Madrid	580

Yellow fever at Barcelona ib 44 Fresh agitation	581

Refusal of Cadiz and Seville to receive the kings governors and revolt at Corunna	583

Opening of an extraordinary Cortes ib 47 Contradictory resolutions of the Cortes	584

Irresolute conduct of the king and Royalist insurrection in the north	585

Proposed laws against the press and patriotic societies	586

Riots in Madrid on the passing of a bill against the press ib 51 Composition of the new Cortes	587

New ministry	589

Opening of the Cortes and disastrous state of the finances ib 54 General disturbances in Spain	590

Proceedings of the Cortes and progress of the civil war	591

his appearance and character and followers	593

Desperate assault of Cervera	594

Severe laws passed by the Cortes	595

Great extension of the civil war	596

Deplorable state of the Spanish finances	599

Commencement of the strife between the guard and the garrison ib 64 Departure of the royal guard from Madrid	600

Progress of the negotiations with the insurgents	601

Attack of the guards on Madrid and its defeat	602

Destruction of the royal guard	603

Defeat of the insurgents in Andalusia and Cadiz	604

Change of ministry and complete triumph of the revolutionists	605

The new ministry and provincial appointments	606

Murder of Geoiffeux ib 72 Second trial and execution of Elio	607

Civil war in the northern provinces	609

Reflections on this event	610

Capture of Castelfollit and savage proclamation of Mina	611

Continued disasters of the Royalists and flight of the regency from Urgel	612

CHAPTER XII	614

Effect of these events in France and Europe	615

Lamartines observations on the subject	616

Opposite views which prevailed in Great Britain	617

Repugnance to French intervention	618

Danger of a renewal of the family compact between France and Spain	619

Influence of the South American and Spanish bondholders	620

Immense extent of the Spanish and South American loans	621

Views of the Cabinet and Mr Canning on the subject	622

Congress of Verona agreed on by all the powers	623

Members of the Congress there	624

Description of Verona	625

Views of the different powers at the opening of the Congress	626

Brilliant assemblage of princesses and courtiers at Verona	627

Treaty for the evacuation of Piedmont and Naples ib 16 Resolution of the Congress regarding the slavetrade	628

Note of England regarding South American independence	629

Instructions of M de Villèle to M de Montmorency regarding Spain	630

Mr Cannings instructions to Duke of Wellington	631

Measures adopted by the majority of the Congress on the subject	632

Entry of the Duke dAngoulême into Madrid	688

Violent irritation of the Royalists in Spain	694

Noble conduct of the Princess Troubetzkoi and the other wives of	704

Meeting of the Chambers and measures announced in the royal speech	723

Statistics of France in this year	729

Political inferences from the result of the Spanish revolution	735

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Common terms and phrases

Alexander amidst Andalusia arms army arrested Biog Cadiz capital Carbonari cause Chamber CHAP character circumstances civilisation classes Colletta colonies command commenced consequence conspiracy Constantine constitution Cortes coup d'état currency Custine Czar d'Abisbal danger death Decazes declared decree Duke Duke de Berri effect Electoral emperor empire England English entire established Europe excited force France Galicia Grand-duke guards Hist hundred immediately immense important influence inhabitants institutions insurgents insurrection junta king kingdom labour leaders liberal Lord Lord Castlereagh Lord Sidmouth Madrid March Martignac measures ment military Ministers Ministry monarchy Moniteur Naples Napoleon nation Nicholas noble officers Palermo party persons Poland political Portugal Prince proclaimed proved provinces rank regiment rendered restore revolution revolutionary Riego royal Royalists Russia Schnitzler society soldiers soon sovereign Spain Spanish spirit St Petersburg thousand throne tion towns troops Turin ukase vast VIII violent whole

Popular passages

Page 717 - It would be disingenuous, indeed, not to admit that the entry of the French army into Spain was, in a certain sense, a disparagement — an affront to the pride— a blow to the feelings of England...‎

Appears in 58 books from 1826-2007

Page 467 - ... from the roots and the stem of the tree. Save that country, that you may continue to adorn it; save the Crown, which is in jeopardy, the aristocracy, which is shaken; save the altar, which must stagger with the blow that rends its kindred throne!‎

Appears in 130 books from 1803-2000

Page 717 - I have already said that, when the French army entered Spain we might, if we chose, have resisted or resented that measure by war. But were there no other means than war for restoring the balance of power? Is the balance of power a fixed and unalterable standard?‎

Appears in 43 books from 1826-2007

Page 717 - Spain might be rendered harmless in rival hands, — harmless as regarded us, and valueless to the possessors ? might not compensation for disparagement be obtained, and the policy of our ancestors vindicated, by means better adapted to the present time ? If France occupied Spain, was it necessary, in order to avoid the consequences of that occupation, that we should blockade Cadiz? No: I looked another way; I sought materials of compensation in another hemisphere. Contemplating Spain such as our...‎

Appears in 97 books from 1826-2007

Page 467 - Save the country, my lords, from the horrors of this catastrophe ; save yourselves from this peril ; rescue that country of which you are the ornaments, but in which you can flourish no longer, when severed from the people, than the blossom when cut off from the roots and the stem of the tree.‎

Appears in 107 books from 1803-2000

Page 398 - The Prince Regent has the greatest pleasure in being able to inform you, that the trade, commerce, and manufactures of the country are in a most flourishing condition. " The favourable change which has so rapidly taken place in the internal circumstances of the United Kingdom, affords the strongest proof of the solidity of its resources. " To cultivate and improve the advantages of our present situation will be the object of your deliberations...‎

Appears in 42 books from 1810-2006

Page 637 - ... opinion, that to animadvert upon the internal transactions of an independent state, unless such transactions affect the essential interests of his Majesty's subjects, is inconsistent with those principles on which his Majesty has invariably acted on all questions relating to the internal concerns of other countries ; that such animadversions, if made, must involve his Majesty in serious responsibility, if they should produce any effect ; and must irritate, if they should not...‎

Appears in 32 books from 1785-2005

Bibliographic information

Title	History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852 Volume 2 of History of Europe, from the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Archibald Alison
Author	Archibald Alison
Publisher	W. Blackwood and sons, 1853
Original from	the University of Michigan
Digitized	13 Sep 2007

Export Citation	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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